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![Page 1: 1 dean's conference slides](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052412/55928bf61a28ab8e298b4694/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
why are Indian children short?
introduction to a conference on sanitation, stunting,
and growing human capital
Dean Spears – 2 August 2013
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thank you.• Centre for Development Economics at DSE
– Abhijit Banerji– Ashwini Deshpande– J.V. Meenakshi– Surjeet Singh
• World Bank Water & Sanitation Programme– Shalini Agrawal– Sonali David– Manish Kumar
economists’ conference rules, not seminar rules
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one: why height?the importance of development in the first two years of life
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height versus weight
• exercising and going on a diet– sometimes makes me thinner– never makes me shorter– weight is about “net nutrition” recently– “net” of losses to disease and energy spent
• in contrast, height is about early life health and net nutrition– and early life is a very important time
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UNICEF: “The first two years are forever”
Indian children, 2005 DHS
heig
ht re
lativ
e to
hea
lthy
norm
s
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aren’t some people genetically taller or shorter than others?
of course!
each of us has a genetic
potential height
Early life disease, health, and nutrition shape whether we reach it
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small kids? big deal!
• height is not the only thing developing in the first few years life
• the same early life health that helps bodies grow tall also helps brains grow smart
• height predicts (on average):– cognitive achievement– adult occupation class, employment, wages– adult health, mortality, and happiness– promotion of people in large organizations (!)
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height and cognitive achievement
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earnings, men in Mexico (Vogl, 2012)
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if we know about the average height of a
population, we know many important things
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two: why are children in India so short?
an “Asian Enigma?”
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source: Jayachandran and Pande, 2013
Indian children: below the trend
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how tall are Indian-origin children in South Africa?
data: NiDS, National Income Dynamics Survey
“White”“Indian”“Coloured”“African”
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when environments change, population heights change
source: Angus Deaton
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what threats to child health are particularly bad in India?
too many
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there are germs in feces, which get onto children’s fingers and feet,
into water and foods, and wherever flies go
• diarrhea direct loss of food• enteropathy no absorption• energy consumption fighting disease
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three: open defecation and child height
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R² = 54%
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merely wealth? controlling for GDP changes little
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differences from country averages
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would any “good” property similarly predict height?
Explaining stunting internationally is challenging: Many indicators are potentially correlated with child height.
association with average child height, across DHS country-years
variable: female literacy
calorie deficit electrifi. democracy breastfeed. fed liquids open
defecation
association: 0.0143* -0.00251* 0.00675* -0.0274* -0.109+ 0.0102* -1.239*
(0.00267) (0.00120) (0.00254) (0.0117) (0.0605) (0.00292) (0.226)
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The other variables cannot explain international differences in child height, after
accounting for open defecation and GDP.
association with child height, across DHS country-years
variable: female literacy
calorie deficit electrifi. democracy breastfeed. fed liquids open
defecation
association: 0.00348 0.0000230 -0.00271 -0.0119 -0.103* 0.00320
(0.00327) (0.000964) (0.00226) (0.00787) (0.0370) (0.00208)
open defecation -0.880* -1.002* -0.918* -0.843* -1.003* -0.939* -1.002*(0.205) (0.157) (0.141) (0.212) (0.153) (0.164) (0.156)
GDP per capita ü ü ü ü ü ü üyears ü ü ü ü ü ü ü
Goes away with country FEs
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region trends
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a double threat: open defecation amid high population density
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population densty: Indian states as countries
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the South Asia – Sub-Saharan Africa gap
• restrict the sample to South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
• measure the difference between South Asia and Africa
• how much does statistically controlling for open defecation reduce the difference between South Asia and Africa?
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the South Asia – Sub-Saharan Africa gap
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paper: www.riceinstitute.org
• Indian districts where open defecation decreased by more between the NFHS-1 and NFHS-2 saw greater increases in child height, on average
• re-weighting child-level Indian NFHS-3 data to match the distribution of sanitation facing African children in comparable DHS data can more than eliminate the India-Africa gap
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open defecation: a threat to human capital
• child height is an important economic variable because so much is developing in the first two years
• Indian children are exceptionally short; shorter children within India achieve less, on average
• open defecation can statistically account for international variation in child height
• if so, then sanitation would be a health, economic, and human development priority