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Transcript of 1. Cargo broker acts as an intermediary between charterers and ship owners, to help Charterers look...
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6CARGO BROKING &
OPERATION
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Roles and Responsibilities
Cargo broker acts as an intermediary between charterers and ship owners, to help Charterers look for ships to move their cargoes, and ship owners to look for cargoes to earn freight.
Is actively involved throughout the deal: presenting the
business to potential clients, negotiating main terms of the fixture, finalizing the contract and following the fixture through to its conclusion.Provides expert industry advice to charterers and
ship owners, including market surveillance and intelligence.
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Module Content1. Understanding Different Types of Bulkers
and Container Ships
2. Introduction to International Ship Safety
Procedures
3. Dry and Chemical Bulk Cargoes: Safety
and Ship Types
4. Heavy Lifts and Project Cargoes
5. Offshore Supplies
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Merchant Shipping1. Cargo ships…..split into four (4) sectors
based on economic activities namely (a)
general cargo transport, (b) dry bulk
transport, (c) oil and chemical transport,
(d) liquid gas transport
2. Offshore oil, mobile structure, supply ships
3. Non-cargo ships….tugs, dredgers, fishing
boats, passenger ships, research ships
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Six (6) General Cargo1) Container-ship… cellular ‘lift on lift off”
exclusively for carriage of containers
2) Ro-Ro… multi-deck vessels, no public
area, carry cargo on deep-sea routes
3) Barge carrier … carry 500-ton standard
barge which are floated or lifted on and off
the ship
4) Reefer ships….refrigerated, palletised
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Six (6) General Cargo5) General cargo… purpose-built cargo liner, fast,
multiple decks, extensive cargo gears but poor
container capacity
6) Multi-Purpose ships… fast speed, good
container capacity, ability to carry break
bulk/other unitised cargo such as forest
products, heavy lifts and project cargo
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Six (6) Dry Bulk1) Bulk carrier..capesize (carry ore, coal),
panamax (carry coal, grain), handymax,
handy
2) Open hatch (designed for unit loads)
3) Ore carrier
4) Woodchip carrier
5) Vehicle carrier (multiple deck)
6) Cement carrier
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Four (4) Oil and Chemical1) Crude tanker….VLCC, suezmax,
panamax2) Product tanker…..crude tanker, long
haul3) Chemical tanker4) Combined carrier
Two (2) Liquid Gas5) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LNG)
sophisticated freezing system6) Liquefied Nitrogen Gas (LPG)
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International Ship SafetyEvery shipping company must develop, implement, and
maintain a safety management system (ISM) that includes
the following functional requirements: a safety and
environmental policy; instructions and procedures to ensure
safe operation of ships; defined the levels of authority and
line of communication between and among, shore and
shipboard personnel; procedures for reporting accidents and
nonconformance; procedures to prepare for and respond to
emergencies; procedures for internal audits and management
review audits.
IMO, ISM, SOLAS, SMC (Safety Management Certificate),
DOC
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International Ship Safety…cont
It is not just another inspection that focuses on
hardware
It is about HUMAN ELEMENT and the Relationship with
shore side and ship board management activities
It focuses on Human Element
Requires and Demands COMMITMENT. Not something
you can throw money and resolve
It simply makes a good business sense
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International Ship Safety…cont
It ensure safety of life, cargo at sea
Prevent human injury and loss of life
Avoid damage to property
Prevent pollution of the environment
Ensure full compliance to National, Local, and
International rules, regulations, standards, and codes
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International Ship Safety…cont
The company should ensure that:
a. Inspections are held at appropriate intervals;
b. Any non-conformity is reported, with its possible
cause, if known;
c. Appropriate corrective action is taken; and records of
these activities are maintained
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ISM CODE…..cont Internal Auditor
External Auditor….. Jabatan Laut
- Initial Assessment….before issue certificate
- Periodic (verification) Assessment
- Renewal Assessment
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ISM CODE…..cont Non – Conformity
Major ---- a failure of a system which has immediate
impact to safety and pollution
Minor …… a failure of a system which has no
immediate
impact or bearing on safety and pollution prevention
Observations
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ISM CODE…..cont OFFICE (Auditor)
-Document of Compliance (DOC)
Each Ship
-Safety Management Certificate (SMC)
- Non-conformance/compliance? … SMC withdrawn
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Major International Incident Torrey Canyon……March 1967
Amoco Cadiz……..March 1978
Exxon Valdez……..March 1989
………………..Do you see a sequence?
What happened in March 2000……..?
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Dry bulk Cargo : Safety/TypesIs a parcel transported in a single
shipPlayers are ship owner, operators,
commodity traders, and cargo ownersBulk carriers (4 sizes)1. Handy (10,000-39,000) dwt2. Handymax (40,000-59,000) dwt3. Panamax (60,000-99,000) dwt4. Capesize (over 100,000) dwt
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Dry bulk Cargo : Safety/Types
In tanker business, there are six (6) sizes1. Handy (10,000-59,000) dwt2. Panamax (60,000-79,000) dwt3. Aframax (80,000-119,999) dwt4. Suezmax (120,000-199,999) dwt5. VLCC (over 200,000) dwt draft >25
meters6. ULCC (over 350,000) length 380 meters, breath 68 meters
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Classes of Bulk Cargo
1) Liquid bulk e.g crude oil, oil products2) Major dry bulk e.g iron ore, coal, and
grain3) Minor bulk e.g agri bulk such as soya
bean, sugar, rice, fertilizer, metal steel, minerals, and forest products
“It is the ships used rather than the commodity type”…. Bulk cargo
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Chemical Cargo/Ship & SafetyUSA, Europe and Asia, India and Middle East, South
America
Cargo carried annually in the region of 60 million tons
of organic and inorganic chemicals…… and 40-50 million
tons of vegetable oil, alcohol, molasses, lubricating
oil…..
Organics are petrochemicals contain carbon and are
made from crude oil and natural gas or coal.
Ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene…used in the
plastic and artificial fibre industry are some of examples
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Chemical Cargo/Ship & Safety…cont
Inorganic are products such as phosphoric
acid, sulphuric acid used in a fertilizer
industry, caustic soda in aluminium industry
Vegetable oils (derived from seed of plants)
include palm oil, soya beans
Molasses are by-products of sugar refining
operations, thick brown syrup/ram/animal
feeds
Safety is paramount
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Chemical Cargo/Ship & Safety…cont
Products such as phosphoric acid are very
dense, corrosive to metal such as iron and zinc
These products are carried in tank coated with
stainless steel, rubber or acid-proof paints
Loaded and discharged through stainless pipes,
transferring rate 600 to per hr. In ports the
acids are stored in steel cisterns with a rubber
lining standing in concrete tanks that can hold
the content in case of leakage
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Chemical Cargo/Ship & Safety…cont
Three (3) ship types:1) Chemical Parcel Tanker, average size 15,000 dwt, over
75% of the tanks are segregated with separate cargo handling facilities, and the average tank size <2,700 cubic meter
2) Bulk Chemical Tanker with average size 13,380 dwt, tank size >2,700, over 75% of tank are segregated3) Chemical Product Tanker with 51-75% tanks
segregated, average tank size >2,700 cubic metersCargo pipe lines categories/varies…cargo tanks are
served directly by a single bottom line to each cargo pump Independent line system/minimum chances of contamination of cargoes
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Chemical Cargo/Ship & Safety…cont
Tank coating is widely used on chemical tankers
Epoxy coated tanks are suitable for carriage of animal fats
and vegetable oils
Zinc silicate high resistance to aromatic hydrocarbon such
as benzene, not resistant to acid or alkalis
Ventilation is critical…harmful gas should always be
suspected in an empty tank due to:
a. Lack of oxygen;
b. residue of cargo on tank walls/bottom;
c. Rust , sludge, cargo vapours when subjected to heat
d. Leakage from adjacent tanks
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Chemical Cargo/Ship & Safety…cont
Gas freeing/displacement in conjunction with tank
cleaning operation to completely remove the cargo
vapour from the tank and replace with fresh air or inert
gas
Cargo heating 1) by heating coils (acid resistant stainless
steel coil fitted in cargo tanks, 2) deck heater (heated by
flow of cargo through deck installed heater)
Tank cleaning/cleaning solution procedures depending on
groups, 1) animal and vegetable fats and oil, 2) minerals
oils, 3) petrochemicals and solvents
Safety during loading, transit, and discharging
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Heavy Lift/Project CargoThe transportation, handling and installation of
heavy items such as generator, satellites, and
boilers which are indivisible
Very challenging/complex handled by specialized
logisticians
highest degree of safety and reliability.
Usually ranging from one (1) to >1000 tons and of
widths/heights of more than 100 meters that are
too large to fit into normal containers or onto
conventional transporters.
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Heavy Lift/Project Cargo…cont
The main characteristics is the absence of
standardization . It comprises of various
shapes/sizes, and forms which make transport
planning difficult.
Generators, turbines, reactors, boilers, towers,
casting, locomotives, boats, satellites, military
equipment, oil exploration machinery ( parts of oil
rigs and production platforms), earthmoving and
mining equipment, transport vehicles, cranes,
excavators, wheel loaders.
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Offshore Supplies Platform supply vessel
Anchor-Handling tug
Fibre optic/cable installation support vessel
Diving support vessel
Pipe lying support vessel
Research vessel
Barge
Services such as casting, blasting, welding and repair
works of maritime structures such as ports
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THANK YOU