1 Crystallographic Concepts GLY 4200 Fall, 2012. 2 Atomic Arrangement Minerals must have a highly...
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Transcript of 1 Crystallographic Concepts GLY 4200 Fall, 2012. 2 Atomic Arrangement Minerals must have a highly...
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Crystallographic Concepts
GLY 4200 Fall, 2012
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Atomic Arrangement
• Minerals must have a highly ordered atomic arrangement
• The crystal structure of quartz is an example
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Quartz Crystals
• The external appearance of the crystal may reflect its internal symmetry
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Quartz Blob
• Or the external appearance may show little or nothing of the internal structure
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Building Blocks
• A cube may be used to build a number of forms
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Fluorite
• Fluorite may appear as octahedron (upper photo)
• Fluorite may appear as a cube (lower photo), in this case modified by dodecahedral crystal faces
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Crystal Growth
• Ways in which a crystal can grow: Dehydration of a solution Growth from the molten state (magma or lava) Direct growth from the vapor state
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Unit Cell
• Simplest (smallest) parallel piped outlined by a lattice
• Lattice: a two or three (space lattice) dimensional array of points
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Lattice Requirements
• Environment about all lattice points must be identical
• Unit cell must fill all space, with no “holes”
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Auguste Bravais
• Found fourteen unique lattices which satisfy the requirements
• Published Études Crystallographiques in 1849
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Isometric Lattices
• P = primitive• I = body-centered (I for German innenzentriate)• F = face centered• a = b = c, α = β = γ = 90 ̊
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Tetragonal Lattices
• a = b ≠c• α = β = γ = 90 ̊
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Tetragonal Axes
• The tetragonal unit cell vectors differ from the isometric by either stretching the vertical axis, so that c > a (upper image) or compressing the vertical axis, so that c < a (lower image)
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Orthorhombic Lattice
• a ≠ b ≠c• α = β = γ = 90 ̊• C - Centered: additional point in the center of each end of
two parallel faces
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Orthorhombic Axes
• The axes system is orthogonal
• Common practice is to assign the axes so the the magnitude of the vectors is c > a > b
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Monoclinic Lattice
• a ≠ b ≠c• α = γ = 90 ̊ (β ≠ 90 ̊)
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Monoclinic Axes
• The monoclinic axes system is not orthogonal
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Triclinic Lattice
• a ≠ b ≠c• α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90 ̊
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Triclinic Axes
• None of the axes are at right angles to the others
• Relationship of angles and axes is as shown
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Hexagonal
• Some crystallographers call the hexagonal group a single crystal system, with two divisions Rhombohedral division Hexagonal division
• Others divide it into two systems, but this practice is discouraged
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Hexagonal Lattice
• a = b ≠ c• α = γ = 90 ̊ • β = 120 ̊
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Rhombohedral Lattice
• a = b = c• α = β = γ ≠ 90 ̊
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Hexagonal Axes
• The hexagonal system uses an ordered quadruplicate of numbers to designate the axes
• a1, a2, a3, c
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Arrangement of Ions
• Ions can be arranged around the lattice point only in certain ways
• These are known as point groups
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Crystal Systems
• The six different groups of Bravais lattices are used to define the Crystal Systems
• The thirty-two possible point groups define the crystal classes
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Point Group
• Point indicates that, at a minimum, one particular point in a pattern remains unmoved
• Group refers to a collection of mathematical operations which, taken together, define all possible, nonidentical, symmetry combinations