Macromolecules

The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are:

1. PROTEINS

1. CARBOHYDRATES

1. LIPIDS

1. NUCLEIC ACIDS

Carbon Compounds

All compounds can be classified in two broad categories

Organic Compounds: contain the element carbon and at least one hydrogen atom.

Inorganic Compounds: do not contain the element carbon.

Carbon Bonding

Straight chains

Branched Chains Rings

A carbon atom has four valence electrons and is able to bond with most atom. This is why carbon can form many complex structures like…

Carbon Bonding

•Carbon can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds. •Each line between atoms in a molecular drawing represents one covalent bond.

Carbon Compounds

Functional Groups

Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate.

• Hydroxyl: In alcohols, sugars, and amino acids- water soluble

• Ex: the –OH we used to make ethanol on wednesday

• Methyl: In fatty acid chains- insoluble in water

• Are these polar or non-polar?

Function groups important in Protein building blocks, aka Amino Acids

Carboxyl: Highly polar and acts as an acid (releases H+) Amino: Acts as a weak base (accepts H+)

Functional Groups

Phosphate: In ATP, DNA, RNA, many proteins, phospholipids- water soluble, acidic.

Functional Groups

Sulfhydryl: In amino acid cysteine; helps stabilize protein structure (at disulfide bridges).

Large Carbon Molecules

Many carbon compounds are built up from smaller, simpler molecules know as monomers.

•Monomers can bond to one another to form polymers, through a process called polymerization. A polymer is a molecule that consists of repeated, linked units.

Carbon Bonding

Dehydration synthesis removes OH and H during synthesis of a new molecule.

Hydrolysis breaks a covalent bond by adding OH and H.

Proteins

Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Proteins are the principle component of all cells.

Proteins, for example, makeup most of your skin, muscles, and many biological catalyst.

Proteins

Amino acids are the

monomers that makeup

proteins.

Amino acids are compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end.

More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature.

Proteins

All amino acids are

identical where they

join in covalent bonds.

This allows amino acids to join with any other amino acid.

The portion of the amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group. R-groups can be complex or simple.

Enzymes: proteins that control the rate of reactions

Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific substrate (the reactant being catalyzed).

The active site is the folded region on the enzyme that fits together with the substrate.

Carbohydrates

Composed of the elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.

Plants (and some animals) use carbohydrates for structural (support) purposes.

Carbohydrates

Breaking down sugars provides immediate energy for the cell.

The formula for glucose is C6H12O6

Living things store extra complex carbohydrates (sugar) in the form of glycogen

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules.

Examples: Glucose- main source of energy

Galactose- found in milk

Fructose- found in fruit

Carbohydrates

Disaccharides consist of two sugars linked together. Examples:

Sucrose = glucose + fructose

Lactose = galactose + glucose

Maltose = glucose + glucose

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides are large macromolecules formed from many monosaccharides.

Animals store extra polysaccharides in the form of glycogen and it is held in the liver or muscles and is ready to be used for quick energy.

Carbohydrates

Plants store extra polysaccharides in the form of starch or as cellulose.

Starch is similar to glycogen

Cellulose gives strength and rigidity to plant cells, makes up 50% of wood.

Lipids

Lipids, also called fats, are biomolecules that are usually not soluble in water.

Lipids can be used to store energy and are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

Lipids

Common categories of lipids are: fatty acids, waxes, and steroids.

Lipids form when a glycerol molecule combines with several molecules called fatty acids.

Lipids

If each Carbon atom has bonded with the maximum number of Hydrogen atoms, the lipid is said to be saturated.

Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. For example: butter and fats in red meat.

Lipids

If there is at least on Carbon-Carbon double bond in a fatty acid, the lipid is said to be unsaturated.

Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than on double bond is said to be polyunsaturated.

Lipids

Unsaturated fats, like olive oil, are liquid at room temperature. Some examples are: vegetable oils, corn, sunflower, and soy.

Lipids

The hydrophilic “head” is water loving while the hydrophobic “tail” is water hating.

Phospholipids are components of cell membranes

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are “giant molecules”, polymers which contain the elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen.

Nucleic acids are polymers. Polymers are

made of monomers. The monomers

that make up nucleic acids are called

nucleotides.

Nucleic Acids

When several nucleotides join by covalent bonds, a polynucleotide is formed. A polynucleotide is also called a nucleic acid

Nucleic Acids store and

transmit genetic material,

or genetic information.

Nucleic Acids

The two kinds of nucleic acids are:

A. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

B. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides are made of three parts

A. Nitrogen containing base

B. Phosphate group

C. 5 carbon sugar

The Energy Currency Nucleotide

Life processes require a constant supply of energy. This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure.

One of these compounds is the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

O P E N E R :

F I N I S H N O T E S

A G E N D A :

1 . F I N I S H D I S C U S S I N G B I O M O L E C U L E S

2 . B I O M O L E C U L E S O N C E L L M E M B R A N E S

3 . D I F F U S I O N T H R O U G H M E M B R A N E D E M O

4 . N A M E G A M E ? ? ? ! ! !

H O M E W O R K :

N A D A ! ! !

AP Biology “What biomolecules do we find in cell membranes?”

9/27/12

Lipids

The hydrophilic “head” is water loving while the hydrophobic “tail” is water hating.

Phospholipids are components of cell membranes

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are “giant molecules”, polymers which contain the elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen.

Nucleic acids are polymers. Polymers are

made of monomers. The monomers

that make up nucleic acids are called

nucleotides.

Nucleic Acids

When several nucleotides join by covalent bonds, a polynucleotide is formed. A polynucleotide is also called a nucleic acid

Nucleic Acids store and

transmit genetic material,

or genetic information.

Nucleic Acids

The two kinds of nucleic acids are:

A. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

B. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides are made of three parts

A. Nitrogen containing base

B. Phosphate group

C. 5 carbon sugar

The Energy Currency Nucleotide

Life processes require a constant supply of energy. This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure.

One of these compounds is the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Lipids

The hydrophilic “head” is water loving while the hydrophobic “tail” is water hating.

Phospholipids are components of cell membranes

Lipid Bilayer Cell Membrane

Biomolecules on Cell Membrane