1 Anatomies Intro

Introduction to A&P(Chapter 1)

Lecture Materials

for

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

Suffolk County Community College

Eastern Campus

Primary Sources for figures and content:

Marieb, E. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson BenjaminCummings, 2004.

Martini, F. H. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: PearsonBenjamin Cummings, 2004.

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 1 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Anatomy & Physiology = study ofcharacteristics

Common Characteristics Of Living Things:1. Organization: pattern that differs from

environment, involves regulation of internal conditions within limits

2. Responsiveness: (irritability), responding tochanges in environment.Adaptation = long term response

3. Growth and DifferentiationGrowth = increase in size/cell numberDifferentiation = specialization of cells to

perform particular functions4. Reproduction5. Movement

Internal –transport substances in bodyExternal – move around environment

6. Metabolism and ExcretionMetabolism = all chemical processes in

the body (building and breakingmolecules)


“Form Follows Function”the shape of a structure is related to its use

Anatomy = study of internal and externalstructures of body and their relationshipsto each other: “Form”Gross Anatomy = macroscopic, see by eyeMicroscopic Anatomy = cell and molecule

level, need microscopeCytology = study of cellsHistology = study of tissues (groups of

specialized cells that work togetherto perform functions)

Physiology = study of how organism performfunctions: (“Function”)

Human Anatomy and Physiology = the studyof the form and function of the human body


Levels of Organization(on handout)

The pattern of organization at the lower levelsdetermines both the characteristics and functions at the higher levels


Homeostasis = “unchanging sameness”, themaintenance of a relatively constant internal environment, essential to life

Homeostatic Regulation(keeping within set limits)

1. Autoregulation (Intrinsic Regulation) – activities of a cell/tissue/organ/system adjust automatically in response to environmental change.

2. Extrinsic Regulation – results from activities of nervous or endocrine systems-Nervous system: directs rapid, short term,

specific responses-Endocrine system: works through

hormones, slow to act but long lastingeffects


Homeostatic Regulation Mechanism:1. Receptor - sensor that detects

stimulus (change)2. Control/Integration Center - receives

and processes info from receptor3. Effector - cell/organ that responds to

direction from control center tooppose or enhance the stimulus


Negative Feedback -oscillations around a set point -effector activated by control center

opposes stimulus -most common homeostatic

regulationtoo much X = ↓ Xtoo little X = ↑ X

e.g. body temperature:too hot, sweat to cooltoo cold, shiver to heat

“Normal” runs a range, no absoluteAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 7 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Positive Feedback -effectors respond by exaggerating or

enhancing the stimulus -typically used to deal with threat or stresse.g.

blood clotting: clotting causes more clotting until wound is plugged

birth: contractions promote morecontractions until delivery

Homeostasis use requires coordinated effortsof multiple organ systems: human body integrated to support life


Anatomical Terms

Anatomical positionsupine = face upprone = face down

Body Regions:(on handout)

-Cephalic region = head-Cervical region = neck-Thoracic region = chest-Brachial region = arm-Antebrachial region = forearm-Carpal region = wrist-Manual region = hand-Abdominal region = belly-Lumbar region = lower back-Gluteal region = butt-Pelvic region = hips-Pubic region = anterior pelvis-Inguinal region = groin


-Femoral region= thigh-Crural region= front of leg-Sural region=calf-Tarsal region= ankle-Pedal region= top of foot-Plantar region= sole of foot


Abdominopelvic region = trunk of body, contains most of the organs

Clinicians divide it into 4 regions:


Anatomist recognize 9 abdominopelvic regions:

Righthypochondriac

region

Right lumbarregion

Right inguinalregion

Epigastric

Hypogastric

Umbilical


Directional Terms:(handout)

-Anterior = front-Posterior = back (behind)-Ventral = belly-Dorsal = back (spine)-Cranial/Cephalic = head-Caudal = tail-Superior = above (hyper)-Inferior = below (hypo)-Medial = toward the center-Lateral = away from center,

peripheral-Proximal = near the point

of attachment-Distal = away from the

point of attachment-Superficial = at the surface-Deep = farther from the

surface


Planes of Section(handout)

1. Transverse plane =-cross section-right angle to long axis-superior and

inferior sections result

2. Frontal/Coronal plane-parallel to long axis-anterior and posterior

sections result3. Sagittal plane

-parallel to long axis -right and left sections

result

Transverse


Body CavitiesVital organs suspended in chambers called

body cavitiesFunctions:1. Protect organs2. Permit changes in size & shape of organs

Two Major cavities:(handout)1. Dorsal body cavity2.Ventral body cavity

Dorsal body cavitydivided into:

1. Cranial cavity--brain2. Spinal cavity--spinal cord


Ventral Body Cavity: divided by diaphragm into:1. Thoracic cavity-

-heart and lungs2. Abdominopelvic cavity-

-”guts” (viscera)

-Organs in ventral cavity are called viscera-Surrounded by serous membrane called

serosa:-Visceral serosa surrounds organ-Parietal serosa lines cavity


Thoracic cavity1. Right and

Left Pleural cavities-contain lungs-serosa = pleura:

visceral pleura covers lungparietal pleura lines cavity

2. Pericardial cavity-contains heart-serosa = pericardium:

visceral pericardium covers heartparietal pericardium lines cavity

3. Mediastinum-division between pleural cavities-contains:

pericardial cavity (heart) esophagus,

trachea, thymus


Abdominopelvic cavity most also peritoneal cavity = anything contained in peritoneum

(serosa of peritoneal cavity) if outside peritoneum = retroperitoneal1. Abdominal cavity Peritoneal:

-liver,-stomach,-spleen,-small intestine,-most of large

intestine Retroperitoneal:

-kidneys-pancreas


2. Pelvic cavityRetroperitoneal:

-inferior large intestine,

-inferior urinary bladder,

-some reproductive organs

Peritoneal: -superior urinary

bladder, -ovaries, -uterus


1 Anatomies Intro

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