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Transcript of 1 Biofuels 1991 – 2011: A 20 Year History of Biofuels policy and the impact on the Recreational...
1
Bio
fuel
s1991 – 2011: A 20 Year History of Biofuels policy and
the impact on the Recreational Marine Industry
Jeff R. Wasil BRP U.S Inc.
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
14819
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Gas
oli
ne
plu
s E
than
ol
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
than
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n,
R
enew
able
Fu
el M
and
ate
and
%
eth
ano
l in
gas
oli
ne
po
ol
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol Consumption
RFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline pool
2
1991
- 2
001 Gasoline plus ethanol
consumption
Fuel Ethanol Consumption
% Ethanol in Gasoline Pool
J.Wasil Source: Energy Information Administration
3
1995
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
14819
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Gas
oli
ne
plu
s E
than
ol
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
than
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n,
R
enew
able
Fu
el M
and
ate
and
%
eth
ano
l in
gas
oli
ne
po
ol
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production
Clean Air Act 1990 Mandated the use of oxygenates (MTBE) for
reformulated fuels in non-attainment areas starting in 1995
MTBE Production
J.Wasil
4
1995
- 2
001
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
14819
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Gas
oli
ne
plu
s E
than
ol
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
than
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n,
R
enew
able
Fu
el M
and
ate
and
%
eth
ano
l in
gas
oli
ne
po
ol
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production
MTBE Phase-out begins
MTBE Production
J.Wasil
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
14819
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Gas
oli
ne
plu
s E
than
ol
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
than
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n,
R
enew
able
Fu
el M
and
ate
and
%
eth
ano
l in
gas
oli
ne
po
ol
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production
5
2001
- 2
005
J.Wasil
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
14819
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Gas
oli
ne
plu
s E
than
ol
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
than
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n,
R
enew
able
Fu
el M
and
ate
and
%
eth
ano
l in
gas
oli
ne
po
ol
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production RFS-I
6
2005
Energy Policy Act 2005 (RFS-I)
RFS-I Ethanol Quantity
J.Wasil
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
14819
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Gas
oli
ne
plu
s E
than
ol
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
than
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n,
R
enew
able
Fu
el M
and
ate
and
%
eth
ano
l in
gas
oli
ne
po
ol
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production RFS-I
7
2006
In 2006 ethanol production exceeded RFS quantity
RFS-I Ethanol Quantity
Production exceeded the mandate
J.Wasil
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
14819
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Gas
oli
ne
plu
s E
than
ol
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
than
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n,
R
enew
able
Fu
el M
and
ate
and
%
eth
ano
l in
gas
oli
ne
po
ol
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol Consumption% ethanol in gasoline pool MTBE ProductionRFS-I
8
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (RFS-II)
J.Wasil
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
14819
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Gas
oli
ne
plu
s E
than
ol
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
than
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n,
R
enew
able
Fu
el M
and
ate
and
%
eth
ano
l in
gas
oli
ne
po
ol
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production
9
2007
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (RFS-II)
RFS-II Biofuels Quantity
J.Wasil
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
1481
99
1
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
20
19
20
20
20
21
20
22
Year
Ga
so
line
plu
s E
tha
no
l Co
ns
um
pti
on
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
tha
no
l Pro
du
cti
on
, R
en
ew
ab
le
Fu
el M
an
da
te a
nd
% e
tha
no
l in
g
as
olin
e p
oo
l
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production
10
2007
– 2
011
Global Financial Crisis
J.Wasil
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
14819
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Gas
oli
ne
plu
s E
than
ol
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
than
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n,
R
enew
able
Fu
el M
and
ate
and
%
eth
ano
l in
gas
oli
ne
po
ol
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production
11
2007
- 2
011
Global Financial Crisis
% Ethanol in Gasoline Pool = 10%
J.Wasil
US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022
[Billion gallons per year]
100
108
116
124
132
140
14819
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Gas
oli
ne
plu
s E
than
ol
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Fu
el E
than
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n,
R
enew
able
Fu
el M
and
ate
and
%
eth
ano
l in
gas
oli
ne
po
ol
Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production
12
2007
- 2
011
Global Financial Crisis
% Ethanol in Gasoline Pool = 10%
J.Wasil
13
5. S
olu
tio
ns
– Solutions:• Quickly start consuming more gasoline (ridiculous)• Realign the RFS to match the new fuel demand
reality (unlikely - does nothing to address the growth of the ethanol industry)
• Raise the amount of ethanol allowed in gasoline (E15 waiver request granted – source of much debate, will cause issues)
• Explore other alternative fuels that can better satisfy the RFS volumes without affecting millions of existing engines
The US Market was saturated with ethanol in 2010. The industry cannot
continue to grow beyond that of exports.
J.Wasil
14
Iso
bu
tan
ol T
esti
ng
Up
dat
e Isobutanol Testing Update
Jeff R. Wasil BRP U.S Inc.
15NM
MA
/AB
YC
Bu
tan
ol S
tud
y
Figure 1. 18’ Mako boat with 175 HP Evinrude Direct Fuel Injection Outboard
Figure 2. 24’ SeaDoo Challenger boat with 215 HP Rotax engine
Table 2: Engine Specifications
Evaluate isobutanol-extended fuel over summer boating season (50 hrs)
J.Wasil
16
Arg
on
ne
/ DO
E M
arin
e T
esti
ng • A formal and rigorous test program has been
established with Argonne National Laboratory with over sight from the U.S. Department of Energy– Expanded field testing – Laboratory emissions and performance evaluations– Engine durability assessments– Oil tribology investigation
Portable Emissions Equipment Installed in Boat
Products from several marine engine and boat manufacturers included in the test
program
J.Wasil
17
Fie
ld E
mis
sio
ns
Tes
tin
gVolvo-Penta 5.7 Closed-loop catalyst – Almar Boat
1999 OMC Johnson Conventional Carbureted 2-stroke (AKA, “Old Smokey”) Intruder Boat
Indmar 6.0L Closed-loop catalyst – Malibu Ski Boat
Boats baseline tested in May, operated for 50 hours on butanol and tested again in
SeptemberJ.Wasil
18
Fie
ld T
esti
ng
• Boats accumulated 50 hours operating on B16 fuel
• Pre and post season emissions evaluated on three fuels on each boat: E0, E10 and B16
• No engine runability, startability or durability issues reported during the 50 hour evaluation period.
• For each boat tested, emissions between E10 and B16 were virtually the same
J.Wasil
19
Fie
ld T
esti
ng
Em
issi
on
s• Example Boat #1 Normalized Data
THC NOx CO CO2
E0 E10 B16
Similar emissions between E10 and B16
J.Wasil
20Lab
em
issi
on
s an
d d
ura
bit
y • Laboratory emissions testing and full-life durability testing
350 Hours on E10 (Control)
350 Hours on B16 (Test)
At the end of the testing, the engines will be torn
down and inspected
J.Wasil
21
Lab
en
gin
e em
issi
on
s • Example Laboratory Baseline Emissions Data
(normalized)
THC NOx CO CO2
E0 E10 B16
Similar emissions between E10 and B16
J.Wasil
22
Du
rab
ility
Bar
ge
Tes
tin
g• Engine Undergoing 350 hour durability testing
on 16% isobutanol-extended fuel
J.Wasil
23
Oil
Tri
bo
log
y• Oil Tribology refers to the study of friction,
wear, lubrication and contact mechanics
J.Wasil
24
E15
NR
EL
Rep
ort
• Damaged rod bearing at 235 hours operated on E15. • Gasoline (E15) and oil is mixed in two-stroke engine.
Impact of E15 on solvency and lubricity of oil is unknown.
Damaged rod and bearing from E15 engine
Undamaged rod and bearing
J.Wasil
25
Oil
Tri
bo
log
y T
ests
• Oil Tribology Tests:– Unidirectional sliding (connecting rods, crank)– Reciprocating sliding (Pistons, rings)– Four ball (Bearings)– Three fuels tested E0, E10, B16 at increasing fuel/oil
dilution ratios– Yamaha 150HP four stroke engine used to develop oil
dilution test methodology
J.Wasil
26
Tri
bo
log
y R
esu
lts
• Preliminary Oil Tribology Data indicates similar friction and wear with fuel dilution from E0, E10 and B16
J.Wasil
27
Co
ncl
usi
on
• Conclusion:– Largest and most comprehensive recreational marine
study using an advanced biofuel other than ethanol– Cooperation and participation from across the industry– Program is going very well to date – more testing to be
conducted, but results so far indicate that butanol is a much better fuel with properties more similar to that of gasoline.
– Opportunity to influence National biofuels policy
J.Wasil
28
Qu
esti
on
s? Thank You
J.Wasil