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Transcript of 1 Chapter 7 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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Chapter 7Chapter 7
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs
A drug which alters a person’s A drug which alters a person’s experiences or consciousnessexperiences or consciousness
Can cause intoxicationCan cause intoxication A state in which sometimes unpredictable A state in which sometimes unpredictable
physical and emotional changes occurphysical and emotional changes occur
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What Is Addiction?What Is Addiction?
Addiction traditionally used only when the Addiction traditionally used only when the habitual use of a drug produced chemical habitual use of a drug produced chemical changes in the user’s bodychanges in the user’s body Tolerance: body’s adaptation to drugTolerance: body’s adaptation to drug
Concept of addiction as a disease Concept of addiction as a disease process, based in brain chemistry rather process, based in brain chemistry rather than moral failing, led to many advancesthan moral failing, led to many advancesAddictive behaviors are habits that have Addictive behaviors are habits that have gotten out of control, resulting in negative gotten out of control, resulting in negative effects on a person’s healtheffects on a person’s health
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Characteristics of Addictive Characteristics of Addictive Behavior Behavior
ReinforcementReinforcement
Compulsion or CravingCompulsion or Craving
Loss of ControlLoss of Control
EscalationEscalation
Negative ConsequencesNegative Consequences
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Addictive BehaviorAddictive BehaviorThe development of addictionThe development of addiction Often starts when person does something to bring Often starts when person does something to bring
pleasure or to avoid painpleasure or to avoid pain
Characteristics of people with addictionsCharacteristics of people with addictions Difficulty dealing with stress and painful emotionsDifficulty dealing with stress and painful emotions Risk-takers, impulse control problemsRisk-takers, impulse control problems
Examples of addictive behaviors:Examples of addictive behaviors: Compulsive gamblingCompulsive gambling Compulsive exercisingCompulsive exercising Work addictionWork addiction Sex and love addictionSex and love addiction Compulsive buying or shoppingCompulsive buying or shopping Internet addictionInternet addiction
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Drug Use, Abuse, and DependenceDrug Use, Abuse, and Dependence
Drugs are chemicals other than food that Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or are intended to affect the structure or function of the bodyfunction of the body Prescription medicinesPrescription medicines Over-the-counter substancesOver-the-counter substances
CaffeineCaffeine
TobaccoTobacco
AlcoholAlcohol Illegal substancesIllegal substances
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Drug AbuseDrug Abuse
The APA’s The APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersMental Disorders – authoritative reference – authoritative reference
Abuse: APA definitionAbuse: APA definition Recurrent drug use, resulting in failure to fulfill Recurrent drug use, resulting in failure to fulfill
major responsibilitiesmajor responsibilities Drug use in situations that are physically hazardousDrug use in situations that are physically hazardous Drug-related legal problemsDrug-related legal problems Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal
problemsproblems Physical dependency may or may not presentPhysical dependency may or may not present
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Drug Dependence Drug Dependence
Substance dependenceSubstance dependence1. Developing tolerance to the substance1. Developing tolerance to the substance
2. Experiencing withdrawal2. Experiencing withdrawal
3. Taking in larger amounts3. Taking in larger amounts
4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down
5. Spending great deal of time getting, using, or recovering 5. Spending great deal of time getting, using, or recovering from the substancefrom the substance
6. Giving up or reducing important activities6. Giving up or reducing important activities
7. Continual usage despite the knowledge of a problem7. Continual usage despite the knowledge of a problem
Diagnosis with at least 3 or more symptoms during Diagnosis with at least 3 or more symptoms during a 12-month perioda 12-month period
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Who Uses Drugs?Who Uses Drugs?
Drug UsersDrug Users All income and education levelsAll income and education levels All ethnic groupsAll ethnic groups All agesAll ages
People more likely to try drugs People more likely to try drugs Young people are at a higher riskYoung people are at a higher risk Males (Twice as likely)Males (Twice as likely) Troubled adolescentsTroubled adolescents Thrill-seekersThrill-seekers Members of dysfunctional familiesMembers of dysfunctional families Members of peer groups that accept drug useMembers of peer groups that accept drug use People who live in disadvantaged areasPeople who live in disadvantaged areas Teen girls who date older boysTeen girls who date older boys
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Why Do People Use Drugs? Why Do People Use Drugs?
ExperimentExperiment
EscapeEscape
CopingCoping
Reliance Reliance
Social surroundingsSocial surroundings
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Risk Factors for DependenceRisk Factors for Dependence
Psychological risksPsychological risks Difficulty in controlling impulsesDifficulty in controlling impulses Strong need for excitement, Strong need for excitement, stimulation, automatic gratificationstimulation, automatic gratification Feelings of rejectionFeelings of rejection HostilityHostility AggressionAggression AnxietyAnxiety DepressionDepression Mental illnessMental illness
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Other Risks of Drug UseOther Risks of Drug Use
IntoxicationIntoxication
Unexpected side effectsUnexpected side effects
Unknown drug constituentsUnknown drug constituents
Risks associated with injection drug useRisks associated with injection drug use
Legal consequencesLegal consequences
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How Drugs Affect the BodyHow Drugs Affect the Body
Changes in Brain chemistryChanges in Brain chemistry Drug factors:Drug factors:
Pharmacological propertiesPharmacological properties Dose-response functionDose-response function Time-action functionTime-action function Drug use historyDrug use history Method of useMethod of use
User FactorsUser Factors Social FactorsSocial Factors
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Representative Psychoactive DrugsRepresentative Psychoactive Drugs
Opioids (narcotics)Opioids (narcotics) Natural or syntheticNatural or synthetic
Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine, Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanylfentanyl
EffectsEffects Medical UsesMedical Uses Methods of administrationMethods of administration
Injection, snorting, sniffing, or smokingInjection, snorting, sniffing, or smoking Symptoms of overdoseSymptoms of overdose
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Representative Psychoactive DrugsRepresentative Psychoactive Drugs
Central Nervous System Depressants Central Nervous System Depressants (Sedative Hypnotics)(Sedative Hypnotics) Slow down the overall activity of the CNSSlow down the overall activity of the CNS TypesTypes
Barbiturates (“downers”)Barbiturates (“downers”)Sedatives or tranquilizersSedatives or tranquilizers
EffectsEffects Medical usesMedical uses From use to abuseFrom use to abuse OverdosingOverdosing
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Central Nervous System StimulantsCentral Nervous System Stimulants
Speed up the activity of the nervous or Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular systemmuscular system CocaineCocaine
Methods of useMethods of use
EffectsEffects
Abuse and dependenceAbuse and dependence
Use during pregnancyUse during pregnancy
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Central Nervous System StimulantsCentral Nervous System Stimulants
Amphetamines (“uppers”)Amphetamines (“uppers”) Effects Effects From use to abuseFrom use to abuse
State dependenceState dependence
DependenceDependence MethamphetamineMethamphetamine RitalinRitalin CaffeineCaffeine
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Marijuana and Other Cannabis Marijuana and Other Cannabis ProductsProducts
Cannabis SativaCannabis Sativa
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
Short-term effects and usesShort-term effects and uses DepersonalizationDepersonalization
Long-term effects Long-term effects Respiratory damageRespiratory damage
DependenceDependence
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Hallucinogens Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, STP, DMT, MDMA, LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, STP, DMT, MDMA, ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain mushroomsmushrooms
EffectsEffects Altered states of consciousness, perceptions, Altered states of consciousness, perceptions,
feelings and thoughtsfeelings and thoughts
LSD effectsLSD effects SynesthesiaSynesthesia Altered states of consciousnessAltered states of consciousness FlashbacksFlashbacks
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InhalantsInhalants TypesTypes
Volatile solventsVolatile solventsAerosolsAerosolsNitritesNitritesAnestheticsAnesthetics
Methods of use Methods of use SniffingSniffingSnortingSnorting““Bagging”Bagging”““Huffing”Huffing”
EffectsEffectsNearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of anesthetics, which slow down body functionsanesthetics, which slow down body functions
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Drug Use: The Decades AheadDrug Use: The Decades Ahead
Drug researchDrug research
Drugs, society, and familiesDrugs, society, and families
Legalizing drugsLegalizing drugs
Drug TestingDrug Testing
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Treatment for Drug DependenceTreatment for Drug Dependence
Medication-assisted treatmentMedication-assisted treatment Drug substitutionDrug substitution
Treatment centersTreatment centersSelf-help groups and peer counselingSelf-help groups and peer counseling AAAA NANA
Harm reduction strategiesHarm reduction strategiesCodependencyCodependency
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Preventing Drug AbusePreventing Drug Abuse
Governmental attemptsGovernmental attemptsAnti-drug education programsAnti-drug education programsIndirect approachesIndirect approaches Building young people’s self-esteemBuilding young people’s self-esteem Improving their academic skillsImproving their academic skills Increasing their recreational opportunitiesIncreasing their recreational opportunities
Direct approachesDirect approaches Informing them about the adverse effects of Informing them about the adverse effects of
drugsdrugs Peer pressure resistance Peer pressure resistance
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Chapter 7Chapter 7
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