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Chapter 3

Numeric Types, Expressions, and Output

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Chapter 3 Topics

Constants of Type int and float Evaluating Arithmetic Expressions Implicit Type Coercion and Explicit Type

Conversion Calling a Value-Returning Function Using Function Arguments

Chapter 3 Topics

Using C++ Library Functions in Expressions

Calling a Void Function C++ Manipulators to Format Output String Operations length, find, and substr

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C++ Data TypesC++ Data Types

structured

array struct union class

address

pointer reference

simple

integral enum

char short int long bool

floating

float double long double

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C++ Simple Data TypesC++ Simple Data Types

simple types

integral floating

char short int long bool enum float double long double

unsigned

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Standard Data Types in C++

Integral Types (or Integer Types) represent whole numbers and their negatives declared as int, short, long, or char unsigned int

Floating Types represent real numbers with a decimal point declared as float or double

Standard Data Types in C++

Character Type represents single characters such as 'B' declared as char classified as an integral type because

C++ allows char to be used for storing integer values with a limited range

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Samples of C++ Data Values

int sample values 4578 -4578 0

float sample values95.274 95. .2659521E-3 -95E-1 95.213E2

char sample values ‘B’ ‘d’ ‘4’ ‘?’ ‘*’

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Scientific Notation

2.7E4 means 2.7 x 10 4 =

2.7000 =

27000.0

2.7E-4 means 2.7 x 10 - 4 =

0002.7 =

0.00027

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More About Floating Point Values Floating point numbers have an integer part

and a fractional part, with a decimal point in between.

Either the integer part or the fractional part, but not both, may be missing

Examples 18.4 500. .8

- 127.358

More About Floating Point Values

Alternatively, floating point values can have an exponent, as in scientific notation

The number preceding the letter E doesn’t need to include a decimal point

Examples 1.84E1 5E2 8E-1

-.127358E3

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Division Operator The result of the division operator depends on

the type of its operands If one or both operands has a floating point

type, the result is a floating point type. Otherwise, the result is an integer type

Examples11 / 4 has value 211.0 / 4.0 has value 2.7511 / 4.0 has value 2.75

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Main returns an int value to the operating system

//*******************************************************// FreezeBoil program// This program computes the midpoint between// the freezing and boiling points of water//*******************************************************#include < iostream >using namespace std;const float FREEZE_PT = 32.0; // Freezing point of waterconst float BOIL_PT = 212.0; // Boiling point of water

int main(){ float avgTemp; // Holds the result of averaging

// FREEZE_PT and BOIL_PT

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Function main Continued

cout << “Water freezes at “ << FREEZE_PT << endl; cout << “ and boils at “ << BOIL_PT << “ degrees.” << endl;

avgTemp = FREEZE_PT + BOIL_PT; avgTemp = avgTemp / 2.0;

cout << “Halfway between is “; cout << avgTemp << “ degrees.” << endl;

return 0;}

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Modulus Operator The modulus operator % can only be used

with integer type operands and always has an integer type result

Its result is the integer type remainder of an integer division

Example11 % 4 has value 3 because

)4 11

R = ?

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More C++ Operators

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int age;

age = 8;

age = age + 1;

age

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age

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Prefix FormIncrement Operator

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int age;

age = 8;

++age;

age

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age

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Postfix Form Increment Operator

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int age;

age = 8;

age++;

age

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age

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Decrement Operator

100

int dogs;

dogs = 100;

dogs--;

dogs

99

dogs

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Which Form to Use

When the increment(or decrement) operator is used in a “stand alone” statement solely to add one(or subtract one) from a variable’s value, it can be used in either prefix or postfix form

dogs--; --dogs;

USE EITHER

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BUT...

When the increment (or decrement) operator is used in a statement with other operators, the prefix and postfix forms can yield different results

We’ll see how later . . .

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What is an Expression in C++?

An expression is a valid arrangement of variables, constants, and operators

In C++ each expression can be evaluated to compute a value of a given type

The value of the expression

9.3 * 4.5 is 41.85

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Operators can be

binaryinvolving 2 operands 2 + 3

unary involving 1 operand - 3

ternary involving 3 operands later

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Some C++ Operators

Precedence Operator Description Higher ( ) Function call

+ Positive

- Negative

* Multiplication

/ Division %

Modulus(remainder)

+ Addition

- Subtraction

Lower = Assignment

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Precedence

Higher Precedence determines which operator is applied first in an expression having several operators

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Associativity Left to right associativity–in an expression

having two operators with the same priority, the left operator is applied first

Grouping order –synonymous w/ associativity

In C++ the binary operators *, /, %, +, - are all left associative

Expression 9 - 5 - 1 means (9 - 5) - 14 - 1

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7 * 10 - 5 % 3 * 4 + 9 (7 * 10) - 5 % 3 * 4 + 9

70 - 5 % 3 * 4 + 970 -(5 % 3) * 4 + 9 70 - 2 * 4 + 9 70 -( 2 * 4) + 9 70 - 8 + 9 (70 - 8 ) + 9

62 + 9 71

Evaluate the Expression

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Parentheses

Parentheses can be used to change the usual order

Parts in() are evaluated first Evaluate (7 *(10 - 5) % 3) * 4 + 9

(7 * 5 % 3 ) * 4 + 9 ( 35 % 3) * 4 + 9 2 * 4 + 9 8 + 9 17

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Variable = Expression

First, expression on right is evaluated Then the resulting value is stored in

the memory location of variable on left

Recall Assignment Operator Syntax

Automatic Type Conversion

Implict conversion by the compiler of a value from one data type to another is known as automatic type coercion

An automatic type coercion occurs after evaluation but before the value is stored if the types differ for expression and variable

See examples on Slides 31, 32, and 33

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What value is stored?

float a;

float b;

a = 8.5;

b = 9.37;

a = b;

a

b

a

b

8.5

9.37

?

?

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What is stored?

?float someFloat;

someFloat

someFloat = 12; // Causes implicit type conversion

someFloat

12.0

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What is stored?

?int someInt;

someInt

someInt = 4.8; // Causes implicit type conversion

someInt

4

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Type Casting is Explicit Conversion of Type

• Explicit type casting (or type conversion) used to clarify that the mixing of types is intentional, not an oversight

• Explicit type casting helps make programs clear and error free as possible

Examples of Explicit Typecasting

int(4.8) has value 4

float(5) has value 5.0

float(7/4) has value 1.0

float(7) / float(4) has value 1.75

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Some Expressionsint age;

Example Valueage = 8 8- age - 85 + 8 135 / 8 06.0 / 5.0 1.2float(4 / 8) 0.0float(4) / 8 0.5

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What values are stored?

float loCost;float hiCost;

loCost = 12.342;hiCost = 12.348;

loCost = float(int(loCost * 100.0 + 0.5)) / 100.0;

hiCost = float(int(hiCost * 100.0 + 0.5)) / 100.0;

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Values were rounded to 2 decimal places

12.34

hiCost

12.35

loCost

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Functions

Every C++ program must have a function called main

Program execution always begins with function main

Any other functions are subprograms and must be called by the main function

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Function Calls

One function calls another by using the name of the called function together with() containing an argument list

A function call temporarily transfers control from the calling function to the called function

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More About Functions

It is not considered good practice for the body block of function main to be long

Function calls are used to do subtasks

Every C++ function has a return type

If the return type is not void, the function returns a value to the calling block

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Where are functions?

Functions are subprograms located in libraries, or written by programmers for their

use in a particular program

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HEADER FILE FUNCTION EXAMPLE VALUE OF CALL

fabs(x) fabs(-6.4) 6.4

<cmath> pow(x,y) pow(2.0,3.0) 8.0

<cmath> sqrt(x) sqrt(100.0) 10.0

<iomanip> setprecision(n) setprecision(3)

<cmath> log(x) log(2.0) .693147

sqrt(x) sqrt(2.0) 1.41421

<cstdlib> abs(i) abs(-6) 6

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Write C++ Expressions for

The square root of b2 - 4ac

sqrt(b * b - 4.0 * a * c)

The square root of the average of myAge and yourAge

sqrt((myAge + yourAge) / 2)

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Function Call

A function call temporarily transfers control to the called function’s code

When the function’s code has finished executing, control is transferred back to the calling block

Function Call Syntax

Function Name = (Argument List)

The argument list is a way for functions to communicate with each other by passing information

The argument list can contain zero, one, or more arguments, separated by commas, depending on the function

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A void function call stands alone#include <iostream>

void DisplayMessage(int n); // Declares function

int main(){ DisplayMessage(15); // Function call cout << “Good Bye“ << endl; return 0;}

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A void function does NOT return a value

// Header and body here

void DisplayMessage(int n) { cout << “I have liked math for “ << n << “ years” << endl;}

Two Kinds of Functions

Always returns a single value to its caller and is called from within an expression

Never returns a value to its caller and is called as a separate statement

Value-Returning Void

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<< is a binary operator

<< is called the output or insertion operator

<< is left associative

Expression Has value

cout << age cout

Statement

cout << “You are “ << age << “ years old\n”;

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<iostream> is header file

For a library that defines 3 objects

An istream object named cin (keyboard)

An ostream object named cout (screen)

An ostream object named cerr (screen)

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No I/O is built into C++

Instead, a library provides input stream and output stream

Keyboard Screenexecutingprogram

istream ostream

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Manipulators

Manipulators are used only in input and output statements

endl, fixed, showpoint, setw, and setprecision are manipulators that can be used to control output format

endl is use to terminate the current output line and create blank lines in output

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Insertion Operator(<<)

The insertion operator << takes 2 operands

The left operand is a stream expression, such as cout

The right operand is an expression of simple type, a string, or a manipulator

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Output Statements

SYNTAX(revised)

cout << ExpressionOrManipulator

<< ExpressionOrManipulator . . .;

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Output Statements

SYNTAX

These examples yield the same output

cout << “The answer is “;

cout << 3 * 4;

cout << “The answer is “ << 3 * 4;

cout << Expression << Expression . . .;

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Using ManipulatorsFixed and Showpoint

Use the following statement to specify that (for output sent to the cout stream) decimal format (not scientific notation) be used,

and that a decimal point be included (even for floating values with 0 as fractional part)

cout << fixed << showpoint;

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setprecision(n)

Requires #include <iomanip> and appears in an expression using insertion operator(<<)

If fixed has already been specified, argument n determines the number of places displayed after the decimal point for floating point values

Remains in effect until explicitly changed by another call to setprecision

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What is exact output?#include <iomanip> // For setw() and setprecision()#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){ float myNumber = 123.4587; cout << fixed << showpoint; // Use decimal format // Print decimal points cout << “Number is ” << setprecision(3) << myNumber << endl;

return 0;}

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OUTPUT

Number is 123.459

Value is rounded if necessary to be displayed with exactly 3 places after the decimal point

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Manipulator setw

“Set width” lets us control how many character positions the next data item should occupy when it is output

setw is only for formatting numbers and strings, not char type data

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setw(n) Requires #include <iomanip> and

appears in an expression using insertion operator(<<)

Argument n is called the fieldwidth specification

Argument n determines the number of character positions in which to display a right-justified number or string(not char data)

setw(n)

The number of character positions used is expanded if n is too narrow

“Set width” affects only the very next item displayed and is useful to align columns of output

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A) What is exact output?

#include <iomanip> // For setw()#include <iostream>#include <string>

using namespace std;

A) What is exact output?, cont...

int main(){ int myNumber = 123; int yourNumber = 5;

cout << setw(10) << “Mine” << setw(10) << “Yours” << endl

<< setw(10) << myNumber << setw(10) << yourNumber <<

endl;

return 0;}

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Output

12345678901234567890 Mine Yours 123 5

Each is displayed right-justified andeach is located in a total of 10 positions

position

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B) What is exact output?#include <iomanip> // For setw() and setprecision()#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){ float myNumber = 123.4; float yourNumber = 3.14159;

B) What is exact output, continued?cout << fixed << showpoint; // Use decimal format; print decimal points cout << “Numbers are: ” << setprecision(4) << endl << setw(10) << myNumber << endl << setw(10) << yourNumber << endl; return 0;}

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OUTPUT

Numbers are: 123.4000 3.1416

Each is displayed right-justified androunded if necessary and each islocated in a total of 10 positions with 4 places after the decimal point

12345678901234567890

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float x = 312.0; float y = 4.827;

OUTPUT cout << fixed << showpoint;

cout << setprecision(2) << setw(10) << x << endl ’’’’312.00

<< setw(10) << y << endl; ’’’’’’4.83

cout << setprecision(1) << setw(10) << x << endl ’’’’’312.0

<< setw(10) << y << endl; ’’’’’’’4.8

cout << setprecision(5) << setw(7) << x << endl 312.00000

<< setw(7) << y << endl; 4.82700

More Examples312.0 x

4.827 y

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HEADER MANIPULATOR ARGUMENT EFFECT FILE TYPE

<iostream> showpoint none displays decimal point

<iostream> fixed none activates scientific notation

<iomanip> setprecision(n) int sets precision to n digits

<iomanip> setw(n) int sets fieldwidth to n positions

<iostream> endl none terminates output line

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length Function

Function length returns an unsigned integer value that equals the number of characters currently in the string

Function size returns the same value as function length

You must use dot notation in the call to function length or size

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find Function

Function find returns an unsigned integer value that is the beginning position for the first occurrence of a particular substring within the

string

The substring argument can be a string constant, a string expression, or a char value

If the substring was not found, function find returns the special value string::npos

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substr Function

Function substr returns a particular substring of a string

The first argument is an unsigned integer that specifies a starting position within the string

The second argument is an unsigned integer that specifies the length of the desired substring

Positions of characters within a string are numbered starting from 0, not from 1

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Mortgage Payments

Problem Your parents are thinking about refinancing their mortgage, and have asked you to help them withthe calculations. Now that you're learning C++, you realize that you can save yourself a lot of calculator button-pressing by writing a program to do the calculations automatically.

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Algorithm

Define ConstantsSet LOAN_AMOUNT = 50000.00Set NUMBER_OF_YEARS = 7Set YEARLY_INTEREST = 0.0524

Calculate ValuesSet monthlyInterest to YEARLY_INTEREST divided by 12Set numberOfPayments to NUMBER_OF_YEARS times 12Set payment to(LOAN_AMOUNT *

pow(monthlyInterest+1,numberrOfPayments) * monthlyInterest)) /(pow(monthlyInterest+1, numberOfPayments) - 1)Output Results

Print "For a loan amount of " LOAN_AMOUNT "with an interest rate of " YEARLY_INTEREST " and a " NUMBER_OF_YEARS "

year mortgage, "Print "your monthly payments are $" payment "."

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C++ Program

//***************************************************// Mortgage Payment Calculator program// This program determines the monthly payments on a // mortgage given the loan amount, the yearly interest, // and the number of years.//***************************************************#include <iostream> // Access cout#include <cmath> // Access power function#include <iomanip> // Access manipulatorsusing namespace std;const float LOAN_AMOUNT = 50000.00; // Amount of loanconst float YEARLY_INTEREST = 0.0524;// Yearly interestconst int NUMBER_OF_YEARS = 7; // Number of

years

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C++ Program

int main(){ // Local variables float monthlyInterest; // Monthly interest rate int numberOfPayments; // Total number of payments float payment; // Monthly payment // Calculate values monthlyInterest = YEARLY_INTEREST / 12; numberOfPayments = NUMBER_OF_YEARS * 12; payment =(LOAN_AMOUNT * pow(monthlyInterest + 1, numberOfPayments) * monthlyInterest)/(pow(monthlyInterest + 1, numberOfPayments) - 1);

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C++ Program

// Output results

cout << fixed << setprecision(2)

<< "For a loan amount of "

<< LOAN_AMOUNT << " with an interest rate of "

<< YEARLY_INTEREST << " and a "

<< NUMBER_OF_YEARS

<< " year mortgage, " << endl;

cout << " your monthly payments are $" << payment

<< "." << endl;

return 0;

}