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1 Chapter 2 Population An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 10e James M. Rubenstein PPT by Abe Goldman Slide 2 2 Distribution of World Population Population concentrations The four largest population clusters Other population clusters Sparsely populated regions Dry lands Cold lands Wet lands High lands Population density Arithmetic density Physiological density Agricultural density Slide 3 3 AP HG Ch 2 notes: (INTRO) Why important to study pop.: a) pop. = 6 bill., more than ever before b) increase rate in 2nd 1/2 of 20th cent. faster than ever b4 c) *almost all of global pop. growth is in LDCswhere they have least resources demography: study of pop. characteristics: how pop. is distributed spatially by age, gender, fertility, health, occupation, etc. some problems = where is major pop. growth why it is growing at differ. rates in differ. places overpopulation: # people in certain area & the ability of these people to have needed resources to live decently Slide 4 4 World Population Cartogram This cartogram display countries by size of their population rather than their land area. (Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.) Slide 5 5 The Earth at Night http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0011/earthlights2_dmsp_big.jpg Slide 6 6 KEY 1: Pop distribution basically = concentration & density Pop. Concentrations: 3/4 of people live on 5% of Earth's surface -----remember 71% of surf. = oceans, other areas are harsh 5 major concentr. = E. Asia, S. Asia, SE Asia, W. Europe, Eastern N. Amer. similarities.: most near water, low-lying, fert. soil, temperate (warm, but not hot) climate & all betw. 10 & 55 N lat., except for parts of SE Asia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hectares: 10,000 sq meters or 2.47 acres Slide 7 7 1) East Asia #1 in pop. (China, Koreas, Japan, Taiwan): 1/4 world pop. here China: #1 in pop., #3 in land area; most on river valleys & coasts; 3/4 rural--most farmers Japan: most in Tokyo, OsakaKorea: most in Seoul 3/4 of Japan. & S. Kor. = urban -most urban jobs in = industry or service 2) South Asia: #2 in pop.; (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka) --3/4 of this pop. in India -most on coast or along Indus & Ganges Rivers; 1/4 cities most of pop. = rural farmers Slide 8 8 World Population Distribution World population is very unevenly distributed across the Earths surface & it can be compared to climate distribution. Slide 9 9 3) SE Asia: #4 pop.; (Islands: Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Pap. New Guinea, & Philippines, + Thailand, Vietnam, etc.) -Indonesia = 4th most pop. country; --most are farmers in rural areas In these 3 Asian areas = over 50% of worlds pop. on only 10% of world's land 4) Europe: #3 pop.; 75% in cities; less than 20% farmers (many of farmers in S & E Eur.) Import most of food rather than produce This led to lots of colonization (Amer., India, China, Africa, etc.) looking for resources & these resources = lots of manufacturing 5) Eastern N. Amer.: #5; NE USA & SE Canada mostly urban less than 5% = farmers Slide 10 10 B) Sparsely pop. areas: too dry, wet, cold, high Ecumene: areas that are permanently settled --more were too harshinnovations increase ecumene 1) dry lands: 20% of Earth's surface; most in deserts: Sahara, Arabian, Gobi (N. Afr. SW & Centr. Asia) growing desert = desertification -little water for crops, etc., but many have oil 2) wet lands: too much rain; most = Equatorial rain forests: excess rain + excess heat = poor agricul.but can grow some rice 3) cold lands: area at & near N & S Poles; few plants & animals 4) high lands: highest mtns. = steep, snow-covered -exceptions: parts of Latin Amer. & Africa where higher areas is better than lower hot/wet areas Slide 11 11 Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 B.C.A.D. 1900 The ecumene, or the portion of The Earth w/ permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the worlds land area. Slide 12 12 C) Population density: look at it 3 ways (Deja vu!!!) 1) arithmetic density ( aka population density ): -# people per unit of landUSA = 30 per sq. km. (77/sq mi)but NY City (Manhattan) = 21,400/sq.km (55,400/sq.mi.) 2) Physiological density: # people per unit of arable land: is a more meaningful measure b/c can show pressure on the land due to population EX: Egypt: arithm. density = 70/sq.km; but physiolg. density = 3,503/sq. km 3) agricultural density: ratio farmers to arable land --lower agr. density = higher technology; -MDC's: usually lower agri. density, & LDCs usually higher; -in MDCs, lots of land & few farmers means more pop. to work in factories, etc. Slide 13 13 Arithmetic Population Density Fig. 2-4: Arithmetic population density: # of ppl per total land area. Highest densities found in parts of Asia & Eur. Slide 14 14 Physiological Density Fig. 2-5: Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is a good measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society. Slide 15 15 Distribution of World Population Growth Natural Increase (NIR) Fertility (TFR) Mortality (IMR + MMR) Slide 16 16 KEY 2: Where Has World's Pop. Increased? Important terms: (NOTE: crude means "basic", i.e., not specified by age, etc) a) crude birth rate (CBR): # live births per 1,000 per year: CBR = 20 means for every 1000 in a place, were 20 births b) crude death rate (CDR) # deaths in year per 1,000 c) natural increase rate (NIR): % by which a pop. grows in a yearchange CBR & CDR to %'s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To calculate NIR: CBR - CDR = _____?____ then divide by 1000 to get NIR EX: CBR = 25 CDR = 10 25 10 = 15 NI per 1000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Divide 15 by 1000 to get a % so it = 1.5% is NIR CBR = 40 CDR = 28 NIR =.012 = 1.2% Slide 17 17 World Population Growth 19502000 Fig. 2-6: Total world population increased from 2.5 to 6 billion in this half century. The natural increase rate peaked in the early 1960s and has declined since, but the number of people added each year did not peak until 1990. Slide 18 18 Natural increase: Begin. of 21st cent., world NIR = 1.4; i.e., world pop. is growing yearly by 1.4 %: now over 6.7 billion --pop. growth is down somewhat (was 77 million in 2000; was 87 mil 1989) -doubling time: # yrs. it will take for pop. to double --at 1.4%, our doubling time is now 51 yrs -but in 1800 - 1950 to double150 yrs. As CBR goes up, doubling time goes down; CBR down, dbl. time up; are inversely proportional NIR is over 2.0% in most of Africa, Lat. Amer., & Mid East (LDCsones who cant afford it) Slide 19 19 Natural Increase Rates (NIR) = % of growth or decline in the pop. of a country per year (not including net migration). Countries in Africa & SW Asia have highest current rates; Russia & some European countries have negative rates. **NIR is negative in Europe means pop. is declining if you don't count immigrants **Remember! "N" = "natural") Slide 20 20 Crude Birth Rates (CBR) The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total # of births in a country per 1,000 population per year. Lowest rates: in Europe. Highest rates: Africa & several Asian countries. Slide 21 21 B) fertility: use CBR to study fertility; many sub- Saharan countries = CBR 40, but many Eurp. = less than 10 -total fertility rate (TFR): avg. # of kids a woman will have thru her child-bearing yrs (about 15-49) -look at map (49) w/spatial association: shows TFR -TFR over 6 in some Sub-Saharan countries! C) mortality: one important way to measure & look at = CDR; another way is infant mortality rate -IMR = of every 1,000 live births, # kids die b4 1 yr. old -usually use per 1000, not %but sometimes = % -W. Eurp. = lowest IMR's (USA high for MDC) -in some LDC's = 100which means 10% babies born alive die b4 1 yr. old Slide 22 22 Total Fertility Rates (TFR) The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the # of children an avg. woman in a society will have thru her childbearing years. Lowest rates: Europe. Highest: Africa & parts of Middle East. Slide 23 23 Infant Mortality Rates (IMR) The infant mortality rate: # of infant deaths per 1,000 live births per year. Highest: found in some of the poorest countries of Africa & Asia. Slide 24 24 IMR: strong indication of a country's health-care system. Why? (When I ask you why?, etc., you need to KNOW this!) -though USA = MDC, IMR higher than Canada & most Euro. countries.Why? life expectancy: calculated at kids birthmeans that child has a 50/50 chance of reaching a particular age -again, high in W. Eur., low in sub-Saharan Afr. -MDC's: lower CBR's, TFR's, & IMR'sbut higher life expectancy -LDC's: high CBR, TFR, & IMR, but low life expect. -CDR doesnt have as wide a spread as CBR: 20 vs. 40 & LDC's actually bit lower than MDC's (p. 51) -this contradiction due to demographic transition Slide 25 25 Avg. Life Expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth: Avg. # of years a newborn infant can expect to live. Highest: generally in the wealthiest countries. Lowest: in the poorest countries. Slide 26 26 Crude Death Rates (CDR) The crude death rate (CDR): total # of deaths in a country per 1,000 population per year. B/C wealthy countries are in a late stage of the demographic transition, they often have a higher CDR than poorer countries!!!!! Slide 27 27 Slide 28 28 KEY 3: Demographic Transition: Why pop. increases at differ. rates in differ. places at differ. times A) Demographic Transition : countries go thru 4 stages involving changes in CBR, CDR, & NIR -every country at 1 stage or another& it is progressive: once go into a stage, you don't go back so far Stage 1: low growth: hi CBR, hi CDR, NIR about zero -in earliest humans, most all = same stage; CBR & CDR might vary from year to year, but hi on avg. -most all = hunter/gatherers for about 392,000 yrs. Slide 29 29 1 st agricultural revolution: 8,000 BCE: happened in various places & pop. grew faster Agri-Revol.: When humans began to grow foods & domesticate animals No longer move & scrounge as they had b/c they had stable food sources Still stayed basically at Stg 1 Low growthfor about another 10,000 yrs. - still problems w/ climate (famine), wars, disease, etc Slide 30 30 Stage 2: hi growth: hi CBR, lowering CDR, hi NIR Stg 2 comes in 2 sections: -2-a) pop. growth getting faster. -2-b) growth slowing, but CBR/CDR gap still hi Innovation: a new idea or new way of doing something; can be technology or can be philosophical ideas -1750: Britain was 1 st to come into Stg. 2 b/c was 1 st w/ Industrial Revolution Later spread thru W. Europethen USA Slide 31 31 Process of improv.: a) indust. techn. (steam eng., mass production, RR, later transportation innovations) b) brought wealth.which brought health innova., sanitation, hygiene, sewers, etc= healthier which meansless disease (Why did they improve these?) c) + food production w/ less labor = laborers for other jobs also health + food higher life expect. Slide 32 32 Other Eur. countries & USA didnt hit Stg 2 til about 1800 -Stg. 2 didnt diffuse to most of Africa, Asia, & Lat. Amer. til about 1950& then world pop. climbed! *USA & Eur. moved to stg 2 b/c of industr./tech rev., BUTothers (Afr., Lat. Am., etc.) moved to stg 2 b/c of medical revolution in mid-20 th cent. This meant improved med. practices = less diseases, less hardship = longer life & healthier life(rid of TB, malaria, smallpox, etc.) = more having babies. Slide 33 33 Stage 3: moderate growth: CBR, CDR both lower -CBR still higher than CDR, so pop. grow but not so fast -CDR dropping, but not as sharp as stg 2 -most Eur. & N. Amer countries from stg 2 stg 3 in early 20th century --most Asian/Lat. Amer. recent -but most African still in stg 2 Why do we move to stg 3? B/C ppl choose to have _____?____ WHY? Slide 34 34 a) more babies survive (lower ___? __) b) less agric.--need less kids c) more in citiesless chores use for kids -when Child Labor laws cut out factory jobs, kids no longer bring in $$..school required = more $$ d) urban homes = less avg. space = crowded Stage 4: Low growth: CBR about = CDR --NIR approaching 0 = ZPG --ZPG can happen even if CBR bit higher than CDR: b/c some girls wont reach fertil.: -so 2.1 TFR can = ZPG, unless lots of immigrants --most W. European countries in stg 4 & well below 2.1 TFRs Slide 35 35 The Demographic Transition Model The demogra. trans. in 4 stages: -1 st hi B & D 2 nd -- then D rates declines 3 rd -then in B rates decline 4 th --then low B & D rates. BUT pop. highest in Stg 4 Pop. growth is most rapid in the 2nd stage. Slide 36 36 D-T Model w/ explanations, details\Remember that D-T model looks at GROWTH rate (NIR) more than total population. Slide 37 37 --in USA, not quite at stg 4 b/c of diversity of pop. -Lat-Americans & Af-Americans have higher TFRs; but Eur-Amer. tend to have TFRs more like Euro. --social customs also enter in ? of stages EX: families on farms: mom stays home & dad works at home & they have more kidshands to work chores -as more women go to work & as families more in urban areas, have less kids Slide 38 38 Some E. Eur. countries have negative NIR b/c CDR higher than CBRthis is 1 of results of old communist system 1) CDR there result of hi pollution (few controls) 2) CBR result of strong fam.-planning& 3) pessimism (Why bring kids to this?) - may change laterbut if not could have a Stg 5 Note: a) at begin. of Stg 1, CBR & CDR both high (about 35- 40 per 1,000 --at Stg 4, both low (+ - 10/1000) b) BUTtotal pop. in Stg 4 much higher than it is in Stg 1 Slide 39 39 England = good EX: of demog. trans. & stages: WHY? Has good info for last 1000 yrs (kept records early), stable history & boundaries, & not lots of migration earlier to affect pop. Stg 1) low growth til 1750: b4 this pop. up & down... ( Black Death dropped pop. in 1300s, famine, etc.) Stg 2) hi growth: 1750-1880: CBR still hi, but CDR lowering -techn. innova. = more food, more $$$ invested in health..stayed stg. 2 about 125 yrs Stg 3) Mod. Growth: 1880-early 1970s -sharp CBR drop from 33 to 15; CDR fell some19 to 12 Stg 4: Lo growth: early 70s to now: --CBR betwn. 12-14 & CDR betwn 10-12 Engl. pop. grown about 1 mill. since 1970, BUT mainly thru immigrationNOT natural increase Slide 40 40 Demographic Transition in England England was one of the first countries to experience rapid population growth in the mid-eighteenth century, when it entered stage 2 of the demographic transition. Slide 41 41 Note that in England CBR & CDR dropped from about 40 to about 12 (stg. 1 stg.4) --but pop. up from 6 mill. (stg.1) to 50 mil (stg4) B) Population pyramids: use age & gender to show pop. w/in 5 yr. age groupings (youngest = 0 4yrs at pyramid base) -gives info RE: M vs. F & groups that might have specific needs or indications Pyramid Shape comes mainly from the CBR of the community Stg. 2 country: Hi CBR w/ lot of kids so wide base Stg. 4: larger older pop., wider top Slide 42 42 1) age distribution: age structure of pop. is important -dependency ratio: # of those too old or too young to work, so they depend a lot on the other part of the pop. -divide pop. in 3 sections0-14, 15-64, 65- & older -about 1/3 under 15 in Stg. 2, LDCs In stg. 4 countries, only about 1/3 = dependent -only about 1/5 under 15 in those MDCs at or near stg 4 -large % of kid pop. = strain on resources for schools, health care, daycare, etc. Slide 43 43 % of Pop. under 15 (part of the ___?__ ratio) About 1/3 of world population is under 15, but the % by country varies: Most of Africa + some Asian: Over 40% Much of Europe: Under 20% Slide 44 44 In stg 4, ppl 65+ are larger % than in stg. 2 b/c longer life expectancy (see p. 58lower rt. fig.) -in Europe over 65 = > 15%, but sub-Sahr.Africa = < 2% -is called the graying of the pop. (Eur. & N.Am.) -this can make CDR of stg 3 & 4 countries higher than stg 2 2) sex ratio: # of males per 100 females w/in pop. -more males born than femalesbut males have higher death rates -Eur. & N. Amer, sex ratio = 95:100; rest of world = 102:100 -in US, M vs. F under 15 yrs: 105:100 -at about 30, more F & by 65, F = 60% of pop. -migration affects sex ratio: males more likely to migrate, so if hi immigration rates, usually more males Slide 45 45 1) View pyramids on p. 63make notations about shapes & why they have a specific shape 2) Study the 3 examples of countries in various stages of transi. Make notes about WHY each has the shape it has Slide 46 46 Population Pyramids in U.S. Cities Fig. 2-16: Population pyramids can vary greatly, with different fertility rates (Laredo vs. Honolulu), or among military bases (Unalaska), college towns (Lawrence), and retirement communities (Naples). Slide 47 47 Copy items below & answer: a) Cape Verde: Stg 2 hi growth --possible reasons why? --major problems? b) Chile: Stg 3: moderate growth --poss. reason why? --major problems? c) Denmark: Stg 4 low growth: --poss. reasons why? --major problems? Slide 48 48 Rapid Growth in Cape Verde Fig. 2-17: Cape Verde, which entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in about 1950, is experiencing rapid population growth. Its population history reflects the impacts of famines and out-migration. Slide 49 49 Moderate Growth in Chile Fig. 2-18: Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in the 1930s, and it entered stage 3 in the 1960s. Slide 50 50 Low Growth in Denmark Fig. 2-19: Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic transition since the 1970s, with little population growth since then. Its population pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and few children. Slide 51 51 One is the EU, one Asia, one a retirement community Slide 52 52 Slide 53 53 D) Demographic trans. & world pop. growth (p. 62) 2nd half of 20th century world pop. zoomed b/c few countries were in the 2 stgs. w/ slower pop growth which are what?? (___ & ____ Most were into 2nd (hi) or 3rd (moderate) Some seem stuck in 2ndmaybe 3rd. To move to 3 rd or 4 th need 2 big "break-aways" from the past 1.Techn. innovations 2.Changing social customs that allow for drop in CBR -almost all are getting the techn. innov. (agric., medicine, etc.) that brings the drop in CDR --but many slow to alter customs that keep CBR high --resist situations that foster birth control measures -keeps many from moving to Stg. 3 & then to 4 th Slide 54 54 Major difference betwn. Eur. & N-Amer. & those now in Stg.2: Eur & N. Am. went thru Indust. Rev. on way to 3 rd or 4 th soecon. changes 1 st more $$$ more improvements social changes stg 3 .then 4 Today's LDC's: Stg. 2 came from outside investment little/no investment of their own Good EX: Sri Lanka: from 1946 to 1947, CDR dropped 43% b/c internat. organizations supplied them w/ DDT (insecticide) -sent DDT trained S-L ppl to spray for mosquitoes reduced malaria deaths CDR droppedbut no econ. advances -had MORE pplno more $$ or technol. revolutions Sosame economy & customs.but w/ hi CBR (& less dying) so way more pplw/o jobs Slide 55 55 Eur. & N. Amer.: Took about 100+ yrs to go from stg 2 3 Today's LDC's: Tough to get to stgs. 3 or 4 w/o the time Eur/N. Amer had to devel. & adjust Many Asian + Lat. Amer. LDC's now have moved to stg 3 .now have a declining pop. (EX: Chile) But Africa has not made this break w/ the past &hasnt moved forward WHY?? MANY reasonsinvolving -History -Customs -Disease -Geography -Women -Climates B/C of these Some African countries MAY become 1 st to go BACK to Stg. 1 which has never happened b4 Slide 56 56 K- 4: Why world may face overpopulation problems: Thomas Malthus English economist, 1798 theory said the world would run out of food in the future due to several factors: pop. was increasing faster than food production predicted a great famine about 100 yrs from then (1798) his theory: pop. increases geometrically (X) but food production increases arithmetically (+) So. 1 person to 1 food unit2 to 24 to 38 to 416 to 5... Engl. was in Stg 2 of demogr. trans. b/c of Industr. Rev. -Malthus said ppl needed "moral restraint (??) to control CBRunless war, famine, diseases, or other disasters increased CDR Slide 57 57 In Malthus' day, MDC's had the increasing popnot LDC's as it is now(LDCs were still Stg. 1) Later ppl didn't think about LDC's gaining from med. techn., but not from wealth & that pop. would snowball Now have Neo-Malthusianswho say Malthus was right but missed part Say well have shortages of clean air, water, suitable farmland, food AND fuel resources Said these would = civil violence & wars in future b/c of conflict over resources Though Africa has increased econ. devel., increased pop. more, so econ. growth hasnt helped --worse off than 1-2 decades ago Slide 58 58 Critics of Malthus: various arguments against his ideas Engels said M.'s idea were capitalistic -said world has resources for allbut are unequally distributed& some use more than their share Others say pop. growth can stimulate food prod.: Growth = more customers & encourages more techno. growth Others say Malthus is too pessimistic b/c he assumed food supply is fixed& doesnt allow for the principles of _?_: -ppl choose to expand food & other resources Slide 59 59 Last 50 yrs. have not supported Malthus ideasb/c 1 ) food prod. is up b/c of techngrow more faster -new techniques, new strains of rice, etc., = better 2) pop. growth increased, but food prod. grew faster 3) we do have problems w/ those who can't afford or get access to food -but these are distribution problems, not inability to produce (which is the NEWER theory) 4) also Mal.'s predictions of global growth were off -said by 2000 would be 10 billion but only 6.7 bill. 5) he didnt foresee cultural, econ. & tech. changes -didn't see the demogr. transition Stgs. 3 & 4 Slide 60 60 Food Population, 19502000Malthus vs. Actual Trends Malthus: Said pop. would grow faster than food Production But food production expanded faster than pop. in the 2 nd half of the 20 th century. Slide 61 61 SOHow do we reduce NIR?? Even if Malthus was wrong about pop. situation there are areas w/ these problems Those in stg 2 (hi growth) can reduce 1 of 2 ways 1) go back to stg 1: higher CDR more equal to CBR 2) move to stg 3 or 4 by lowering CBR to the CDR 1) Higher CDR: could come from spread of disease esp. AIDS -95% of AIDS deaths are in LDC's! Africa: more than 2 mill. per yr.esp. southern -Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, & Zimbabwe: -1/5 of all deaths there caused by AIDS -25% of pop. is infected -CDR here rose in '90's from 13 to 21 -life expect. dropped from 55 yrs. to 40 yrs. Higher CDR could push Africa back to stg 1 Demog. trans. Slide 62 62 Other diseases in other LDC's may lead to higher CDR 1/3 of kids deaths in most LDC's is from poor sanitation & its results..like dysentery (diarrhea = dehydration = death) & other infections Another 1/3 die from diseases MDC-kids don't get b/c of immunizations: EX: measles, polio, TB, diphtheria, tetanus,etc Slide 63 63 Tuberculosis Death Rates, 2000 TB death rate: an indicator of countrys ability to invest in health care Its still 1 of the worlds largest infectious-disease killers. Slide 64 64 HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates, 2002 Highest HIV infection rates are in sub-Saharan Africa. India & China have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates (%) Slide 65 65 Epidemiological Transition: 4 stages: Stage 1: Stage of pestilence & famine: natures way of holding pop. in check (EX: Black Plague) Stg 2: stg. of receding pandemics: #s lessen, but still in crowded areas (EX: Cholera in large cities) Stg. 3 & 4: steady decrease in infectious diseases...but increase in chronic degenerative & human-created diseases EXs: cancers & cardiovascular-disease (smoking, diet, pollution, etc.)age related Stg. 5? MAYBE.. return to infectious & parasitic disease? 3 reasons: 1-evolution of drug resistant microbes 2-poverty in LDCs 3- Increased travel & exposure Slide 66 66 So1 way to adjust = higher CDRnot too nice..A better way? 2) lower birth rates: v. few want to see pop. contained by higher CDR lowering CBR is better choice 2 ways to lower CBR: Long-run method + short-run method a) Long-run method: economic development alternative: Changes in society Wealthier = more able to spend $$ on educat. & health- carepromotes lower CBR One key: women: women in school have more opportunities & choices, better control of livesdollar- wise & reproductive-wise Better health-care = lower IMR & women more likely to have less kids cause know kids likely to survive b) But in short run: Distribute of birth con. methods: Putting resources into family planning methods in LDC's = a quicker way to drop CBR LDCs demand for B-C is greater than the supply -We need to get more out there quickly & cheaply Slide 67 67 Bangladesh: W. using contraceptives: 1975: 6%... 2000: 50% Now in many LDC's 2/3 of W use bir. contr. But in Africa (& parts of Asia) only about 1/4 use Why? Women: low statuslittle/no education or econ. control -- Ws hi-status comes from hi # of kids --Also gives M hi-status b/c shows virility & power --Some cultures view birth control use against their religious or political beliefs Many religions disapprove of some or all B-C devices: including some of these. (usually fundamentalists of the relig..) -Roman Catholics -Muslims -fundamentalist Protestants -Hindus Last 8 yrs.: US govt. has withheld $$ for all B-C in many LDCs b/c of a possibility of abortioneven if only for mothers life, etc. Big political issue in US Pres. Obama has overturned this policy already Most experts agree controlling CBR is best way, but LDC's & international family planning organizations have limited $$$ to make it a reality Slide 68 68 Use of Family Planning Both the extent of family planning use & the methods used vary widely by country & culture. Slide 69 69 Crude Birth Rate Decline, 19812001 CBRs declined in most countries between 1981 & 2001 (BUTthe # of births per year increased from 123 to 133 mill.). Slide 70 70 Cholera in London, 1854 By mapping the distribution of cholera cases & water pumps in Soho, London, Dr. John Snow identified the source of the waterborne epidemic. Slide 71 71 SARS Infections in China, 2003 China had 85 % of the world's SARS cases in 2003. In China, the infection was highly clustered in Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, & in Beijing. Slide 72 72 Historical Pop. growth Slide 73 73 NIR graph Slide 74 74 Growth since Industrial Revolution & Projected thru 2050 Slide 75 75 Slide 76 76 Population pyramid for Williamsburg, VA WHY??? Slide 77 77 Get into groups: What can these pyramids tell you?? A B-1, B-2, B-3 C-1, C-2 Slide 78 78 Slide 79 79 Slide 80 80