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CASE STUDIES IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Lecture 3

Project management methodologies

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Project management methodologies

• Project Cycle Management

• Logical Framework Approach

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Project Cycle ManagementIdentification

Reviewing Monitoring

Implementation

Evaluation Project design

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Goal Oriented Project Planning

Methodology based on:• Problem analysis• Cause and effect relationship • Objectives definition

GOPP phases

Context analysis

Project planning

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Context Analysis

Sub-steps:

• Problem analysis

• Objectives analysis

• Identification of objectives and assessment of alternatives

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Increase ofpollution

Smaller enterprisesdo not innove and

are less competitive

Enterprisesdont knowwhat to do,

which choicesto get

Enterprises have notcapabilities to get newlower emissions level

Enterprises cannotprogramme and

realize investmentsof innovation

Training coursesobsolete

Relevantinvestme

nts

Consultantand servicesexpensive

and not easy to find

Smallerenterprise are not adequately

ready

Entrepreneursand workerswithout basis

technicalpreparation

Problem TreeProblem Analysis

Example: focus on manufacturing sector, fighting pollution, and the obstacles for adaptation by smaller one enterprise

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How to build a problem tree

1. Identify major problems existing within a given situation

2. Select an individual starter problem

3. Look for related problems to the starter problem:

4. Establish hierarchy of cause and effects: Problems which are directly causing the starter problems are put below

Problems which are direct effects of the starter problem are put above

5. Complete with all other problems accordingly

6. Connect the problems with cause-effect arrows

7. Review the diagram and verify its validity and completeness

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Objectives Tree

Decreaseofpollution

Small er enterprisesbecomei nnovati ve,

more c ompeti tive

Enterprises

became able tochange

Enterprises

increasecapabili ties torespectl oweremissions level

Enterprises start to

invest and i nnov e

Trai ning cours es

adaptedand

effec tive

Easieraccess to

credi t and capital

Pricingservices

appropriate

Small erenterprises

are ready tochange

Entrepreneursand workers

have goodtechnical skills

Objectives Analysis

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How to build an objectives tree

1. Reformulate all negative situations of the problems analysis into positive situations, goals.

2. Check the means-ends relationships

3. If necessary: - revise statements

- add new objectives

- delete objectives which do not seem suitable, convenient or necessary

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Decrease ofpollution

Smaller enterprisesbecome innovative, more competitive

Enterprisesbecame able to

change

Enterprisesincrease

capabilities torespect lower

emissions level

Enterprises start toinvest and innove

Training coursesadapted

and effective

Easieraccess tocredit and

capital

Pricingservicesappropri

ate

Smallerenterprisesare ready to

change

Entrepreneursand workershave good

technical skills

TRAINING GUIDANCE BUSINESS

Identification of objectives and assessment of alternatives

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Check list

1. Collection of figures and information• Did we adequately interview beneficiaries? • Have well defined problems and its effects?• Have we look for different actors?• Have we considered all relevant statistical sources?

2. Problems definition• Have we understood what is the beneficiaries’ problem?• Are problems clearly exposed?

3. Logic connection among problems and among objectives

• Is there the right connection between causes and effects?

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Project planningTwo sub-steps:

• choice of fields of action

• definition of the project with the Logical Frame

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Logical Framework Approach

Key steps in the Logical Framework Approach:

• General scope and focus• Planning framework, terminology and design

process• Situation analysis• Project strategy • Assumptions and risks• Monitoring and evaluation framework

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Logical Framework Matrix

Intervention Logic

Verifiable Indicators

Means of Verification

Important Assumptions

Goal --

Purpose

Outputs

Activities

Preconditions

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Assumptions in Logical Framework

Goals

Project Purpose

Outputs

Activities

Preconditions

Assumptions

Assumptions

Assumptions

+

+

+

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Project planning steps

• General problem identification• Identification of beneficiaries problems and of context problems• Creation of the problem tree• Creation of the objectives tree• Clustering of objectives• Choice of one or more clusters to focus on• Definition of the project purpose• Definition of overall objectives • Definition of the results/outputs• Definition of activities• Identification of assessments• Definition of indicators

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Reports

Progress reports• Activity section• Financial section

Final report• Summary of activities • Main results

Partners contribution

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Project closure

Start-up phase

Implementation phase

Project closure

A project can be considered closed when:• Managing Authority accepted formally all outputs• Documentation and reference material is in place• Actions and recommendations are documented and

disseminated• All expenditures have been paid and certified.

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Communication methods

Method PurposeInstitution newsletter Αwareness – Inform

Project web site Αwareness – Inform –Promote

Press releases Αwareness

Flyers / brochures Αwareness

Conference presentations Engage – Promote

Conference posters Engage – Promote

Workshops Engage

Journal articles Inform

Reports and other documents

Inform