1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.
-
Upload
gloria-eaton -
Category
Documents
-
view
249 -
download
2
Transcript of 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.
![Page 1: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
AP Physics Chapter 9
Center of Mass and Linear Momentum
![Page 2: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
AP Physics
Lecture: Chapter 9 Q&A
![Page 3: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Standards: (AP Physics C: Mechanics)
Newtonian Mechanics D. Systems of particles, linear
momentum (12%)1. Center of mass 2. Impulse and momentum 3. Conservation of linear momentum,
collisions
![Page 4: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
System
• A system is a collection of objects. • A system includes the objects, but
not the space in between them.• In the system
All objects that belong to the system Not necessary the space enclosed by the system
![Page 5: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Center of Mass
Center of mass (of a body or a system of bodies): the point that moves as though all of the mass were concentrated there and all external forces were applied there.
Position of Center of Mass:
1D:
3D:
cmx
ˆˆ ˆ, ,cm cm cm cm cm cm cmr x y z x i y j z k
![Page 6: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Position of Center of Mass: xcm (2 objects, 1D)
1 1 2 2
1 2cm
m x m xx
m m
xcm: position of center of mass of two objects
m1: mass of Object 1
m2: mass of Object 2
x1: position of (center of mass of) Object 1
x2: position of (center of mass of) Object 2
m1
m2
x2
•x1
•
![Page 7: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Position of Center of Mass: rcm
(n objects, 3D)
1
1 n
cm i ii
x m xM
1
1 n
cm i ii
r m rM
M 1 2 nm m m im Total Mass
1
1 n
cm i ii
y m yM
1
1 n
cm i ii
z m zM
![Page 8: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Position of Center of Mass:(Continuous Mass Distribution, 3D)
1
1
1
cm
cm
cm
x xdmM
y ydmM
z zdmM
zdVV
z
ydVV
y
xdVV
x
cm
cm
cm
1
1
1
uniform
density
V: volume of object
![Page 9: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Let C = 1, O = 2, then m1 = 12.01115u, m2 = 15.9994u.
Also, let x = 0 at C, then x1 = 0, and x2 = 1.131 10-10m.
xcm = ?
cmx
The center of mass is 6.46 10-11 m from the carbon atom, in between the two atoms.
Center of mass is closer to the object with larger mass.
Example: Pg238-102The distance between the centers of the carbon (C) and oxygen (O) atoms in a carbon monoxide (CO) gas molecule is 1.131 10-10 m. Locate the center of mass of a CO molecule relative to the carbon atom. (Find the masses of C and O in Appendix D.)
1 1 2 2
1 2
m x m x
m m
1015.9994 1.131 10
12.01115 15.9994
u m
u u
C O
0x
116.46 10 m
![Page 10: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
x
ySet up coordinates, then
m1 = 14g at (0, 11cm)
m2 = 14g at (22cm, 11cm)
m3 = 42g at (11cm, 22cm)
cmx
•cm
Symmetric?
m3m2m1
11 ,17.6cmr cm cm
Example: Pg229-3In Fig. 9-37, three uniform thin rods, each of length L = 22 cm, form an inverted U. The vertical rods each have a mass of 14 g; the horizontal rod has a mass of 42 g. a) What are the x coordinate and b) the y coordinate of the system’s center of mass?
14 0 14 22 42 1111
14 14 42
g g cm g cmcm
g g g
cmy 14 11 14 11 42 2217.6
14 14 42
g cm g cm g cmcm
g g g
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
m x m x m x
m m m
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
m y m y m y
m m m
![Page 11: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles
• Fext: external force, force from object not included in the system
• M: total mass of system
• acm: acceleration of center of mass
, ,ext x cm xF Ma
3D
ext cmF Ma
, ,ext y cm yF Ma
, ,ext z cm zF Ma
![Page 12: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Special Cases and Application
What if the total external force is zero?
acm = 0
If vcm, i = 0
vcm = constant
vcm remains 0 CM does not move.
![Page 13: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Velocity of Center of Mass, vcm
21
2211
mm
xmxmxcm
1 1 2 2
1 2cm
m v m vv
m m
![Page 14: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Example: Pg238-104
An old Chrysler with mass 2400 kg is moving along a straight stretch of road at 80 km/h. It is followed by a Ford with mass 1600 kg moving at 60 km/h. How fast is the center of mass of the two cars moving?
Let m1 = 2400kg, v1 = 80km/h, m2 = 1600kg, v2 = 60 km/h
vcm = ?
cmv 1 1 2 2
1 2
m v m v
m m
2400 80 1600 6072
2400 1600
km kmkg kg
kmh hkg kg h
![Page 15: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Let x1 = 0, then x2 = 1m. Also, m1 = 0.10 kg,
m2 = 0.30kg.
?cmx
a) Fext =
cmx
Practice: Pg240-138Two particles P and Q are initially at rest 1.0 m apart. P has a mass of 0.10 kg and Q a mass of 0.30 kg. P and Q attract each other with a constant force of 1.0 10-2 N. No external forces act on the system. a) Describe the motion of the center of mass.b) At what distance from P’s original position do the particles collide?
b) What are we actually looking for?
What happens to the center of mass?
CM stays at rest.
1 1 2 2
1 2
0.10 0 0.30 10.75
0.10 0.30
kg kg mm x m xm
m m kg kg
0
![Page 16: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Newton’s Second Law
F ma
Define: (Linear) Momentum:
P is a vector.
Unit:
P mv
Same direction as v.
P
dvmdt d mv
dtdP
dt dP
Fdt
m v m
kgs
![Page 17: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Momentum of System of Particles
cmP Mv
ext cm
dPF Ma
dt
1 1 2 2 ...m v m v
![Page 18: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Practice: Pg230-18A 0.70 kg ball is moving horizontally with a
speed of 5.0 m/s when it strikes a vertical wall. The ball rebounds with a speed of 2.0 m/s. What is the magnitude of the change in linear momentum of the mass?
Let toward the wall be the positive direction, then
m = 0.70kg, vi = 5.0m/s, vf = -2.0 m/s
|P| = ?
P
4.9m
P kgs
f iP P f imv mv f im v v
0.70 2.0 5.0 4.9m m m
kg kgs s s
![Page 19: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Closed, isolated System
Closed System: n = constant n = constant No particles leave or enter the system.
Isolated System: Fext = 0 The sum of the external forces acting on the system
of particles is zero. There could be external forces acting on the system,
but the net external force is zero.
![Page 20: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
In closed and isolated system:
If a component of the net external force on a closed system is zero along an axis, then the component of the linear momentum of the system along that axis cannot change.
P: total momentum of system
P = constant Pi = Pf
P1i + P2i = P1f + P2f
![Page 21: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
1 2 1 2 2
1
91 , 68 0.068 , 0, 4.0
?
i i f
f
mm kg m g kg v v v
sv
i fP P
Notice the negative sign. When we define v2 = 4.0 m/s, we already define the direction of v2f to be the positive direction.
Example: Pg232-35A 91 kg man lying on a surface of negligible friction shoves a 68 g stone away from himself, giving it a speed of 4.0 m/s. What speed does the man acquire as a result?
1 2 1 2i i f fP P P P 0
2 21
1
ff
m vv
m 3
0.068 4.02.9 10
91
mkg mskg s
1 1 2 2f fm v m v
![Page 22: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Motor = 1, Module = 2, v1i =v2i= 4300 km/h, m1 = 4m2,
v1f – v2f = -82 km/h v1f = v2f – 82 km/h = v2f - vR,
v2f = ?
i fP P
Practice: Pg232-37A space vehicle is traveling at 4300 km/h relative to the Earth when the exhausted rocket motor is disengaged and sent backward with a speed of 82 km/h relative to the command module. The mass of the motor is four times the mass of the module. What is the speed of the command module relative to earth after the separation?
1 2 1 1 2 2i f fm m v m v m v
1 2 1 2 2 2i f R fm m v m v v m v
1 2 2 1 2 1f i Rm m v m m v m v
1 2 12
1 2
i Rf
m m v m vv
m m
1 2 2 1f Rm m v m v
2 2 2
2 2
4 4
4i Rm m v m v
m m
5 4
5i Rv v
2 2
2
5 4
5i Rm v m v
m
35 4300 / 4 82 /4.4 10 /
5
km h km hkm h
![Page 23: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Practice
A railroad flatcar of mass M can roll without friction along a straight horizontal track. Initially, a man of mass m is standing on the car, which is moving to the right with speed v0. What is the change in velocity of the car if the man runs to the left so that his speed relative to the car is vrel?
Flatcar’s motion
Man’s motion
![Page 24: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Solution
m1 = M, m2 = m, v1i = v2i = vo, v2f = v1f - vrel,
v1=v1f - v1i = ?
i fP P
1 2 1 1 2o fm m v m v m
1 2 21
1 2
o relf
m m v m vv
m m
rel
o
mvv
M m
1 1 1f iv v v
1 2 1 1 2 2i f fm m v m v m v
1 f relv v 1 2 1 2f relm m v m v
o relM m v m v
M m
0rel
o
mvv v
M m
relmv
M m
![Page 25: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Practice: Pg236-85
The last stage of a rocket is traveling at a speed of 7600 m/s. This last stage is made up of two parts that are clamped together, namely, a rocket case with a mass of 290.0 kg and a payload capsule with a mass of 150.0 kg. When the clamp is released, a compressed spring causes the two parts to separate with a relative speed of 910.0 m/s.
a) What are the speeds of the two parts after they have separated? Assume that all velocities are along the same direction.
b) Find the total kinetic energy of the two parts before and after they separate; account for any difference.
![Page 26: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Solution: Pg236-85case 1, capsule 2, m1 = 290.0kg, m2 = 150.0kg,
v1i=v2i=vi = 7600 m/s, v2f – v1f = vR = 910.0 m/s
1 2) ?, ?f fa v v
i fP P
1 2 1 1 2 2i f fm m v m v m v
1 2 21
1 2
i Rf
m m v m vv
m m
290.0 150.0 7600 150.0 910.07290
290.0 150.0
m mkg kg kg
ms skg kg s
2 fv 1 f Rv v 7290 910.0 8200m m m
s s s
1 1 2 1f f Rm v m v v 1 2 1 2f Rm m v m v
![Page 27: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Solution: Pg236-85 (2)
b) Ki = ?, Kf = ?
iK
1 2f f fK K K
The increase in the KE comes from the spring, when the spring does positive work to separate the two parts.
21 2
1
2 im m v 2
101290.0 150.0 7600 1.271 10
2
mkg kg J
s
2 21 1 2 2
1 1
2 2f fm v m v
2 2
101 1290.0 7290 150.0 8200 1.275 10
2 2
m mkg kg J
s s
f iK K
![Page 28: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
System with Varying Mass: Rocket
Rocket accelerates forward by burning and ejecting fuel backward.
Mass of rocket keeps changing.Newton’s Second Law and
Conservation of Momentum still apply, though more complicated.
![Page 29: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
First Rocket Equation
R = |dM/dt|, rate at which rocket losing mass (fuel)vrel: exhaust speed, backward speed of fuel relative to the rocket M: mass of rocket at that momenta: acceleration of rocket at that moment
relRv Ma
![Page 30: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Second Rocket Equation
vf: final speed of rocket after some fuel consumption
vi: initial speed of rocket
vrel: exhaust speed of fuel
Mi: initial mass of rocket
Mf: final mass of rocket after ejecting some fuel
ln if i rel
f
Mv v v
M
![Page 31: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
vi = 6.0 103 m/s, vrel = 3.0 103 m/s, M = 4.0 104 kg,
a = 2.0 m/s2.
) ?b R
) ?a F
Example: Pg238-112A rocket is moving away from the solar system at a speed of 6.0 103 m/s. It fires its engine, which ejects exhaust with a velocity of 3.0 103 m/s relative to the rocket. The mass of the rocket at this time is 4.0 104 kg, and its acceleration is 2.0 m/s2. a) What is the thrust of the engine?b) At what rate, in kilograms per second, was exhaust ejected during the firing?
F 4 42
4.0 10 2.0 8.0 10m
ma kg Ns
relRv Ma
R
42
32
4.0 10 2.027
3.0 10rel
mkg
Ma kgsmv ss
![Page 32: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
vi = 400 m/s, v = 2.2 m/s,vrel = 1000 m/s
|M/Mi| = ?
f iv v v
rel
v
ve
rel
v
v
Practice: P238-114During a lunar mission, it is necessary to increase the speed of a spacecraft by 2.2 m/s when it is moving at 400 m/s. The exhaust speed of rocket engine is 1000 m/s. What fraction of the initial mass of the spacecraft must be burned and ejected for the increase?
i
M
M
2.2 /
1000 / 1.0022m s
m se
f i
i
M M
M
1.0022 0.00220.0022
1.0022 1.0022f f f
f f
M M M
M M
0.0022i
M
M
ln irel
f
Mv
Mln i
f
M
M
i
f
M
M 1.0022i fM M
![Page 33: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Impulse
F
Define Impulse:
F t
J P Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Newton’s Second Law
Area under curve of F-t
ma v
mt
mv
t
mv
t
P
t
F t P
J F t
f iP P
tF dt
![Page 34: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Example:A cue stick strikes a stationary pool ball, exerting an average force of 50 N over a time of 10 ms. If the ball has mass 0.20 kg, what speed does it have after impact?
?
0,20.0,1010,50 3
f
i
v
vkgmstNF
J P f iP P
F t
fv
f imv mv fmv
350 10 102.5
0.20
N sF t m
m kg s
![Page 35: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
, ,i fm v v v v
) , ?a t F
3) 0.140 , 7.8 / , 3.8 10
?
b m kg v m s t s
F
Practice:A ball of mass m and speed v strikes a wall perpendicularly and rebounds in the opposite direction with the same speed. a) If the time of collision is t, what is the average force exerted by the ball on the wall?b) Evaluate this average force numerically for a rubber ball with mass 140 g moving at 7.8 m/s; the duration of the collision is 3.8 ms.
f iF t P P
2mvF
t
f imv mv 2m v mv mv
2mv
t
3
2 0.140 7.82
5703.8 10
mkg
mv sF N
t s
![Page 36: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
, 1.2 , 25 , 10i f
m mUpward m kg v v
s s
) ?a J
) 0.020 , ?b t s F
Practice: Pg231-26A 1.2 kg ball drops vertically onto a floor, hitting with a speed of 25 m/s. It rebounds with an initial speed of 10 m/s. a) What impulse acts on the ball during the contact?b) If the ball is in contact with the floor for 0.020 s, what is the average force exerted on the floor?
f i f i f iJ P P P mv mv m v v
1.2 10 25 42m m m
kg kgs s s
J F t 42
21000.020
mkgJ sF N
t s
![Page 37: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Series of Collisions
mF v
t
:F Average force on body being hit
Rate at which mass collides with the body
Change in velocity of hitting bodies
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
:m
t
:v
![Page 38: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Example: Pg237-99
A pellet gun fires ten 2.0 g pellets per second with a speed of 500 m/s. The pellets are stopped by a rigid wall.
a) What is the momentum of each pellet?b) What is the kinetic energy of each pellet?c) What is the average force exerted by the stream
of pellets on the wall?d) If each pellet is in contact with the wall for 0.6
ms, what is the average force exerted on the wall by each pellet during contact? Why is this average force so different from the average force calculated in (c)?
![Page 39: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Solution: Pg237-990,/500,1,100.2,10 3
fi vsmvstkgmn
3) 2.0 10 500 1.0m m
a P mv kg kgs s
2
2 31 1) 2.0 10 500 250
2 2
mb K mv kg J
s
)m
c F vt
3) 0.6 10 , ?d t s F
Most of the time no bullet is in contact with the wall, average is much smaller.
f i
nmv v
t
310 2.0 10 50010
1i
mkg
nmv sN
t s
J P
imvF
t
f i f i iF t P P mv mv mv
3
33
2.0 10 5001.7 10
0.6 10
mkg
sN
s
31.7 10 N
![Page 40: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Practice:A movie set machine gun fires 50 g bullets at a speed of 1000 m/s. An actor, holding the machine gun in his hands, can exert an average force of 180 N against the gun. Determine the maximum number of bullets he can fire per minute while still holding the gun steady?
0.050 , 0, 1000 , 180 , 60
?
i f
mm kg v v F N t s
sn
mF v
t
f i
nmv v
t
n
f
nmvt
180 60216
0.050 1000f
N sF tmmv
kgs
![Page 41: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Collisions
Total momentum is always conserved.
Total kinetic energy:
Conserved Elastic Collision: Ki = Kf
Not conserved Inelastic Collision
Extreme case: Stick and move together Completely Inelastic Collision (No other collision loses more portion of the kinetic energy than this.)
Pi = Pf
![Page 42: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Elastic Collisions in 1D
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2i i f fm v m v m v m v
1 21 1
1 2
12 1
1 2
2
f i
f i
m mv v
m m
mv v
m m
if v2i = 0
1 2 21 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 12 1 2
1 2 1 2
2
2
f i i
f i i
m m mv v v
m m m m
m m mv v v
m m m m
Conservation of P:
Conservation of K: 2 2 2 21 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2i i f fm v m v m v m v
![Page 43: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Special Cases (of v2i = 0)
Equal masses: m1 = m21
2
f
f
v
v
1 1 2 2i i
cm
m v m vv
1
11 2 1 2
i
mv
m m m m
Massive target: m2 >> m1
Light target: m2 << m1
Motion of CM:
1 21 1
1 2
12 1
1 2
2
f i
f i
m mv v
m m
mv v
m m
0
1iv
1
2
f
f
v
v
0
1iv
1iv
12 iv1
2
f
f
v
v
cm
Pv
m
![Page 44: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Example:A hovering fly is approached by an enraged elephant charging at 2.1 m/s. Assuming that the collision is elastic, at what speed does the fly rebound? Note that the projectile (the elephant) is much more massive than the stationary target (the fly).
1 1 2
2
1, 2, 2.1 ,
?
i
f
mElephant Fly v m m
sv
2 12 2 2.1 4.2f i
m mv v
s s
Notice that the elephant is chosen as mass 1 because of the formula we have.
![Page 45: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Practice: Pg234-55
A cart with mass 343 g moving on a frictionless linear air track at an initial speed of 1.2 m/s strikes a second cart of unknown mass at rest. The collision between the carts is elastic. After the collision, the first cart continues in its original direction at 0.66 m/s.
a) What is the mass of the second cart?b) What is its speed after impact?c) What is the speed of the two-cart center of
mass?
![Page 46: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Solution: Pg234-551 1 2 10.340 , 1.2 , 0, 0.66i i f
m mm kg v v v
s s
2) ?a m
2) fb v
) cmc v
1 21 1
1 2f i
m mv v
m m
2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1f i i fm v m v m v m v
2m
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1f f i im v m v m v m v
2 1 1 1 1 1i f i fm v v m v v
1 1 1
1 1
0.340 1.2 0.660.099 99
1.2 0.66
i f
i f
m mkgm v v s s
kg gm mv vs s
11
1 2
2 2 0.3401.2 1.9
0.340 0.099i
m kg m mv
m m kg kg s s
1 1
1 2
0.340 1.20.93
0.340 0.099i
mkg
m v msm m kg kg s
![Page 47: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Practice: Pg234-59
A body of mass 2.0 kg makes an elastic collision with another body at rest and continues to move in the original direction but with one-fourth of its original speed.
a) What is the mass of the struck body?b) What is the speed of the two-body
center of mass if the initial speed of the 2.0 kg body was 4.0 m/s?
![Page 48: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Solution: Pg234-590,4/,,0.2 2111 ifi vvvvvkgm
2) ?a m
1) 4.0 , ?i cm
mb v v
s
1 21 1
1 2f i
m mv v
m m
1 2 1 24 m m m m
1 1 2 24 4m m m m
1 1 2
1 1 2
f
i
v m m
v m m
/ 4 1
4
v
v
1 2 1 24 4m m m m
1 23 5m m 2 1
3 32.0 1.2
5 5m m kg kg
11
1 2cm i
mv v
m m
2.0
4.0 2.52.0 1.2
kg m m
kg kg s s
![Page 49: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Practice
A platform scale is calibrated to indicated the mass in kilograms of an object placed on it. Particles fall from a height of 3.5 m and collide with the platform of the scale. The collisions are elastic; the particles rebound upward with the same speed they had before hitting the pan. If each particle has a mass of 110 g and collisions occur at the rate of 42 s-1, what is the average scale reading?
![Page 50: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Solution:1
2, 0, 3.5 , , 0, 0.110 , 42 ,
?
ground f i fnup y y m v v v m kg st
F
21
2 imgy mv
mF v
t
But that is force on scale. By Newton’s Third Law, the force of scale on particle is 76.5N, and this is a normal force. Remember that scale reading (apparent weight) is the normal force.
readm
y=0
22 2 9.8 3.5 8.28i
m mv gy m
s s
8.28f
mv
s
8.28 8.28 16.56f i
m m mv v v
s s s
nmv
t
nm vt
142 0.110 16.56 76.5
mkg N
s s
2
76.57.8
9.8
N Nkg
mgs
![Page 51: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Inelastic Collision
P is conserved.
K is not conserved (lost). Where does the energy go?
– Sound– Heat– Deformation, change in shape
![Page 52: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Completely Inelastic Collision in 1D
If m1, initially moving with v1i, collides with m2, initially moving at v2i, and the two stick and move together with a combined velocity of Vf, theni fP P
Reverse CIC: Decay and explosion
1 2 1 2i i f fP P P P
1 1 2 2 1 2i i fm v m v m m V 1 1 2 2
1 2
i if
m v m vV
m m
Similar analysis
![Page 53: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Example:
A 6.0 kg box sled is coasting across frictionless ice at a speed of 9.0 m/s when a 12 kg package is dropped into it from above. What is the new speed of the sled?
Motion on horizontal direction only.
1 1 2 26.0 , 9.0 , 12 , 0
?
i i
f
mm kg v m kg v
sv
1 1
1 2
if
m vv
m m
6.0 9.03.0
6.0 12
mkg
mskg kg s
![Page 54: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
1 1 2 2, 3000 , 6.0 , 500 , 0, 0.030 ,
?
idown m kg y m m kg v d m
F
1 2E E
Practice: Pg240-136A 3000 kg weight falls vertically through 6.0 m and then collides with a 500 kg pile, driving it 3.0 cm into bedrock. Assuming that the weight-pile collision is completely inelastic, find the magnitude of the average force on the pile by the bedrock during the 3.0 cm descent.
21 2
1
2mgy mv
1 13
1 2
3000 10.89.26
3000 500i
mkg
m v msV
m m kg kg s
4 3 3W K K K K
2
1 2 31 22
m m VF m m g
d
2 1 22 2 9.8 6.0 10.8
m mv gy m
s s
21 2 1 2 3
1
2m m g d F d m m V
2
62
3000 500 9.263000 500 9.8 5.0 10
2 0.030
mkg kg
mskg kg N
m s
1
2
4
3y = 0
![Page 55: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Practice: Pg234-54
In Fig. 9-62, block 2 (mass 1.0 kg) is at rest on a frictionless surface and touching the end of an unstretched spring of spring constant 200 N/m. The other end of the spring is fixed to a wall. Block 1 (mass 2.0 kg), traveling at speed v1 = 4.0 m/s, collides with block 2, and the two blocks stick together. When the blocks momentarily stop, by what distance is the spring compressed?
1 2v1
![Page 56: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Solution: Pg234-54
1 2 1 2
max
2.0 , 1.0 , 200 / , 4.0 , 0
?
i i
mm kg m kg k N m v v
sx
1 1
1 2
2.0 4.02.67
1.0 2.0f
mkg
m v msv
m m kg kg s
i fE E
CIC:
Conservation of E during compression of spring:
2 2max
1 1
2 2fMv kx
max
1.0 2.02.67 0.33
200 /f
kg kgM mx v m
k N m s
![Page 57: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Decay
Reverse process of completely inelastic collision.
Momentum is conserved.
Kinetic energy is not conserved, but total mass-energy is conserved. Gain in KE is given by loss in mass.– Energy released: Q = ΔK = -Δm c2
– atomic mass unit: u = 1.66 10-27 kg– 1 eV = 1.60 10-19 J
– Same analysis using conservation of momentum.
![Page 58: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Example: Pg237-75E
A particle called - (sigma minus) is initially at rest and decays spontaneously into two other particles according to
- - + n.The masses are
m = 2340.5 me, m = 273.2me, mn = 1838.65me,
Where me (9.1110-31 kg or 0.511 MeV/c2) is the electron mass.
a) How much energy is transferred to kinetic energy in this process?
b) How do the linear momenta of the decay products (- and n) compare?
c) Which product gets the larger share of the kinetic energy?
![Page 59: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Solution: Pg237-75E
enee mmmmmm 65.1838,2.273,5.2340
) ?a K
b) The two particles should have momentum equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
)c
Smaller particle has larger kinetic energy.
K
2 2 2228.65 228.65 0.511 / 117em c MeV c c MeV
2mc 2nm m m c 22340.5 273.2 1838.65e e em m m c
21
2K mv
2
2
mv
m
2
2
P
m
n
K
K
1838656.730
273.2n e
e
m m
m m
![Page 60: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Collision in 2D
Glancing collision (as compared to head-on collision.)
Scattering (Not really hitting each other)
![Page 61: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Collision in 2D (only for v2i = 0)
Conservation of linear momentum
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2cos cosi f fm v m v m v
222
211
211 2
1
2
1
2
1ffi vmvmvm
If kinetic energy is also conserved.
1 2 90o m2
m2
v2f
m1 v1f
m1
v1i2
1
x
y
If m1 = m2:
1 1 1 2 2 20 sin sinf fm v m v
Px:
Py:
![Page 62: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
?
ˆ60,ˆ40,3600,2700,,
f
BiAiBA
v
jmphvimphvlbmlbmyNorthxEast
ix fxP P
x
y
Example:Two vehicles A and B are traveling west and south, respectively, toward the same intersection, where they collide and lock together. Before the collision, A (total weight 2700 lb) is moving with a speed of 40 MPH and B (total weight 3600 lb) has a speed of 60 MPH. Find the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the (interlocked) vehicles immediately after the collision.
A
B
iy fyP P
fv
A Aix A B f xm v m m v 2700 40
17.12700 3600
A Aixf x
A B
lb mphm vv mph
m m lb lb
B Biy A B f ym v m m v 3600 6034.3
2700 3600B Biy
f yA B
m v lb mphv mph
m m lb lb
1 1 34.3
tan tan 64 ,South of West17.1
f y o
f x
v mph
v mph
2 22 2 17.1 34.3 38fx fyv v mph mph mph
fv
![Page 63: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
External Force and Internal Energy Change
Eint: change in internal energy of system that causes the external force
Fext: external force that is caused by system
dcm: displacement of center of mass of system
: angle between Fext and dcm
cosint cmextdFE
In this case, instead of thinking Fextdcmcos as the work done by the external force, it is better to understand it as the work done by the system. If this work is positive, the Eint is negative, and the system loses internal energy.
![Page 64: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
then kinetic energy of CM is changed:
If there is also potential energy of any object within the system involved, then the mechanical energy of the system (which is expanded to include the earth and/or spring) will be changed:
coscmextcm dFK
coscmextcmcm dFUKE
![Page 65: 1 AP Physics Chapter 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649d345503460f94a0a914/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Collision
An isolated event in which two or more bodies exert relatively strong forces on each other for a relatively short time.
If not isolated, not applicable, except when
Fext << Fint
Fext = 0 at the direction of consideration