1 AN INDUSTRY ANALYSIS - mamiraua.org.br · ornamental fish trade in the Mamirauá Sustainable...

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AN INDUSTRY ANALYSIS OF THE FRESHWATER ORNAMENTALFISHERY WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SUPPLY OF

BRAZILIAN FRESHWATER ORNAMENTALS TO THE UK MARKET

Gregory Prang1

RESUMO

A proposta desta pesquisa foi desenvolver e entender o mercado potencial e a viabilidade para estabelecer um comerciosustentável de peixes ornamentais na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Brasil. Esta análise complementará eajudará nas pesquisas e nos planos de negócios de outros paises. O objetivo principal da análise foi o mercado exportador(especificamente da UK) de peixes ornamentais. O projeto foi primariamente iniciado numa pesquisa bibliográfica,complementada por entrevistas com vários interventores e a participação em diferentes oficinas sobre o tema especifico.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

Comercio de peixes ornamentais. Peixes amazônicos. Mercado de exportação de peixes ornamentais amazônicos.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research was to develop an understanding of the market potential and viability of establishing a sustainableornamental fish trade in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve in Brazil. This analysis will complement and advise theproject’s in-country investigations and business plan. The focus of the analysis was the export market (specifically UK) forornamental fish. The project was undertaken primarily by desk research, complemented by interviews with a numberstakeholders and participation in workshops.

KEY WORDS

Ornamental fish trade. Amazon fishes. Export market of ornamental amazon fishes.

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1 Project Sustainable Management of Ornamental Fish Species in Mamirauá, BrazilConservation Programmes. Zoological Society of London

INTRODUCTION

Review of global market

SizeSize

The worldwide aquarium industry, including liveornamental fish equipment, accessories, suppliesand publications, etc., has grown considerablyduring the last 35 years. Andrews (1992) estimatedthat in 1971, the total world market for aquariumfishes, equipment and accessories was worth $4billion1, increasing to $7.2 billion in 1986. Dawes(2001) estimated the entire industry to be worthabout $15 billion. The fish themselves representonly a fraction of the overall industry, maybe aslittle as three percent (WATSON, 2000). About 90%of the ornamental fish products originate incaptivity, and the other 10% is wild-caught fish(ANDREWS, 1990; OLIVIER, 2001). Of the total ofwild-caught fishes, 4-10 % are of marine origin and90-96% are of fresh water origin (OLIVIER, 2001).

Over the last ten years the value of global exportsof ornamental fish has averaged just over $183million/year, while global imports have averagedjust over $281 million/year (Figura 1).2 Between1985-1999, the international commerce of aquaticorganisms had an average annual growth ofaround 14% (Figure 2). In 1996 and 1997 the globalvalue of ornamental fish exports peaked around$200 million, dropping to just under $160 million in1999. The drop in exports during the years 1998and 1999 may be explained as repercussions of the

strong El Niño of 1997-8 (CHAO, pers. comm.).Since then, export value has increased steadily byabout 14%/year, setting a record of $211,546,000 in2003. Basleer (1994) estimates that the globalwholesale trade value of ornamental fishes is near$900 million, excluding freight and packing, andthe total retail value may reach $3 billion.

It is difficult to calculate the quantity of fishestraded annually with any accuracy due toreporting irregularities. Statistics provided by FAOdo not clarify the number utilized in the theirdownloads as Figure 3 indicates. If numbers aregiven in thousands, then the number of individualsexported annually reaches just over 20 million. Ifnumbers are given in ten thousands in order toreflect Brazilian exports as reported by FAO, whichwould thus total 11,000,000, then the global totalreaches over 2 billion individuals. Fitzgerald (1989)has estimated that 350 million fishes are soldannually. Andrews (1992) estimated that only 150million ornamental fishes were sold in the worldmarket.

Prang, Industry analysis of freshwater ornamental fishery

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1 All values in this paper are expressed in US$.

2 There are several reasons for the discrepancy in export andimport figures. The principal reason is that freight charges arefrequently included in import values. Additionally, there is nouniform nomenclature for reporting import and exportstatistics; there are no real standard units of volume forreporting imports and exports; and the various reports

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Figure 1. Value of global ornamental fish market. (Source: FAOFishstat, 2005).)

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Figure 2. Evolution of ornamental fish export value. (Source:FAO Fishstat, 2005).

End marketsEnd markets

The principal end markets for ornamental fish arelocated in Europe, North America and Asia (Figure4). The largest markets are in the majorindustrialised countries: the USA (17%), Germany(8%), the UK (7%), Japan (7%), and France (6%)(Figure 5; Table 1). The size of their nationalmarkets, and their higher mean level of educationand income seem to be indicative of the correlationwith highest volumes of imports. Despite

oscillations in imports from year to year in thesefive countries, their percentage of ornamental fishimports have remained relatively stable since FAObegan compiling statistics in 1976.

Typical supply chainTypical supply chain

1. Collectors - Are generally organized in familyunits, utilizing artisanal technology and methods.

2.Breeders – As was mentioned above, ornamentalfish culture provides about 90% of all ornamentalfish in the market and, thus, serve as directcompetition to those involved in the trade ofwild-caught species.

3. Intermediaries – For wild-caught fish as many as three intermediaries may be involved in the chainbetween collectors and exporters.

4. Exporter – Buys fish from intermediaries ordirectly from collectors and breeders. Fish aregenerally quarantine for some period, although the time and husbandry methods vary, most likely indirect correlation with the number of exporters.Singapore exporters are a special case as they arespecialized in conditioning and transporting fishesbred on farms throughout Southeast Asia.

5. Importer – Receive stock from exportersthroughout the world, depending on the demandfrom their clients who may be wholesalers and/orretailers. Some may also be exporters as welltranshippers. The importer must pay the freightcosts associated with importation.

6. Transhippers – Consolidates orders from variousbuyers (importers, wholesalers or retailers) atairports and distributing them. Often they don’t

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EU39%

Asia16%

Other19% Nafta countries

26%

Figure 4. Percentage of import value by region in 2003.(Source: FAO Fishstat, 2005).).

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Figure 3. Global imports/exports (number of individuals).(Source: FAO Fishstat, 2005).

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00)

France Germany Japan UK USA

Figure 5. Evolution of imports for the largest importers ofornamental fish in 2003. (Source: FAO Fishstat, 2005).

even possess installations. They are commonwhere air routes are limited and/or shipping ratesare high. Singapore, the USA, and Germany areknown as key points of transhipment.

7. Wholesaler/Jobber – Wholesalers consolidateshipments from various importers to provideretailers in regional markets with stock. Jobbersserve the same function as wholesalers, but liketranshippers, don’t maintain permanentinstallations. They are specialized in consolidatingstocks according to retailer needs and makingdirect deliveries.

8. Retailer – Retailers can buy fish directly fromimporters, transhippers, wholesalers or jobbers.Buying from transhippers and jobbers carries risksand additional costs as the retailer mustacclimatise the fish before sale. Olivier (2001)

claims there is a growing tendency in the retailsegment to bypass the wholesalers.

9. Consumer – Consumers are fish-keepers withvarying degrees of skill and preferences.

10. Key stakeholders

a) Animal rights groups.

b) CBD - 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity.The CBD promises to promote of the rights ofcountries of origin to retain some of the benefits oftheir biodiversity resources that have entered themarketplace via other countries

c) CITES - Convention on Trade in EndangeredSpecies. CITES works by subjecting internationaltrade in biodiversity of selected species to certaincontrols. All import, export, re-export andintroduction of species covered by the Conventionhave to be authorized through a licensing system.


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Rank Country 2003 Increasefrom 2002

Rank Country 2003 Increasefrom 2002

1 Singapore 41,427 -1% 1 USA 64215 38%2 Czech Rep. 16,183 18% 2 Germany 28662 15%

3 Malaysia 14,147 -24% 3 UK 26506 11%4 Spain 14,046 75% 4 Japan 24724 -4%5 Indonesia 13,372 5% 5 France 22042 5%6 Japan 12,395 33% 6 Singapore 13334 15%7 USA 8,561 2% 7 Netherlands 11925 16%8 Israel 8,525 34% 8 Belgium 11602 12%9 Thailand 7,392 29% 9 Italy 11506 10%

10 Philippines 6,816 5% 10 Hong Kong 9663 2%11 Morocco 6,475 90% 11 Spain 6756 22%12 Sri Lanka 6,459 14% 12 Canada 6588 1%13 Belgium 5,275 18% 13 Malaysia 3971 -12%14 Hong Kong 4,871 2% 14 Switzerland 3174 15%15 Colombia 4,599 7% 15 Sweden 2734 16%16 France 3,62 16% 16 Mexico 2655 -6%17 Peru 3,102 -107% 17 Australia 2568 -9%18 China 3,025 28% 18 Korea, Rep. 2558 11%19 Netherlands 2,971 42% 19 Austria 2517 26%20 Brazil 2,379 -36% 20 Denmark 2297 12%

Top exporters of ornamental fish Top importers of ornamental fish

Table 1. Principal exporting and importing countries

d) FAO - Helps developing countries and countriesin transition modernize and improve agriculture,forestry and fisheries practices; Monitors worldfisheries.

e) Governments-Environmental agencies,ministries of agriculture, etc

f) IATA – International Air Transport Association.The body responsible for the regulation ofinternational airfreight, including live animals.

g) IUCN - The Union’s mission is to influence,encourage and assist societies throughout theworld to conserve the integrity and diversity ofnature and to ensure that any use of naturalresources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.The IUCN links research and results to local,national, regional and global policy by conveningdialogues between governments, civil society andthe private sector.

h) OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health.There are 167 member countries participating inthe OIE. The OIE ensures transparency in theglobal animal disease and zoonosis situation; tocollect, analyse and disseminate scientificveterinary information; and provide expertise andencourage international solidarity in the control ofanimal diseases. Within its mandate under theWTO SPS Agreement, it seeks to safeguard worldtrade by publishing health standards forinternational trade in animals.

i) OFI - Ornamental Fish International. Theworldwide trade body for the ornamental fishindustry.

j) WTO - World Trade Organisation. The Agreementon Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) states thatmembers do not use technical regulations orstandards as disguised measures to protectdomestic industries from foreign competition.Thus, certification programs must recognize thisagreement.

Key competitorsKey competitors

Most captive bred ornamental fishes originate from fish farms in Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Israel,Czech Republic, Thailand, Hong Kong, and the US(Figure 6; Table 1). Although much of the exports of ornamental fish originating from these countriesmay be a consequence of some transhipping, theircombined share of the global trade represents 53%.It should be noted that Singapore does breedornamental fish, but typically imports fish fromMalaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia and otherSoutheast Asian countries, and conditions them;adding value to the product and taking advantageof low freight costs to provide the market with high quality (according to Olivier (2000), it is nowsuffering from fish diseases however), low cost fish.Thus, if it imports $13,334,000 and exports$41,427,000, then it would gross $28,093,000 during 2003. What percentage of this total is comprised ofinternally bred fish I was unable to ascertain.Percentual

Legislative environment: welfare andLegislative environment: welfare andconservationconservation

The only international legislation affecting theglobal trade in ornamental fish is CITES. Appendix1 specimens cannot be used for commercialpurposes. Appendix 2 and 3 specimens require anexport permit or re-export certificate issued by theManagement Authority of the State of export orre-export. The specimen must be obtained legallyand not negatively affect the survival of thespecies. Any risk of injury, damage to health orcruel treatment must be minimized. Importpermits are only needed if required by theimporting country. The only the species that might be considered ornamental in the Brazilian Amazonthat appears on the 2006 IUCN Red List of

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Threatened Species is the Arapaima gigas. Thisspecies has been on Appendix 1 since 1975.

Increasingly, the World Organisation for AnimalHealth (OIE) is becoming a major actor regardingwelfare in the ornamental fish trade. Exportingcountries must now be certified as free fromspecific pathogens associated with certaincold-water species in the carp and salmon familiescommon in aquaculture. Although these diseasesare not presently found in tropical climates, thetesting required is extensive and expensive. Theproblem is that there exists no laboratory in Brazilwith the equipment to test for such diseases, butaccording to Brazilian law, only Brazilian certifiedlaboratories can test for the diseases. As of today,Brazilian exporters are unable to exportornamental fishes to Spain. This issue may becomemore complicated as gold fish are now being raisedon farms in some Amazonian countries such as

Colombia and Brazil. According to some exportersthere is also the possibility that, with the avian fluepidemic, OIE and its member states may befrightened sufficiently to apply stringent welfareguidelines for all shipments of live animals.

Current status and key trendsCurrent status and key trends

As of 2003, the value of ornamental fish exportswere at their highest on record (FAO Fishstat,2005). Unfortunately it is not possible to presentmore current data is there is a lag of two years inreporting by FAO.

According to Olivier (2001), two trends in thefish-keeping hobby are worth noting. The first isthat marine aquariums are becoming morepopular as technology necessary to maintainmarine ornamentals becomes more available andless expensive. The quality of marine ornamentalshas also improved as many NGOs such as theMarine Aquarium Council (MAC) and Ocean Voicehave moved to eliminate harmful fishing practices.This trend can also be observed in the dataprovided by FAO (Fishstat, 2005). Since about 1989, and particularly since the mid-1990s, countriesthat exported next to nothing now havemeaningful ornamental fish exports. In the SouthPacific, countries such as Kiribati, Marshall Islands,Cook Islands, Fiji Islands, French Polynesia,Micronesia, New Caledonia, and Tonga are nowpresent in FAO’s report. In the Middle East, Iran,Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, United ArabEmirates, and Yemen are now ornamental fishexporters. In the Indian Ocean, Maldives,Mauritius, and Sri Lanka, as well as Mexico, CostaRica, Haiti, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, andTrinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean have allshown growth in ornamental fish exports.3


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0 5 10 15 20 25

Brazil

China

Netherlands

Peru

Belgium

Hong Kong

Colombia

France

Thailand

Philippines

Morocco

Sri Lanka

Usa

Israel

Indonesia

Japan

Malaysia

Spain

Czech Rep.

Others

Singapore

Ex

po

rtin

gc

ou

ntr

ies

Percentual

Figure 6. Principal exporting countries of ornamental fish in2003. (Source: FAO Fishstat, 2005).)

3 MAC has a nice map of the marine ornamental fish trade:http://mac.inets.com/uploads/docs/1/image/map_large.jpg .

The second trend, according to Olivier (2001), isthat the fish-keeping hobby has broken downsocial barriers. She claims that the hobby is nowopen to all and that fish are being treated asstandard consumer products. As such, sheconcludes that consumers are in search of lowprices without thinking about quality. She doesnot offer any proof of her position however, so I amdubious of her claim.

A third trend can be identified as the growingrecognition that wild-caught ornamental fish havesocio-economic and environmental value (CHAO etal., 2001; TLUSTY, 2002; ROSSER, 2003). This trendis also reflected in the very project we are presentlyundertaking.

A fourth trend is the growth of large pet stores suchas Petco and PetSmart and Wal-Mart in the US.There is some debate on what the effects of thesesuper stores are exactly. Many trade participantsfeel that the small pet/aquarium store hasbenefited from their growth, as fish quality is low,causing the consumer to seek the localpet/aquarium store, as the staff is moreknowledgeable. Others claim that the low pricesfor equipment is creating more hobbyists who then look for more variety offered at the localpet/aquarium store.

Lastly, with regard to freshwater fish species,personal communication with industryparticipants and with Dr. Chao of Project Piaba(who has intimate contact with many importers inAsia and Europe) indicate that consumer interestin specialty fishes such as stingrays

(Potamotrygonidae), Loricariidae, Apistogrammasand corydoras continues. He also noted thatimporters are interested in introducing newspecies verities that can often stimulate theenthusiasm of the hobby.

THE AMAZONIAN EXPORT MARKET

Size

In the ten years between 1994 and 2003, theaverage value of Amazonian ornamental fishexports was about $11.5 million/year (Figure 7).Together, the countries of Brazil, Colombia,Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela representabout 6% of the total global export value ofornamental fish. The largest exporting country isColombia (46%) followed by Peru (30%), Brazil(23%)4, Guyana, Venezuela and Ecuador (Figure 8).

Colombia is currently the largest exporter ofornamental fish in South America. Between 1991and 2004, Colombia has exported an average of18,185,357 individual fish per year (Figure 9). Over

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4 Market data for Brazil will be treated in forward.

Figure 7. Total value of ornamental fish exports fromAmazonian countries. (Source: FAO Fishstat, 2005)

0

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Brazil colombia Ecuador

Guyana Peru Venezuela

Figure 8. Ornamental fish export value from Amazoniancountries. (Source: FAO Fishstat, 2005).

the last two years, exports have amounted to justover 20 million individuals. Although exportsremained stable during 2003 and 2004, profits roseby $2,709,000 or roughly 61%.

Peru is the second largest exporter of theAmazonian countries. Export statistics present ananomaly for as export quantities tended todecrease since 1994, export values tended toincrease (Figure 10). In fact, they rose to such anextent that in 2001, the average selling price perindividual was just under $1.00. Much of this greatincrease in exports is due largely to sale of large,high value species such as stringrays,Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, Zungaro zungaro, andPhractocephalus hemioliopterus (CAMPOS, 2005).It should be noted here that Peru has ‘negative list’of 41 fish species which are not permitted to beexported (Appendix 2). Price lists obtained from

exporters out of Iquitos indicate that severalprohibited species are offered for sale anyway.

The combined exports of Guyana, Venezuela andEcuador only reach 1.4% of ornamental fish exportsfrom Amazonian countries. Of these threecountries, Guyana is the largest exporter (Figure11).

End MarketsEnd Markets

The United States is the largest importer ofColombian ornamental fishes, followed by theEuropean Union and Asia (Table 2). While theUnited State is the largest importer, imports fell36% between 1984 and 2004. The reason for thisprecipitous drop is due to the growing Asianmarket, and an increase in direct flights to Europefrom Colombia that has reduced the number oftranshipments through the USA (CASTRO, 2005).

Within Europe (Figure 12), Germany is the largestimporter of ornamental fish, followed by UK, and


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10000000

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19

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00

20

01

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02

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04

Year

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individuals

Figure 9. Evolution of Colombian exports of ornamental fish.(Source: SANABRIA, 2005).

Figure 10. Evolution of Peruvian exports of ornamental fish .(Source: FAO Fishstat, 2005; HUANQUI, 2005)

0

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1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

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Figure 11. Evolution of exports of ornamental fish from otherAmazonian countries. (Source: FAO Fishstat, 2005).

0

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1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

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Ecuador Guyana Venezuela

Destination 1984 1994 1999 2004USA 73% 69% 58% 37%

Europe 27% 24% 23% 22%Japan 6% 13% 12%Others 5% 11%

Asia (other) 10%Central America 8%

(Source: SANABRIA, 2005)

Table 2. Destinations of Colombian Ornamental Fish

France. However, it should be noted that Frankfurtis a key transhipping point in Europe, and manyornamental fish imports into Germany arere-exported. In Asia, Japan is the largest importer,followed by Singapore, and Taiwan and HongKong, the latter two may be transshipping toChina. Colombian exporters believe that it is in theAsian market that future sales growth will be thehighest.

Peruvian ornamental fish are shipped to about 70cities around the world. However, air routes out ofLima are not very extensive. Consequently,transhipping via Miami is very common. Peruvianexporters complain that transhipping negativelyeffects the prices of Peruvian fish as each carrierutilized increase the price/individual fish.Transhipping was common for shipping to somepoints in Europe. The US is the main importer ofPeruvian ornamental fish (Figure 13). However,since 2001 Peruvian exports to Asia have increasedfrom about 25% to over 50%, with Hong Kong andTaiwan nearly doubling their imports (HUANQUI,2005). This increase is attributed to improved airroutes, but might also result from the liberal exportlaws.

The largest importer of Venezuelan ornamentalfish is also the US, followed by Germany, the UK,and Denmark (Figure 14). In 2003, Venezuelaexported about $28,000 worth of ornamental fish(FAO, 2005). I was unable to obtain any more endmarket data for Venezuela, and found nothing forEcuador. Exports from Guyana have declined inrecent years for reasons are not clear. Watson(2005) attributes the decline to the lack of direct airroutes to Europe, competition from other SouthAmerican exporting countries, competition fromfish farms, and the absence of a coherentmarketing strategy by Guyanese exporters. Onlythe UK and Germany import fishes directly fromGuyana.

Principal Product OfferingsPrincipal Product Offerings

Colombia’s principal exports are composed ofspecies from the Characidae (49%), Loricariidae

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% destinations0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Russia

France

Holland

Poland

UK

Hongkong

Taiwan

others

Central Am.

Singapore

Germany

Japan

N. Amer.

Co

un

try

Figure 12. Destinations of ornamental fish exports fromColombia in 2004. (Source: CASTRO, 2005)

Percentage

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Malaysia

Thailand

UK

Singapore

Germany

Taiwan

Others

Japan

Hong Kong

USA

Figure 13. Ornamental fish imports from Peru by world regionin 2004. (Source: HUANQUI, 2005)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

N.America

Germany

Denmark

UK

Belgium

Mexico

Other

Fis

him

po

rts

Percentage

Figure 14. Ornamental fish imports from Venezuela by worldregion in 2004. (Source: MONAGAS, 2005).

(19%), and Callichthyidae (10%) families,representing around 78% of the total volume in2004 (Table 3). Although the Characidae familyrepresents the highest volume of exports, only 16species are exported. The Loricariidae andCallichthyidae families, however, are representedby greater diversity, with 61 and 29 speciesexported respectively.

Of the 19 characins, as well as overall, theParacheirodon axelrodi is most popular ornamentalfish export, representing nearly 32% of exports andmore than 6.5 million individuals (SANABRIA,2005). Other important characins include theParacheirodon innesi (10%) Hemigrammusrodwayi, which may in fact be Poecilocharaxweitzmani (7%), Hemigrammus rhodostomus [sic,bleheri] (6%), and Hyphessobrycon sweglesi (6%).Eleven genera of Loricariidae are permitted forexport. In 2004, 61 varieties of Loricariidae wereexported (Table 3). The Otocinclus genuscontributes the second most to Colombian exports,representing 46% of the category. In addition toOtocinclus, Hemiancistrus, Farlowella, andChaetostomas genera, there are a variety ofspecies exported from the genera Hypostomo,Panaque, Peckoltia, and Ancistrus. Among the 29Callichthyidae exported from Colombia are 6

genera: Bunocephalus, Brochis, Callicthys,Corydoras, Dianema, and Hoplosternum. AlthoughColombia permits the export of at least 14 speciesof Corydoras, 3 species (C. metae, C. melini and C.aeneus) represent 15% of all exports from theCallichthyidae family (SANABRIA, 2005).

According Campos (2005), at least 361 species offish are exported as ornamentals (Appendix 3).Peru exports relatively high-priced fishes such asstingrays (Potamotrygonidae), aruanã, electricfishes (Gymnotiformes) and large catfishes(Pimeloidae), in large numbers, to internationalmarkets (MOREAU; COOMES, 2007). Based onprice lists I obtained and the principal species ofornamental fish exported from Peru (Table 4 & 5),

two species, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (aruanã -1,257,112 x $.68/each5 = $852,043) andPhractocephalus hemioliopterus (red tail catfish -76,647 x $4.00/each = $306,588), represent of 37%of exports in 2003; probably more. The mostcommonly exported species in terms of quantityare the Otocinclus affinis, Osteoglossumbicirrhosum, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma andthe callichthyid catfish Corydoras julii (Table 4).

I was unable to locate specific export dataregarding product offerings for Guyana andVenezuela, but a list of species exported by eachcountry is provided in Appendix 4.

Typical supply chainTypical supply chain


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Table 4. Export values of Peruvian ornamental fish in 2003.(Source: CAMPOS, 2005)

SpecieOtocinclus affinis

Osteoglossum bicirrhosum

Corydoras julii

Hyphessobrycon eryrostigma

Value ($1,000)32,511852,04320,88215,588

5 The price lists I obtained indicate that export prices rangebetween $1.80-2.20 for juveniles and $6.00 for largerindividuals. Thus, export revenues may reach near $2.5million/year.

Family name # of species % of exports 2004Characidae 19 48.55Loricariidae 61 18.52Callichthyidae 29 9.9Pimelodidae 3 4.16Gasteropelecidae 4 3.46Osteoglossidae 2 3.23Cichlidae 3 2.73Serrasalmidae 3 2.57Doradidae 3 1.48Ariidae 1 1.28

(Source: SANABRIA, 2005).

Table 3. Principal Families of Fish Exported from Colombia in2004.

1. Collectors – In Peru collectors have 250 fishingareas located along 21 rivers, with threerivers—the Nanay, Itaya and Ucayali—supplyingover 80% of all fishes received at exporters’ facilities(CAMPOS, 2005). Moreau & Coomes (2007) estimatethat there may be as many as 4,500 year-roundcollectors, and possibly 3-9,000 part-time collectors(probably a very generous estimate). The numberof collectors in Colombia is not known precisely,but Perdomo (2005) estimates 2,309 collectors in allof Colombia. Collectors are active in the followingriver basins: Orinoco, Amazonas, Pacific,Magdalena, and Atlantic. 88 percent of exports in2004 originated in the Orinoco basin (SANABRIA,2005).

2. Intermediaries – There may be as many as 300intermediaries working in the Peruvian Amazon(MOREAU; COOMES, 2007). In Peru intermediariesare known as proveedores, and there are twolevels. Intermediaries consolidate the production of collectors and/or other smaller-scaleintermediaries transactions may involve cash or

debt-merchandise contracts, termed locally ashabilitación (aviamento in Brazil). According toPerdomo (2005), there are approximately 65intermediaries involved in the ornamental fishtrade in Colombia. Fish can pass through as manyas three levels of intermediaries before reachingexporters’ facilities in Bogotá: primaryintermediary; regional intermediary; nationalintermediary.

3. Exporter – There are eleven exporters operatingin Iquitos (HUANQUI, 2005). Moreau & Coomes(2007) identify two categories of exporters:‘miamero’ companies, whose main clients areimporters in the US, and ‘destino final’ (DF)companies that ship fish directly to clients acrossthe globe. DF companies, in contrast to miameros,specialise in supplying specific varieties of qualityfishes. There are about 16 exporters operating outof Colombia. Logistics in both countries areestimated at between 18-25% of the price of fishsold. There are two exporters currently active inGuyana, and 6 in Venezuela. In each of thesecountries, generally one to three firms dominate inexport volume. Packing costs for exportation areabout $12.00 per each double box. Boxes are madeof Styrofoam inside a cardboard box, withdimensions of 42 x42 x 40 cm (16 x 16 x 15 inches).Each box holds 9-15 kg of water, depending on thenumber and size of fish being shipped. Shippingagent expenses from Iquitos and Bogotá are about$100.00/box. I was unable to obtain freight costs forPeru, but freight costs from Colombia (discussedlater) are provided in Table 9. Freight may cost100-500% of the cost of the fish themselves.

Key stakeholdersKey stakeholders

1. Venezuela

a. The National Institute of Fisheries andAquaculture (INAPESCA)

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Table 5. Principal species of ornamental fish exported fromPeru in 2003.

Otocinclus affinisOsteoglossum bicirrhosumCorydorasHyphessobrycon erythrostigmaParacheirodon innesiCarnegiella strigataCorydoras hastatusCorydoras punctatusBoehlkea fredcochuiCorydoras arcuatusBrochis splendensLeporinus fasciatusCarnegiella marthaeAncistrus dolichopterus

Specie Individuals2,421,1841,257,112

julii 649,461620,865455,930404,292325,735280,017273,881210,96569,749

142,469132,21899,917

Pimelodus pictus 99,160Hyphessobrycon bentosi 87,824Corydoras elegans 86,025Nannostomus trifasciatus 80,388Phractocephalus hemioliopterus 76,647

b. Ministry of Agriculture and Landc. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources(MARN)d. Ministry of Production and Commercee. Ministry of Foreign Relations

2. Peru

a. Ministry of Productionb. National Fishery Development Fund(FONDEPES)c. Institute of Fishery Technology (ITP)d. Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP)e. Agricultural Ministryf. National Institute of Natural Resources (IRENA)g. State and Municipal Governmentsh. State Production Centresi. State and municipal secretaries of environmentalprotectionj. Foreign Relations Ministry (RR EE)k. Commission for Export Promotion (PROMPEX)l. Customs Agency (ADUANAS)m. Public Fishery Certification Company of Peru(CERPER)

3. Colombia

a. Colombian Association of Producers andExporters of Ornamental Fish (ALCOPECES)b. Ministry of Agriculturec. National Institute of Renewable NaturalResources (INDERENA)d. Environmental Ministrye. National Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture(INPA)f. Colombian Institute of Animal Husbandry (ICA)g. Colombian Institute of Rural Development(INCODER)h. State and Municipal governmentsi. State and municipal environmental protectionsecretaries

j. Colombian Customs and Tax Agency (DIAN)

Key competitorsKey competitors

The key competitors in the Amazonian countriesare Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela andEcuador. Among this group of countries, Colombia,Peru and Brazil, as the largest exporters, competethe most. Although each country has a number ofspecies endemic only with in their geopoliticalboundaries, many of the same species havedistributions in more than one country. InAppendix 5 I have listed species which arepermissible for export from both Brazil andColombia and are also exported from Peru.Exporters in each country, depending on thequantities and quality they have available, mayprice these species attractively in order to fill ordersof more rare and valuable species, with the effect of lowering the price of species for which a competingcountry may depend on as a sales leader.

Legislative environment: welfare andLegislative environment: welfare andconservationconservation

The legislative environment varies from country tocountry. The Ministry of Production is the principalauthority of legislation affecting the ornamentalfish trade in Peru. With regard to conservation, theMinistry is responsible for: prohibition of certainspecies; setting the maximum volume of capture;establishing fishing zones and times of prohibition;stipulating equipment and methods of capture;establishing necessary actions for the conservationof species.

With regard to welfare, the Ministry establishes the minimum requirements ornamental fish exportfacilities, such as: system of treatment anddistribution of the water; illumination andappropriate ventilation; deposits, aquariums orpools suitable in number and capacity to thevolume of operation; implements for the


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manipulation of the species; material andequipment for the feeding, prophylaxis andboarding.

The Peruvian Ministry of production also requiresthat exporters obtain a Sanitary Certificategranted by CERPER before exportation; that fishremain in the commercial aquarium a minimum of72 hours from their entrance for their adaptationand/or treatment, in case of the presence ofdiseases, before their packing for export; and aCertificate of Origin from the Ministry of Fisheries.

In Colombia, the Colombian Institute of RuralDevelopment (INCODER) is responsible forestablishing management measures and ensuringconservation of ornamental fish. It also establishesthe species that can (8 genera and 131 species) andcannot be considered ornamentals (Appendix 1),and the prohibition of fish resources in such areasas Puerto Carreño, Puerto Inirida and Rio Araucaduring May and June, as well as periods ofprohibition for aruanã (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum)in the Basin of the Ríos Amazonas (Sept.1-Nov.15),Putumayo (Nov. 1-Mar.15), Caqueta (Nov.1-Mar.15).

The Colombian Institute of Animal Husbandry(ICA) is responsible for fish welfare. It has createdmeasures for sanitary treatment of importationand exportation of live animals (and fish) and theirby-products taken from the natural environment.Further, it establishes the registration of foreignfirms that desire to export live Colombian aquatic(cultivated) and terrestrial animals to ensure theirhealth.

In Venezuela, the capture of ornamental fish in thetributaries of Lakes Valencia and Maracaibo isprohibited. Between the period May 15 and July 15ornamental fishing is prohibited in all the nationalterritory. Venezuela has a short list of fish that maynot be exported (Appendix 2; see Appendix 4 forspecies that are exported).

Current status and key trendsCurrent status and key trends

The price of fuel has been increasing worldwideduring the past several years. Exportersthroughout Amazonia lament that a consequenceof this fact is the rise in international freight costs.Rising freight costs lead to importers to demanddecrease in prices to maintain stable consumerdemand. Exporters appear to suffering from a lackof direct air routes to some key destinations withinimporting countries. In the case of Brazil and Peruthe issue seems to be more severe where theexporters are established in more remote areas andthus enjoy the benefits of major international airhubs.

Peru and Colombia, however, seem to bebenefiting from an increase of routes to Asia (Table2; Figures 12 & 13). A consequence of thisdevelopment is the increasing importance of theAsian market for both countries. These routes areimportant for the Peruvian exporters who canmore easily supply the large, charismatic fishessuch as stingrays (Potamotrygonidae), aruanã andcatfishes (Pimeloididae) that are of increasingdemand in that pat of the world. AlthoughColombia has a more conservative legalenvironment with regard to ornamental fishexportation, not permitting the exportation of thelarge catfishes for example, it has benefited fromthe ability to sell rays and aruanã.

Most exporters agree that there is continuingdemand for rare and novel species. Further, someimporters believe that it is the new speciesintroductions to the market that maintainconsumer interest in the hobby. Demand forspecies of Corydoras, Apistogrammas, Loricariidaemain popular according to exporters. One keyglobal trend in market preferences seems to theincreasing demand for stingrays. Demand for thesefishes is high in Europe, Asia and North America.

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ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN OF BRAZILIANFRESH-WATER ORNAMENTALS TO UKMARKET6

Size

Brazil at present represents only 1% of the volumeof ornamental fishes in the world market (Figure 6),and 23% of the Amazonian market. The State ofAmazonas contributes approximately 60% of thetotal exported from Brazil (Figure 15). Most of theremaining volume originates in the State of thePará, exporting about 32% of Brazilian ornamentalfish exports (LACERDA, 2005). Although thequantity of exports has tended to fall in recentyears (Figure 16), the demand of ornamental fishesfrom Amazonas has remained relatively stablealong the last 30 years (Figure 17), oscillatingbetween 10 and 20 million. The value ofornamental fish exports has averaged about $3.5million/year, but has declined by 45% from theperiod 1995-2003 (Figure 16). Although we have yet to receive the export statistics from IBAMA-AM forthe last five years, exporters have assured me thatexports have continued to fall from 2004 to present.The reasons for this decline are provided belowunder the heading, Key competitors.

End Markets

In terms of exports of ornamental fish fromAmazonas to global regions, Europe is the largestimporter (40%), followed by North America (28%)and Asia (18%) (Figure 18). Europe is the principalimporter of ornamental fish from Brazil, whileNorth America is the largest importer from

Colombia and Asia the largest importer from Peru(Figure 19). The principal European importing

countries of ornamental fish from Amazonas areGermany (56%), the Netherlands (17%), France(6%), Belgium (6%) and the UK (4%) (Figure 20). Thevalue of UK ornamental fish imports fromAmazonas until 2000 were about $200,000/year(Figure 21).

Principal Product Offerings

The export potential of ornamental fish is probablymuch higher than is currently realized in BrazilianAmazonia, principally due to the restrictivemeasures (limit on the number of species) imposedby the Brazilian environmental authorities,specifically ‘Normative instruction number 3, 9 of


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6 Although I will make reference to other regions of Brazil, datapresented refers mostly to the situation of the state ofAmazonas. Additionally, as I have not yet received morerecent export data from IBAMA, most statistical data iscurrent as possible.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

30003500

4000

4500

1996 1997 1998 1999Year

Va

lue

(US

$1

,00

0)

Brasil

Amazonas

Figure 15. Amazonian contribution to Brazilian ornamentalfish exports. (Source: SOUZA, 2001)

Year

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

1994 1995 2996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Val

ue

(US

$1

,000

)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Ind

ividu

als(1,000)

value Individuals

Figure 16. Evolution of ornamental fish exports from Brazil.(Source: FAO Fishstat, 2005).

June 2005,’ of the MMA (Appendix 1). Rationalplanning for the use of a greater number of speciesof ornamental fish still not exploited, linked to theestablishment of measures that generate animprovement in handling technology, may lead toan increase in the current production potential ofthis extractivist activity.

There are 800 species of fish registered for the RioNegro (CHAO, 2001), but only around 70 species offish from the basin are currently permitted for

exportation. The principal species, cardinal tetra(Paracheirodon axelrodi) represents 76 to 89 % ofthe total of fishes exported from the state ofAmazonas annually (Figure 16)7. Other importantspecies include the green neon (Paracheirodonsimulans), Aspidoras poecilus, Otoncinclus spp.,Peckoltia spp., Bleeding heart tetras(Hyphessobrycon spp.), and rummy nose tetras(Hemigrammus bleheri) (Figure 22).

At present, the state of Pará is the principalproducing centre of ornamental fishes of the family

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

USA

Germany

Japan

Netherlands

Taiwam

France

Belgium

UK

Denmark

Spain

Singapore

Israel

Co

un

try

Percentage

Figure 18. Principal importing countries of ornamental fishfrom Amazonas, Brazil in 1999. (Source: SOUZA, 2001)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Europa Asia US

Region

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Brasil Peru Colombia

Figure 19. Percentage of exports ornamental fish bydestination. (Source: CASTRO, 2005; HUANQUI,2005; SOUZA,2001

Year

0

5

10

15

20

25

1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Nu

mb

ero

fin

div

idu

als

total cardinal

Figure 17. Ornamental fish exports from Amazonas. (Source: SOUZA, 2001; IBAMA N/D).

7 The cardinal tetra represents 32% of exports in Colombia(SANABRIA, 2005), and 34% in Venezuela (MONAGAS, 2005).

Loricariidae. The popularity of these fishesincreased extraordinarily in the international

hobby market at the end of the 1980s when the firstspecies of intense colouring were found in theRivers Tocantins and Xingu. The Loricariidaepresent greater value when compared with otherspecies of ornamental popular fishes like cardinaltetras, rummy nose tetras or Corydoras.

I was unable to gather much data for the rest ofBrazil, but I can make some general comments. Inthe south of Brazil, particularly in the Rio Paraguaybasin, varieties of Corydoras are available. Thereare also several species that originate in the

Pantanal and are sold from Goiania, São Paulo andRio de Janeiro.

Stingrays (Potamotrygon spp.) are anotherimportant export because of their high demandand value, although I have no export data on them.They are exported through quotas controlled anddistributed by IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of theEnvironment and Renewable Resources) toACEPOAM (Association of Breeders and Exporters

of Ornamental fish of Amazonas), ACEPOPA(Association of Breeders and Exporters ofOrnamental fish of Pará) and ACEPOAT(Association of Breeders and Exporters ofOrnamental fish of Altamira). The currentlegislation ‘Normative instruction number 27, 31 ofAugust 2005, of the MMA) regarding the quota hasexpired and has yet to be renewed this year.


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Figure 22. Other ornamental fish exports from Amazonas byspecies. (Source: SOUZA, 2001).

Figure 21. Ornamental fish exports from Amazonas to UK.(Source: SOUZA, 2001).

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

1976 1977 1978 1979 980 1981 1997 1998 1999 mai/00

Year

Val

ue

(US

$)

Figure 20. European destinations of Brazilian ornamental fishin 1999. (Source: SOUZA, 2001)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Germany

Netherlands

Belgium

France

Spain

UK

Denmark

Austria

Italy

Swedem

Finland

Malta

Switzerland

Greece

Portugal

Czech R.

Eu

rop

ean

des

tin

atio

n

Percentage

BRAZIL: THE SUPPLY CHAIN

Typical supply chain

As is the case in other Amazonian countriesornamental fish pass through at least one level ofintermediaries (Figure 23). The socioeconomicorganization of the ornamental fish trade, from thecollectors to the exporters, has strong undertonesof family and kinship. Table 6 provides a generalview of the product chain originating in the state of

Amazonas. The table contemplates the prices paidan a general description of the main expensesinvolved in the commerce process of the cardinaltetra. This table should be adapted to reflect thespecies of Mamirauá and Amanã, as well asimportation into the United Kingdom.

Collectors

In State of Pará, the Rios Tapajós and Xingu are theprincipal locations of ornamental fish collection.Loricariidae are the principal targets in theseregions where collectors must dive in order tocapture them. Data of the ACEPOAT (Associationof Creators and Exporters of Ornamental Fishes ofAltamira) demonstrate that in the region of theRivers Xingu and Iriri there are more than 500families of fishermen involved in the fishing ofLoricariidae (ABREA, 2005).

In the state of Amazonas, collectors areconcentrated in various municipalities (see Table7). The highst concentration of fish collectors is in

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E xporte rs

E xporte rRe p re se nta tive s

P a tronP iabe iros

A uto nom o usP iabe iros

P a tro nP iabe iros

C lients -C o lle cto rs

C lients -C o llec to rs

Figure 23. Amazonas ornamental fish chain of custody

Point indistributionof fish

Price per thousandcardinal tetras sold(US$ = R$2.25)

Markup aspercentage

Principle expenses involved in commerce, and otherconsiderations

Piabeiro $6.7/1,000 or$0.007/fish

Canoe, knife, machete, nylon mosquito netting., andfuel

Intermediary $11.00/1,000 or$0.01/fish

100% Boat, fuel and oil, repairs non-payment of advances,mortality of fishes, and possibly transport of fish to-Manaus

Exporter $100.00/1,000 or$0.10/fish

900% Transport of fish to Manaus, mortality, water,utilities, installation, labor, food and medicaltreatment of fish, customs, taxes, packaging andmarketing.

Importer $300.00/1,000 or$0.30/fish

300% Transportation (Manaus-Miami), same as exporter.

Wholesaler $750/1,000 or$0.75/fish

250% Transportation (Miami-Detroit), same as exporter &importer.

Retailer $3,000/1,000 or$3.00/fish

400% Mortality, water, utilities, installation, labor, food andmedical treatment of fish, customs, taxes, packaging;buying in small lots and selling on a small scale.

Table 6. Price of the cardinal tetra along the product chain (Manaus-Detroit)

the Rio Negro basin, in the municipalities ofBarcelos and Santa Isabel, where as many as 1,000families might be involved. Other than in these twomunicipalities, most collection areas are quitelimited in the varieties of species sought: discus,corydoras, apistogrammma, loricaridae andotocinclus.

Methods and equipment

The methods and equipment utilized in thecapture of ornamental fish are rudimentary andartisanal. The technology, and the collectingmethod employed, depends on environmentalfeatures and the species targeted.

1. Species of Geophagus and Apistogramma - Seine nets are used for in the leaf litter on stream marginsand on sandy beaches. Fishing with a seine netrequires at least two people (Figure 24).

2. Discus – Discus like to hide in downed trees orflooded vegetation. Discus collection, like mostfishing for cichlid species in the region, occurs inthe evening. Collectors fashion flashlights on theirheads or in their mouths for spotting the fish andthen scooping them with nets of about 8 inches of

diameter. Dip nets are made of one of two types offilament: soft (Figure 25) for fishing against thecurrent, and firm (left) for fishing with the current.The latter causes much more abrasion on the fishthan the former.

3. Loricariidae – In most areas, collectors look fordowned trees and logs by walking along thesurface or diving to river/stream bottom when thewater is at its lowest level. The only equipmentused, if any, is a diving mask. If possible, the logsare dragged with to beaches or other shallow


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Municipality Ornamental fish varieties Number of intermediariesLábrea Corydoras schwartzi , otocinclus 4Maués Discus, Corydoras, Apistogramma 4Nhamundá Discus, Corydoras, Loricaridae 4Novo Airão Discus 4Carauari Discus,Corydoras 4São Gabriel da Cachoeira Corydoras, Apistogramma From S. IsabelBarcelos Many varieties 60Santa Isabel Many varieties 10Tapauá Discus 4Tefé Discus, Apistogramma 6Manacapuru, Careiro daVárzea, Coari from Manaus,Codajás, and Silves, fishedfrom Manaus

Discus 4

Table 7. Principal entreposts of ornamental fish in the State of Amazonas

Figure 24. Seine net used on sandy beaches.

locations. Pieces of wood are stripped by hand ormachete in order to locate the species. In areas ofrocky outcrops (i.e., Xingu), downstream fromrapids, divers use masks and place fish in bags tobring them to the surface.

4. Stingrays used to be collected by stabbing atrident in the back of females, which then aborttheir fetus. The collector would then scoop the 1-2young with a dipnet. Today, they use rapichês andtoll (long) lines, and do not kill the female. Most aresought on beaches and stream margins during thelow water season.

5. Corydoras – Are sought when water levels are attheir lowest, varying according to geographicallocation, between November and February alongthe Rio Negro. They are collected with seine nets or large dip nets (Figure 26). The dip nets areemployed, the Corydoras as they come to thesurface for air. The pots in the photo are used tocarry fish back to camp.

6. Tetras and most varieties – Most Characoidescan be located most easily when water level dropsmost precipitously. Again, this varies withgeographical location. There are two basicmethods of collection of piabas (small characins):cacurís or traps, and rapichês or dip nets (Figure27). Each collector fabricates his own fishingequipment using polyester mosquito netting. Bothfishing methods require that the presence of fish be ascertained visually since the species targeted are

determined a priori (Figure 28). In addition, theamount of time spent paddling to and from thefishing areas may account for half of the time spent in the collection process.

Whether collecting with cacurí or rapichê, mostcollectors share the same preferences for thefishing gear that they carry to fishing areas:shotgun and ammunition for killing game andfowl; a plastic bowl (cubico or cuia) for scooping

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Figur 25. Dip nets for fishing against the current.

Figure 26. Dip nets employed for catch Corydoras.

Figure 27. Fishing gear. A. Armadilha (collapsibleminnow-trap); B. rapichê (dip-net); C. cacurí (trap).

fishes and changing water; a terçado or machetefor clearing trails, etc.; a zagaia or trident for killinglarge fish; fishing line and hooks; a knife; anarpoeira or harpoon designed to penetrate the shellof turtles on the stream bottom; and esticadeiras or espinheis, or long lines for the capture of food andbait fish, particularly in the igapó. Each fishcollector also carries one or two paneiros (handwoven baskets) lined with plastic bags, or rodas (atwig formed into a ring) supporting a plastic bag,placed between two canoe benches. The paneiroand roda are the principle means of transportingthe fish from the fishing areas.

Dip nets (rapichê) are the fishing method of choicein the open flooded forest streams, and streambanks, particularly in tributaries of the left margin.In the left margin tributaries fishing is generallydone from dugout canoes in which the collector isseated in the bow, with the stern being weighteddown with sand, rocks, or old car batteries. Canoesare generally larger than those used in the rivers ofthe right margin of the Rio Negro, measuring aslittle as three meters, but most commonly about 4 -4.5 meters long, by 80 cm to a meter wide.

The method of capture using the rapichê involvesthe location of a school of the desired species,which often requires more time than the actual

netting of the fish. After the fish have been located,the collector gently extends the net horizontallyinto the stream, cutting off the downstream path of the cardinal tetras. He then carefully coaxes thefish down stream into the net with a canoe paddle.Although the collector generally fishes from thecanoe, if necessary he will walk along the shore inorder to capture the fish. It is also not uncommonfor fishing partners to collaborate in the capture offish by means of corralling fish into one or theother’s rapichê. Some species which are not rapidswimmers are relatively easy to capture.

Once the fish have been captured in the rapichê,the collector uses the plastic bowl to scoop out thefish. In this process the fish desired (or not desired,depending on the number of each) is isolated in the net, then the net surface is dipped into the water,and the bowl is then quickly slipped between thefish and the net. Piabeiros (ornamental fishcollectors) go to great lengths to ensure that thevolume of fish they transport back to thetemporary storage facilities is as homogeneous aspossible. The two basic reasons for this are thatoxygenation of water is simplified, and moreaggressive species must be separated from theselected species. The fish are then placed in thepaneiro, where fresh water has been placed.Depending on the amount of detritus and thetemperature of the water, the collector will use thebowl to throw out the old water and replace it withfresh water. This process is repeated at regularintervals, as the collector finds necessary, untilthey arrive at their place of residence, temporary orpermanent. The fresh water is usually thrown infrom about 20 – 50 cm above the paneiro in order tooxygenate the water. The water change process inthe canoe, however, is the same whether fishingwith a cacurí or rapichê.

The typical day of fishing by rapichê can vary from6 – 10 hours, depending on the availability of fish,pressing domestic obligations, and personal


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Figure 28. Fishing gear –rapichê (dip nets).

motivation. Generally, the collector must paddlehis canoe for 1 – 2 hours to the fishing area. He willthen collect fish 2 – 3 hours, stopping to lunch forabout an hour. After lunch, he may fish for another1 – 3 hours, or return to his camp or home. The dayof fishing is generally mixed with efforts to obtainprotein in the form of game or fish, but this reallydepends upon whether there is a large enoughassemblage of collectors in one place, either apermanent community, or temporary fishingcamps. In these locations, fish collectors mayassign certain individuals to concentrate more onobtaining food, than fish. Food getting may be aspecialization for some, while for others it is part ofa rotation; for others still, it is a daily task that isperformed alongside fish collection activities.

The cacurí, a trap is a more passive means ofcapture. It is the preferred fishing method forcardinal tetras in the floodplain of the largertributaries where the fishery is located in densevegetation and shallow water (Figure 29). Thecacurí is also commonly employed in left marginigarapés of the Rio Negro at the beginning of thefishing season (safra or harvest) when the fish have not yet begun to appear in the igarapés, and is thepreferred method for collecting rapid swimmingfish such as the Hyphessobrycon spp.,

Hemigrammus bleheri wherever they may becollected.

The dugout canoes used by collectors on the riversof the right margin of the Rio Negro differ fromthose used by collectors along the left marginstreams. They are generally about three meters inlength, by 80cm in width, with three benches.Unlike the canoes used on the left margin igarapésof the Rio Negro where the paddler sits in the front,the middle bench is used. The reason for this is thatthe igapó vegetation is very dense, or ‘fechado.’Sitting in this position allows the piabeiro to havemore balance to pull himself between small treesthat are ubiquitous in the igapó (flooded forest) ofthe rivers.

Each collector utilizes about 20 - 25 cacurís on anormal day of fishing. The collector employingcacurís to capture fish differ from those who use arapichê in the preferred fishing equipment in thatthey also carry an aluminum pan or plastic bucketof bait. They look for cardinals in areas close to themargin, in about 30cm - 60 cm in depth. Where thecacurí is used, the piabeiro ‘chama os peixes’ (callsthe fish) by flicking his finger onto the surface ofthe water (as if shooting a marble), to replicate thesound of palm fruit hitting the water. If 5 - 10 fishappear, they clear an area (limpar, roçar) with amachete. The collector pulls out the cacurí;measures it up with a stick cut from branches,bush or young trees (arumã is the preferred stick);places the stick vertically in the cacurí to give itsupport; cuts 1 - 2 more sticks (escora) which aresliced at an angle at one end to secure the cacuríinto the ground. The thickness of the escoradetermines the size of the fish that enters the trap.The cacurís are generally set in about 20 – 50 cm ofwater.

Bait (pitiú), salted fish that is bathed (escaldado) inhot cooking oil, is then placed in the bottom of thecacurí. Baitfish is salted again when it is brought

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Figure 29. The cacurí, a trap passive means of capture.

back to camp/boat to use again the next day.Consequently, salt comprises a large portion ofcollector expenses. It appears that not just any fishcan serve as bait. According to fish collectors, thebait is the flesh of the reco-reco fish (Amblydorasspp.). The oil rises immediately to the surface andflows with the current. Generally, the collectorassists in dispersion of the oil by splashing thesurface of the water around the cacurí. He thenmoves on to find another favorable area until all his cacurís are set, forming a varadouro (path). Thecacurís are left for 1 – 3 hours, and may be left foradditional 1 – 3 hours, depending on theproductivity. The collection phase is rapid. Thepiabeiro simply retraces his route, dumps the fishinto a paneiro, throws the bait back into thebucket, and paddles back to camp, changingwater regularly.

Fishers of the major tributaries make intensive useof the rabeta motor. The rabeta allows the fishersto move easily from paragem to paragem alongsections of the river courses in order to locate moreproductive areas, and to deliver their production ata central location identified by the patron. This isnot true of the left margin streams where thefishers can easily paddle to fishing areas, as highconcentrations of fish are readily located as theigapó drains. Consequently, the gasoline expenseis an important issue for many fishers along themajor tributaries.

The basic handling process is the same forcollectors who use either the rapichê or the cacurí.When they get back to their camp or residence,fishes are immediately placed into stackablebacias (caixas or boxes, plastic tubs whichmeasure 58 x 38 x 18 cm), ranging from 300 – 600fish. Water is then added, and the collector, orfamily members, removes (catar) the piabas doidas(unwanted fish) and piabas brabas (aggressivefish) that remain. If the fish are thought to bebatido (beaten, stressed, or in poor condition), a

tablespoon or two of table salt is added to thewater. The following day, any dead fish areremoved and remaining fish are placed in viveirosor gaiolas, reservoirs made of mosquito netting(Figure 30).

The viveiro can be set into a floating frame, orgrade, which vary in size, but the average size is 1.5 m x 2.5 m x 80 cm. Reservoirs may hold more than

5,000 fish, and are placed along the river bank bythe encampment where a gentle current renewsthe water passively. If the fish are kept more than acouple of days, they are fed with foods includingmanioc flour, eggs, and cooked fish, but are not fedon the days preceding transport. Each day thedead fish are removed. Viveiros are cleaned once aweek, generally Sunday, or when dirty. Fishes mayremain in the viveiros for periods ranging fromthree days to three weeks, depending on whenthey are to be shipped to Barcelos or Santa Isabel,before making the journey to Manaus.

Intermediaries

There are over 100 intermediaries in the state ofAmazonas, and I would estmate another 50 or so in


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Figure 30. Viveiros or gaiolas, reservoirs made of mosquitonetting.

the state of Pará. At a predetermined date, theintermediary will visit the riverinecommunities/fishing camps to pick up the fish andtransport them to Santa Isabel or Barcelos. Thepatron may also be present during the entirecollecting period as well. Transactions may berealized with the exhange in currency and/ordebt/merchandise (aviamento).

How often fish are taken to the cities fortransshipment to Manaus depends on the quantityof fish available for shipping, and/or economicnecessity. The process of embarking the fish(embarque) involves the following activities: oneend of the viveiro is lifted from the water; fishes areput into a paneiro; 400-1,000 fish are placed in thebacias, depending on their size; about 5 cm ofwater is poured into the bacias. The bacias arethen loaded onto the boat; tetracycline and/ortable salt may added; and the total for eachcollector is noted in the patron’s caderno, ornotebook; the fish are transported to Barcelos orSanta Isabel. Once the fish are placed in bacias,water changes (about 50%) are made every 24hours or so, until they shipment reaches Manaus.Shipment from entreposts varies with distance.Fish are shipped via regional vessels calledrecreios. The cost of transportation varies with thedistance traveled. Transportation varies betweenR$1.50-2.50/bacia. The trip from São Gabriel,Lábrea or Tefé to Manaus takes two days, whilethe trip from Barcelos or Tapuá requires only aone-day voyage. Water used for the change isobtained directly from the river. Depending on thewater parameters in the location where water isobtained, intermediaries or transport personnelmay opt not to make water changes at all. Alongthe Rio Negro, once water storage tanks onregional boats are replenished after passing thewhite, less acidic, waters of the the Rio Branco,many intermediaries will not change water for therest of the voyage.

Exporters

There are five principal exporters, and threesmaller ones, currently active in Manaus:

� Aquário Corydoras Tetra� Edson Perreira Corrêa (affiliated)� Shopping do Peixe (affiliated)� K-2 Aquário� Prestige Aquário� K.M. de Oliveira Comercial (affiliated)� Tabatinga Aquarium� J. A. Loureiro� Turkys Aquário� Aquaneon Ltda.� Aqua Fish Importação e Exportação

The largest four exporters control a slightly morethan 90 percent of the value of ornamental fishexports from Manaus, Amazonas. Turkys Aquáriohas over 48% of the Amazonas market, followed byTabatinga Aquário 20%, Aquário Corydoras Tetra16.5%, and Prestige Aquário has about 7.5%(PRANG, 2001). K-2 Aquário is owned by a man ofJapanese descent. He differs from most otherexporters in Amazonas in that he is mostlyinterested in the export of Symphysodon spp. andvarieties of apistogramma. Often he is accused ofapproaching the intermediaries of other exportersand offering a higher price for select specimens.

As Table 7 demonstrates, exporters obtain theirsupplies from various intermediaries in a numberof locations throughout the state of Amazonas;most have buyers in the state of Pará as well.Although three exporters pay their buyers upondelivery, the rest do not pay transportation costs,paying only for those fishes that arrive alive inManaus the next week or later. Exporters pay theirintermediaries in cash for the fishes requested,albeit not always on time. Exporters claim thatwhat happens to the money once it gets to theircommercial agents is not their responsibility.

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The international demand for fish determinesexporter supply requirements. Exporters thendiscipline production by controlling thedistribution of bacias to their intermediaries. When exporters’ supplies are greater than demand, theywithhold the distribution of bacias to avoidstocking unnecessary quantities of fish. On theother hand, for certain species, exportersfrequently procure sufficient stocks to account forfluctuations in the supply due to the annual floodcycles.

Although there is a lot of variation in the handlingpractices of each exporter, generally conditionsand treats fish before exportation. Thebureaucratic process of ornamental fishexportation is as follows (see also Table 8.):

1. The exporter emits an invoice (faturacommercial);

2. Shipping agent emits bill of lading to SISCOMEX;

3. Bill of sale (Nota Fiscal) with a seal from theMinistry of the Treasury;

4. IBAMA – must hand deliver ‘Bill of transit of fishof continental waters for ornamental ends, IDaquarist’ to the State Superintendent of IBAMA.The process takes 1-2 days. The exporter mustthen pick up the bill. The same information isrequired for the bill of lading sent to SISCOMEX;

5. Sanitary inspection (Atestado sanitário) –Shipments must be verified for health by aveterinarian; certified by the Ministry ofAgriculture. This certificate is then passed to theMinistry of Agriculture.

6. Exporter must obtain a Sanitary Certificate(Certificado sanitário) by filing an agriculturalinspection petition (requerimento para fiscalizaçãoagropecuarial) with the Ministry of Agriculture.This certificate is emitted upon inspection at theairport.

7. Copies of all of the above documents mustaccompany shipments of ornamental fish in orderto be loaded by air carrier. The shippingagent/customs broker oversees this process. At theairport, inspections of shipments are performed bythe following federal organs: IBAMA; Ministry ofAgriculture; Receita Federal – customs

Key stakeholders

Key competitors

Over the last 30 years, Brazil has lost a substantialportion of the international ornamental fish marketto Asian countries like Singapore, Thailand andMalaysia, as well as breeder in the U.S. andEurope. These countries that possess breedingtechnology are able to supply the global marketwith some Brazilian species that are of higherquality and lower prices. Such a threat isexemplified in the cases of Symphysodonaequifasciatus and Pterophyllum scalare that arealready produced in great numbers, and hybridvarieties not found in nature (CHAO, 2001) (Table8). These varieties are basically substitutingwild-caught fish from Amazonia. Although thesecultivated varieties dominate the marketplace,there remains a dependence on the varietiescaptured in the nature to prevent in-breeding, or to introduce new genetic characteristics into oldancestries in captivity. As such, there will alwaysbe a space for some number of wild-caught species(as is the case for the Tefé discus). However, theproblems generated by the cultivated speciesoutside of Brazil in industrial scale cannot beunderstated. While wild-caught discus fishrepresent less than 10% of the volume of thecategory commercialised worldwide, theaggregate value of these specimens is very lowwhen is compared with the same productreproduced and exported from Asian countries.


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The cardinal tetra is now being reproduced incaptivity in the Czech Republic, Southeast Asiaand the U.S as well. As indicated above, thecardinal tetra is principal export for Brazil,Colombia and Venezuela. The only reason thecultivated varieties have not yet replacedwild-caught fish is that the prices still are notcompetitive with ones the captured in the Amazon

basin. Complicating the case of cardinal tetra, aswith many other Amazonian fishes, is the violationof the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), becausethe countries involved in the cultivation have notrespected the premises of the treatise that calls forthe sharing of profits of products originated fromthe use of genetic resources. Sanctions are difficultto apply however as the United States have failed

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Role Name of organisation Mandate Area of influence Key services provided or requirements

Represents membersconcerning common issues, particularly economic and legal ones

ACEPOAM- Association of Breeders and Exporters of Ornamental fish of Amazonas

Voluntary trade org., NGO

State of Amazonas Financial support for research community and municipalitieswhere activity occurs

Social services, maintainfisheries statistics and provision of credit

SEAP-Secretary of Aquaculture and Fishing

Federal regulatoryagency

Federal Payment of unemploymentinsurance during periods in whichfishing is prohibited

Tax collection and customs SFR-Secretariat of the Revenue Service

Federal regulatoryagency

Federal & State Requires Bill of sale

Formulate, execute and regulate internationalcommerce policy in Brazil

MDIC-Ministry of Development, Industry, and Foreign Trade

Federal trade agency

Federal & State Represent exporters in internationaltrade disputes

Integrates the activities of the Secretariat of ForeignCommerce - SECEX,Secretariat of Customs - SRF and the Brazilian Central Bank– BACEN

SISCOMEX – IntegratedSystem of Foreign trade


Federal Requires bill of lading to registertransaction

Coordinate and executepromotional policies ofBrazilian government

APEX-Agency for the promotion of exports and investments


Federal Stimulate and facilitate the insertionof small and medium size firms inthe international market

Regulation, inspection, & issuing of fishing and export licenses.

IPAAM-SDS- Institute ofEnvironmental Protection of Amazonas/ Secretary of the Environment and Sustainable Development

State regulatoryagency

Amazonas Licensing & apprehension, & policydevelopment for the activity

Policy Secretary of the Environment of Tefé

Municipal agency Tefé Policy development for the activity

SEPA, Secretary of Fisheries& AquacultureSEPROR, Secretary of RuralProduction

Controls navigation,licensing and safety

Amazonas Port Authority State Amazonas Licensing of vessels, enforcement of laws

Represents its members concerning economic and political matters

Fishing colonies and fisher associations

Voluntary trade association

Municipal, state, & federal levels

Assist members with licensing, and represent the sector concerning economic and political matters

Formulate, coordinate & implement State policy regarding fisheries and aquaculture development

State Amazonas Promotes the growth of all segmentsof the product chain of fisheries and aquaculture , in order to balance the well-being of the environment and

Table 8. Role and function of principal organisations involved in the commercialisation of ornamental fish from Brazil

to sign the treatise, giving violators a sense ofimpunity.

Brazil also faces competition with otherAmazonian countries. Exporters from Peru andColombia are Brazilian exporters’ most importantcompetitors. Exporters in Manaus claim that thereare two key reasons that prevent them fromcompeting effectively with the exporters ofneighboring countries: limited air routes andfreight costs; and IBAMA’s ‘positive’ list of species(Appendix 1) contemplates only a very smallportion of the requests from customers.

The only direct international air route fromManaus is to Miami. Until recently this route wasserved by Lloyd’s Aero Boliviano (LAB). Beginningin June of this year, TAM Airlines (Brazilian) willhave a daily flight to Miami, originating in SãoPaulo. To destinations in Asia and Europe,connections must be made in Recife, Brsaília, SãoPaulo or Rio de Janeiro. These routes prolong thetime that fish must remain in packaging,increasing health risks. As Table 9 indicatesexporters in Manaus experience a disadvantagecompared to Colombian exporters who enjoy lower international freight rates. Exporters in Manausexplain that these lower freight costs fromColombia are linked to the limited number ofspecies that can be exported legally from Brazil.

Brazil has more than 2,000 potential species(CHAO, 2001), but only six genera and 174 species,and a few entire families of species, can beexported legally. The biggest point of contention isthat Colombia, with its low freight charges and itsability to export high value fishes, principally raysand aruanã, has led to a loss of their customer base.As many of the same, or similar, speciespermissible in Brazil are also found in Colombiaand Peru (Appendix 5), importers who wish speciesof rays and aruanã can fill their orders completely

in Colombia for example, without requiring theplacement of orders from exporters in Manaus.

Legislative environment: welfare and conservation

Table 6 provides the actors, and their roles andfunction, of the commercialisation of ornamentalfish is Brazil and the State of Amazonas, and insection 2.2.1-Exporters, the legal export process isdefined. In terms of conservation, IBAMA/MMA isthe key regulator of the activity through theemission of licenses, transport bills, collection ofenvironment taxes, establishment of installations,and fishery practices. The regulation of fisherypractices is limited to three laws. The first is the‘positive’ (‘clean’) list of species that can beexported: ‘Normative Instruction MMA nº 13 of 9 ofJune of 2005 - IN013/2005’ (Appendix 1). The listinludes six genera and 174 specific species. Legally,the extraction and commercialisation of ediblespecies is forbidden as ornamentals, based on theargument that fish is a major source protein forAmazonians. It also prohibits the capture ofcardinal tetras during the period of May to July(reproductive period) along the Rio Negro (IBAMADecree No. 28, March 10, 1992). Finally, ‘NormativeInstruction MMA IN027/2005’ allows for the exportof a quota of fresh water rays (ARAÚJO, et al.,2005). This quota expired in January of this year,and a new Normative Instruction is presentlybeing negotiated.

The Ministry of Agriculture certifies the health ofthe ornamental fish through the inspection ofornamental fish shipments in airports and exportinstallations. The Ministry of Agriculture requiresthat a certified veterinarian verify the welfare offish before shipment. This certificate is then passedto the Ministry of Agriculture in order to mustobtain a Sanitary Certificate (Certificado sanitário).This certificate is emitted upon inspection at theairport.


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Destination Additional charges Carrier: Brazil Price/kg Brazil Carrier:Colombia

Price/kgColombia

Shipping Agent: $130/box $4.57/kg if >100kgFuel surcharge: $0.55/kg $3.90/kg if <100kgIATA: $20/boxShipping Agent: $130/box $4.57/kg if >100kgFuel surcharge: $0.55/kg $3.90/kg if <100kgIATA: $20/boxCertificate of origin: $30Shipping Agent: $130/box $4.57/kg if >100kgFuel surcharge: $0.55/kg $3.90/kg if <100kgIATA: $20/boxShipping Agent: $130/boxFuel surcharge: $0.55/kgIATA: $20/boxShipping Agent: $130/boxFuel surcharge: $0.55/kgIATA: $20/boxShipping Agent: $130/boxFuel surcharge: $0.55/kgIATA: $20/boxShipping Agent: $130/boxFuel surcharge: $0.30/kgIATA: $20/boxShipping Agent: $130/boxFuel surcharge: $0.30/kgIATA: $20/boxShipping Agent: $130/box $4.57/kg if >100kgFuel surcharge: $0.55/kg $3.90/kg if <100kgIATA: $20/boxShipping Agent: $130/boxFuel surcharge: $0.60/kgIATA: $20/boxVeterinary inspection: $68Shipping Agent: $130/boxFuel surcharge: $0.55/kgIATA: $20/boxShipping Agent: $130/boxFuel surcharge: $0.60/kgIATA: $20/boxVeterinary inspection: $68Shipping Agent: $130/boxFuel surcharge: $0.55/kgIATA: $20/boxShipping Agent: $130/boxFuel surcharge: $0.60/kgIATA: $20/boxVeterinary inspection: $68

Osaka Lufthansa $6.28/kg

$4.55/kg

Japan -Narita

Japan Airlines $6.30/kg Lufthansa $4.55/kg

Hong Kong Lufthansa $6.78/kg Lufthansa

Taiwan Japan Airlines $6.60/kg Lufthansa $4.55/kg

Manchester Lufthansa $4.24/kg

$2.20/kg

London Varig

Toronto Air Canada $4.73/kg Air Canada

$1.60/kg

Montreal Air Canada $4.60/kg

New York Varig $3.10/kg Continental toNewark,

$1.48/kg

Miami Varig $2.57/kg Tampa $1.31/kg

Los Angeles Varig $3.40/kg Delta

Madrid Varig Avianca $4.48/kg

Paris Varig Air Franceto Lyon

$4.45/kg

Frankfurt Varig Lufthansa $2.90/kg

Note: from Bogotá, KLM flies to Amsterdam for $2.55/kg and Alitalia to Rome for $3.30/kg.

Table 9. International freight Costs

At the state level, SEPA/SEPROR– AM (SpecialSecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture/AmazonasState Secretary of Rural Production) is developingthe following project: ‘Development of the ProductChain of Ornamental Fish’. This project is oneelement of the policy of the current administration,and falls within the Program ‘Green Free Zone-Productive Chain of Fisheries and Aquaculture’.This project may have implications for theimplementation of Project SMOFSM in the future.The goal, according to the executors of the projectis to stimulate and assist the Secretary ofSustainable Development (SDS-AM) in the creationand implemetation of public policies regardingornamental fish resources in the State ofAmazonas, particularly related to environmentalpolicy, taxation and sanitary concerns). Below is alist actions proposed within the project:

� Promote and support studies of the ornamentalfish product chain;� Support research of ornamental fish through theFoundation of Research Support of the State ofAmazonas (FAPEAM);� Construction and simplified units of reception ofornamental fish;� Stimulate the certification of ornamental fish, sealof quality;� Project to operate a receiving station, forselection, conditioning, prophylactic treatment,and distribution of ornamental fish from Barcelos;� Project to establish a museum of ornamental fishin Barcelos;� Project to increase the areas of collection and thenumber of ornamental fish in the state of Amazonas, jointly with associations andmunicipalities;� Support a seminar about the ornamental fishproduct chain;� Training concerning the capture, preservation,and transport of ornamental fish;� Support programs of credit lines for the activity;

� Have a conclusive debate regarding extractivereserves for ornamental fishes;� Support the acquisition of boats fortransportation of ornamental fish.

Current status and key trends

According to exporters the key market trends arerelated to the following fishes: stingrays, aruanãs,cichlids, apistogrammas, loricariidae andcorydoras. Generally, serious hobbyists specializein the keeping and and breeding of one variety oranother. A small portion like ‘tank busters’, or largefish that require more space than the aquariumsupplies, stingrays and aruanãs, fit this profile.These groups of fish are currently in high demandeverywhere, particularly in Asia. The fresh waterstingrays correspond to a group of species ofspecial interest, and represent less than 1% of thetotal of fish exported. Exporters are currentlyparticularly keen in securing a quota for theexportation of aruanã as the contribution to profitsis near immediate and they are loosing sales toother Amazonian countries that can provide thesame species as Brazil.

Apistogrammas, which reach a maximum size of 5cm, present another trend. The density of thesespecies is low, except during the breeding season,and its distribution more limited than its largerrelatives and is thus rare, and therefore morevalued. In addition, given its length, they needsmaller aquariums (10-20 litres). Hobbyists choosecichlids, as they are very easy to reproduce.According to information collected from thecollectors, the cost (effort to capture)/benefit (valueof the species) of collecting apistogrammas is notfinancially compensatory. However, there are agreat many varieties which might providesignificant opportunities.


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Two other families of fish that represent marketniches are the bodós/acaris (Loricariidae) andcorydoras. Many specimens of the Loricariidaefamily have relatively high values when comparedwith most species exported, ranging from$1-100.00/fish, depending on the rarity. The mostsought after varies originate in the Rios Xingu andTapajós. The value of this niche can be appreciatedby the great number of species which have beengiven sequential numerations, ‘L’ (Loricariidaefamily) and ‘C’ (Corydoradinae sub-family: speciesCorydoras and Aspidoras). This cataloguingsystem was created at the end of the decade of1980 (system ‘L’) by the specialized Germanpublication Die Aquarien und Terrarien Zeitschrift(DATZ) and later accepted and adopted byaquarists and publications throughout the wholeworld. Aqualog (Aqualog Verlag: A.C.S. GmbH,Germany) distributes popular catalogues on thesefish. These numbers represent species stillunknown to science, and that is important in thebreeding competitions within aquarium clubs. Oneof the criteria of for gaining points in thiscompetition is the domesticity level, F0, F1, F2, F3,F4, where F0 represents wild fish. Thus, F0 fishgain more points because they are lessdomesticated, and this fact, in part, explains thegreat demand for these species by the mostexperienced aficionados.

Many of the niches of market above cited could betaken care of through additions to the list of theornamental fish species that can becommercialised (Appendix 1). Despite the exportsector having proposed an increase in the list ofspecies to IBAMA, no concrete measure was evertaken by the agency. The potential of ornamentalfish could be improved with the diversification ofthe species exported (maximum use ofbiodiversity). Although the list is sufficientlyconservative, assuring the protection of nationalbiodiversity, it also restricts the economic and

social development of the Amazon region. Forexample, the majority of cichlids are forbidden forexportation due to their value as edible fish.However, the value of some species of cichlids asan alimentary source is negligible when comparedto its ornamental potential.

The UK: the demand

� Market overview

� Comprehensive description of supply chain fromimporter to end consumer. To consider importers,wholesales, retailers and consumers.

1. Identification of key players includingcompetitors

2. Understanding of purchasing process at eachstage of chain including:

2.1 Product – price type (species/variety, country of origin, wild-caught versus captive bad “quality,”significance of conservation and welfare issues

2.2 Seasonality of purchasing decisions

2.3 Regional trends

� Legislative environmental marketconservation

� Other key stakeholders

� Logistics

Alternative markets of Mamirauá product

Ornamental fish imports to the United Kingdomfrom the Brazilian Amazon represent less than 2%of total exports, totalling about $200,000/year(Figures 18-21). If the price paid to collectorsaverages about 19% of export value, then the UKonly contributes about $38,000 (R$85,500) directlyto the productive sector in the state of Amazonas. If there are at least 1,000 fish collectors in the state

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(PRANG, 2001), then each collector averages aboutR$85.5 ($38)/year from the UK market forornamental fish. If collection activities are to beestablished in the Mamirauá and Amanã reserves,it must be assumed that if they are unable toincrease the size of the UK market through theintroduction of new species, they must share thebenefits of this relatively small market withcollectors from other regions, particularly the RioNegro. As such, it may be necessary to consideradditional markets for products from Mamirauáand Amanã. By servicing additional markets, suchas the US, Japan, and Germany, the possibility ofproviding additional income to the residents inMamirauá and Amanã Reserves may be greatlyenhanced (Appendix 6).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANDREWS, C. 1990. The Ornamental fish trade and fishconservation. Journal of Fish Biology 37: 53-59.

ANDREWS, C. 1992. The Ornamental fish trade andconservation. Infofish International 2(92):25-29

ARAÚJO, M.L.G, DUNCAN, W.L.P, MELO, S.M.V. & SHIBUYA,A.L. 2005. Relatório técnico: Portaria Nº06/2003, de 25 dejunho de 2003. IBAMA.

BASLEER, G. 1994 The international trade in aquariumornamental fish. Infofish International 5(94):15-17.

CAMPOS, L.E. 2005. El estado del comercio de los pecesornamentales en Loreto, Perú. una propuesta para eldesarrollo sostenible de la exportación de pecesornamentales de la cuenca Nanay. Final Report to The NatureConservancy.

CASTRO, J.D. 2005. Comercializacion de peces ornamentalesen Colombia. In: I Workshop: Aspectos socioeconómicos y demanejo sostenible del comercio internacional de pecesornamentales en el norte de Sudamérica: retos yperspectivas. Traffic and WWF Colombia. Bogotá.

CASTRO, J.M. 2005. Peces ornamentales de Colombia: Susostentabilidad social. In: I Workshop: Aspectossocioeconómicos y de manejo sostenible del comercio

internacional de peces ornamentales en el norte deSudamérica: retos y perspectivas. Traffic and WWF Colombia.Bogotá.

CHAO, N.L. 2001. Fisheries, diversity, and conservation ofornamental fishes of the Rio Negro Basin, Brazil – A Review ofProject Piaba (1989-1999). Pp. 161-204. In: CHAO, N.L.; PETRY,P.; PRANG; G.; SONNESCHIEN, L. TLUSTY, M. (orgs.).Conservation and Management of Ornamental FishResources of the Rio Negro Basin, Amazonia, Brazil.Universidade do Amazonas. Manaus. 309p.

CORRÊA, S.A. 1984. Considerações Gerais sobre a Exploraçãode Peixes Ornamentais Vivos no Estado do Amazonas.Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. Fundação Universidade doAmazonas. Manaus.

DAWES, J. 2001. International aquatic industry perspectiveson ornamental fish conservation. In: CHAO, N.L.; PETRY, P.;PRANG; G.; SONNESCHIEN, L. TLUSTY, M. (orgs.).Conservation and Management of Ornamental FishResources of the Rio Negro Basin, Amazonia, Brazil.Universidade do Amazonas. Manaus. 309p.

FAO. 2005. Commodities Production and Trade, OrnamentalFish. Fishstat Plus, 1976-2000, v. 2.30. Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations.

FITZGERALD, S. 1989. International Wildlife Trade: WhoseBusiness is it? World Wildlife Fund. Washington.

HUANQUI, G. 2005. Aspectos sociales y de comercialización de los peces ornamentales en el Perú. In: I Workshop: Aspectossocioeconómicos y de manejo sostenible del comerciointernacional de peces ornamentales en el norte deSudamérica: retos y perspectivas. Traffic and WWF Colombia.Bogotá.

LACERDA, M.T. 2005. Aquarienfische aus Brasilien: dieGeschichte des fischexports. Amazonas, 1(1):32-37.

MONAGAS, A.C. 2005. Situación del recurso pecesornamentales continentales en Venezuela. In: I Workshop:Aspectos socioeconómicos y de manejo sostenible delcomercio internacional de peces ornamentales en el norte deSudamérica: retos y perspectivas. Traffic and WWF Colombia.Bogotá.

MOREAU, M.A. & COOMES, O.T. 2007. Aquarium fishexploitation in western Amazonia: conservation issues in Peru. Environmental Conservation 34(1):12-22.


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OLIVIER, K. 2001. The ornamental fish market.FAO/GLOBEFISH Research. Programme, 67. Rome. FAO.91p.

PERDOMO, J.M. 2005. Peces ornamentales de Colombia suosstentabilidad social. In: I Workshop: Aspectossocioeconómicos y de manejo sostenible del comerciointernacional de peces ornamentales en el norte deSudamérica: retos y perspectivas. Traffic and WWF Colombia.Bogotá.

PRANG, G. 2001. A Caboclo Society in the Middle Rio NegroBasin: Ecology, Economy and History of an OrnamentalFishery in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. PhD diss. WayneState University, Detroit.

ROSSER, A.M. 2003. Conservation Benefits of Wild Capture and Captive Rearing in the Ornamental Fish Industry. OFI Journal,43.

SANABRIA, A. I. 2005. Aprovechamiento del recurso ícticoornamental en Colombia. In: I Workshop: Aspectossocioeconómicos y de manejo sostenible del comerciointernacional de peces ornamentales en el norte deSudamérica: retos y perspectivas. Traffic and WWF Colombia.Bogotá.

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TLUSTY, M. 2002. The benefits and risks of aquaculturalproductionfor the aquarium trade. Aquaculture 205: 203-219.

WATSON, I. 2005. Report to the Iwokrama InternationalCentre on the Market for Ornamental Fishes from Guyana inthe European Union and the United States.

WATSON, I. 2000. The Role of the Ornamental Fish Industry inPoverty Alleviation. NRI Report 2504. Natural ResourcesInstitute. Chatham Maritime. Kent.

Brazil ColombiaInstrução normativa no 13,

de 9 de junho de 2005, MMAResolución no 80 de 1991,

INPAAbramites hypselonotus Abramites equesAcanthodoras spinosissimus Abramites hypselonotusAcarichthys heckelii AcanthodorasAmblydoras hancockii Acanthodoras spinosissimusAncistrus spp. Achirus spp.Anostomus anostomus Bujurquina mariaeAnostomus ternetzi Aequidens pulcherApareiodon affinis Aequidens tetramerusAphyocharax anisitsi Amblydoras hancockiiApistogramma agassizii Anableps anablepsApistogramma borellii Ancistrus brevipinnisApistogramma commbrae Ancistrus lineolatusApistogramma ortmanni Ancistrus temminckiiApistogramma pertensis Ancistrus triradiatusApistogramma trifasciata Anostomus anostomusApteronotus albifrons Pseudanos trimaculatusAspidoras poecilus Hyphessobrycon axelrodiAstyanax bimaculatus Aphyocharax erythrurusAstyanax fasciatus Apistogramma agassiziiAustrolebias nigripinnis Apistogramma commbraeBaryancistrus spp. Apistogramma ortmanniBiotodoma cupido Apteronotus albifronsBrochis britskii Apteronotus spp.Brochis splendens Sciades seemanniBryconops caudomaculatus Astronotus ocellatusBujurquina mariae Boehlkea fredcochuiBunocephalus amaurus Boulengerella spp.Bunocephalus coracoideus Brochis splendensCallichthys callichthys Bunocephalus coracoideusCarnegiella marthae Bunocephalus spp.Carnegiella strigata Caenotropus labyrinthicusCatoprion mento Callichthys callichthysChalceus erythrurus Carassius auratus auratusChalceus macrolepidotus Carnegiella marthaeCharacidium fasciatum Carnegiella strigataCharax condei Chaetostoma spp.Charax gibbosus Chalceus macrolepidotusChilodus punctatus Characidium fasciatumCichlasoma festae Charax gibbosusCichlasoma portalegrense Chilodus punctapusColomesus asellus Cichlasoma bimaculatumColomesus psittacus Cichlasoma octofasciatumCopeina guttata Archocentrus nigrofasciatusCopella arnoldi Hypostomus plecostomoidesCopella metae Colomesus psittacusCopella nattereri Copella arnoldiCopella nigrofasciata Copeina eigenmanniCorydoras acutus Corydoras spp.Corydoras adolfoi Corydoras aeneusCorydoras aeneus Corydoras agassizii

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Appendix 1. Ornamental fish approved for export



INPACorydoras agassizii Corydoras arcuatusCorydoras ambiacus Corydoras hastatusCorydoras arcuatus Corydoras axelrodiScleromystax barbatus Corydoras elegansCorydoras burgessi Corydoras juliiCorydoras caudimaculatus Corydoras melanistiusCorydoras davidsandsi Corydoras melanotaeniaCorydoras elegans Corydoras rabautiCorydoras griseus Corydoras punctatusCorydoras haraldschultzi Corydoras reticulatusCorydoras hastatus Dicrossus maculatusCorydoras julii Crenicichla spp.Corydoras melini Ctenolucius hujetaCorydoras narcissus Curimatus spp.Corydoras nattereri Dianema urostriatumCorydoras paleatus Dormitator maculatusCorydoras parallelus Eigenmannia virescensCorydoras punctatus Exodon paradoxusCorydoras rabauti Farlowella acusCorydoras reticulatus Gasteropelecus sterniclaCorydoras robineae Satanoperca acuticepsCorydoras robustus Geophagus brasiliensisCorydoras schwartzi Satanoperca jurupariCorydoras sterbai Gymnocorymbus thayeriCrenicara punctulatum Rhamphichthys rostratusCrenicichla alta Gymnotus carapoCrenicichla notophthalmus Helogenes marmoratusCrenicichla regani Hemiancistrus spp.Crenuchus spilurus Hemigrammus rodwayi **

[Poecilocharax weitzmani]Dekeyseria pulcher Hemigrammus ocelliferDianema longibarbis Hemigrammus pulcherDianema urostriatum Hemigrammus rhodostomus

[bleheri]Dicrossus filamentosus Hemigrammus unilineatusDicrossus maculates Hemiodus gracilisEigenmannia spp. Hemiodus spp.Exodon paradoxus Heros severusFarlowella spp. Hoplosternum littoraleGasteropelecus levis Hypoptopoma thoracatumGasteropelecus sternicla Hyphessobrycon peruvianusGeophagus altifrons Hyphessobrycon rosaceusGymnocorymbus ternetzi Hyphessobrycon

erythrostigmaHemigrammus bleheri Hyphessobrycon sweglesiHemigrammus erythrozonus Hypostomus plecostomusHemigrammus marginatus Laemolyta taeniataHemigrammus ocellifer Leporinus affinisHemigrammus pulcher Leporinus fasciatusHemigrammus ulreyi Leporinus maculatusHemigrammus unilineatus Leporinus striatusHemiodus gracilis Dasyloricaria filamentosaHemiodus sterni Rineloricaria uracantha



INPAHopliancistrus tricornis Mesonauta festivusHyphessobrycon spp. Metynnis maculatusHypostomus spp. Microglanis spp.Inpaichthys kerri Mikrogeophagus ramireziLaemolyta taeniata Moenkhausia oligolepisLaetacara curviceps Poecilia caucanaLaetacara dorsigera Monocirrhus polyacanthusLeporacanthicus galaxias Myloplus rubripinnisLeporacanthicus joselimai Nannostomus equesLeporellus vittatus Nannostomus marginatusLeporinus agassizii Nannostomus trifasciatusLiosomadoras oncinus Nematobrycon palmeriBrachyplatystoma tigrinum Nematobrycon palmeriMikrogeophagus ramirezi Osteoglossum bicirrhosumMoenkhausia affinis Osteoglossum ferreiraiMoenkhausia barbouri Otocinclus affinisMoenkhausia collettii Otocinclus arnoldiMoenkhausia dichroura Panaque nigrolineatusMoenkhausia gracilima Paracheirodon axelrodiMoenkhausia hasemani Paracheirodon innesiMoenkhausia intermedia Peckoltia spp.Moenkhausia jamesi Pimelodus albofasciatusMoenkhausia lepidura Pimelodus pictusMoenkhausia megalops Poecilia reticulataMoenkhausia oligolepis Potamotrygon ssp.Moenkhausiasanctaefilomenae

Pristella maxillaris[maxillaris]

Monocirrhus polyacanthus Pseudancistrus sp.Myloplus rubripinnis Pterophyllum altumNannostomus beckfordi Pterophyllum scalareNannostomus digrammus Glyptoperichthys gibbicepsNannostomus eques Rivulus elegansNannostomus espei Rivulus hartiiNannostomus marginatus Rivulus urophthalmusNannostomus trifasciatus Sturisoma darienseNannostomus unifasciatus Synbranchus marmoratusOligancistruspunctatissimus

Symphysodonaequifasciatus

Otocinclus affinis Symphysodon discusOtocinclus flexilis Thoracocharax stellatusOtocinclus vittatus Ancistrus dolichopterusParacheirodon axelrodiParacheirodon simulansParancistrus aurantiacusParodon suborbitalisParotocinclus maculicaudaPeckoltia spp.Petitella georgiaePoecilia reticulataPoecilocharax weitzmaniPolycentrus schomburgkiiPrionobrama filigeraPristobrycon calmoni


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INPAPseudacanthicus leopardusPseudanos gracilisPseudanos trimaculatus Pterolebias longipinnisPterophyllum scalarePygocentrus nattereriPyrrhulina brevisPyrrhulina laetaPyrrhulina rachovianaPyrrhulina vittataRineloricaria fallaxRineloricaria lanceolataRineloricaria limaRineloricaria parvaRivulus punctatusRivulus urophthalmusSatanoperca jurupariScomberomorus spp.Serrapinnus notomelasSerrasalmus hollandiSpectracanthicus murinusSturisoma barbatumSymphysodonaequifasciatusSymphysodon discusTatia aulopygiaThayeria obliquaThoracocharax stellatusTrigonectes strigabundusUaru amphiacanthoides

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Peru ,Resolución Ministerial: 147-2001-PEAnodus elongatus Cichla spp. Colossoma [macropomum]Arapaima gigas Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum Piaractus brachypomusAstronotus ocellatus Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum Brachyplatystoma spp.Brachyplatystoma filamentosum Brachyplatystoma vaillantii Brycon spp.Zungaro zungaro Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii Salminus spp.Brachyplatystoma juruense Phractocephalus hemioliopterus Myloplus spp.Brachyplatystoma vaillantii Brycon whitei Mylossoma duriventreBrycon cephalus Salminus hilarii Arapaima gigasBrycon melanopterus Hydrolycus scomberoidesCalophysus macropterus Haplotaxodon spp.Cichla monoculus Sorubim limaColossoma macropomun Cichla ocellarisCurimata vittata Phractocephalus hemioliopterusHemisorubim platyrhynchos Pseudoplatystoma fasciatumHoplias malabaricus Pseudoplastystoma tigrinumHypophthalmus edentatusHypophthalmus marginatusLeporinus trifasciatusBrachyplatystoma tigrinumMyloplus rubripinnisMyleus schomburgkiiMylossoma duriventreZungaro zungaroPellona castelnaeanaPiaractus brachypomusPinirampus pirinampuPlagioscion squamosissimusPotamorhina altamazonicaPotamorhina latiorProchilodus nigricansPsectrogaster amazonicaPsectrogaster rutiloidesPseudoplatystoma fasciatumPseudoplatystoma tigrinumGlyptoperichthys punctatusRhaphiodon vulpinusSchizodon fasciatusSemaprochilodus insignisSorubimichthys planicepsTriportheus angulatusTriportheus elongatus

Resolución de la Dirección Generalde Pesca y Acuicultura No 52

Colombia , Resolución No.80 de 1991,Artículo Segundo

Appendix 2. Fish species prohibited for export (“Negative list”)

Note: Those entries marked indicate species found in Iquitos exporters price lists I obtained and the prices/individual are listed.

Family SpeciesPOTAMOTRYGONIDAE Paratrygon spp.STRINGRAYS Paratrygon aiereba

Platax orbicularisPotamotrygon hystrixPotamotrygon motoroPotamotrygon orbignyiPotamotrygon sp.1Potamotrygon sp.2Potamotrygon sp.3Potamotrygon sp.4

ARAPAIMIDAE Arapaima gigasOSTEOGLOSSIDAE Osteoglossum bicirrhosumBATRACHOIDIDAE Thalassophryne amazonicaANOSTOMIDAE Abramites hypselonotus

Anostomus anostomusLaemolyta taeniataLeporellus vittatusLeporinus agassiziiLeporinus desmotesLeporinus fasciatusLeporinus fridericiLeporinus maculatusLeporinus moralesiLeporinus striatusLeporinus trifasciatusPseudanos trimaculatusRhytiodus argenteofuscusRhytiodus microlepisSchizodon fasciatus

CTENOLUCIDAE Boulengerella maculataBoulengerella lucius

CURIMATIDAE Cyphocharax spilurusCurimata vittataCurimatella alburnaCurimatopsis macrolepisPotamorhina latiorPsectrogaster amazonica

CYNODONTIDAE Hydrolycus scomberoidesRhaphiodon vulpinus

CHARACIDAE Acestrorhynchus falcatusAcestrorhynchus falcirostrisAcestrorhynchus heterolepisAcestrorhynchus lacustrisAcestrorhynchus microlepis Aphyocharax alburnusAphyocharax anisitsiAstyanax abramisAstyanax bimaculatusAstyanax fasciatusAstyanax kennedyiAxelrodia stigmatias

Family SpeciesBario steindachneriBoehlkea fredcochuiBryconops caudomaculatusBryconops melanurusCreagrutus beniCreagrutus cochuiCrenuchus spilurusCtenobrycon hauxwellianusCtenobrycon spilurusCynopotamus amazonusChalceus erythrurusChalceus macrolepidotusCharacidium fasciatumCharax gibbosusElachocharax pulcherGymnocorymbus thayeriHemibrycon polyodonHemigrammus hyanuaryHemigrammus luelingiHemigrammus marginatusHemigrammus ocelliferHemigrammus pulcherHemigrammus rodwayiHemigrammus schmardaeHemigrammus unilineatusHyphessobrycon sp.Hyphessobrycon bentosiHyphessobrycon copelandiHyphessobryconerythrostigmaHyphessobrycon loretoensis Hyphessobrycon minimusHyphessobrycon peruvianusHyphessobrycon equesHyphessobrycon spp.Iguanodectes spilurusKnodus brevicepsMetynnis hypsauchenMetynnis lunaMetynnis maculatesMoenkhausia agnesaeMoenkhausia collettiiMoenkhausia chrysargyreaMoenkhausia dichrouraMoenkhausia lepiduraMoenkhausia melogrammaMoenkhausia oligolepisMoenkhausia robertsiMoenkhausia simulataMyloplus rubripinnisMyleus asteriasMylossoma aureumMylossoma duriventreParacheirodon innesi

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Appendix 3. Ornamental fish species exported from Peru.(Source: CAMPOS, 2005)

Family SpeciesParagoniates alburnusPetitella georgiaePhenacogaster pectinatusPrionobrama filigeraPygocentrus nattereriRoeboides affinisRoeboides myersiiSerrasalmus elongatusSerrasalmus rhombeusStethaprion erythropsTetragonopterus argenteusTetragonopterus chalceusThayeria boehlkeiThayeria obliquaTriportheus albusTriportheus angulatusTriportheus culterTriportheus elongatusTriportheus rotundatusTyttocharax cochui

CHILODONTIDAE Chilodus punctatusERYTHRINIDAE Erythrinus erythrinus

Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatusHoplias malabaricus

GASTEROPELECIDAE Carnegiella marthaeCarnegiella myersiCarnegiella strigataGasteropelecus sterniclaThoracocharax stellatus

HEMIODONTIDAE Hemiodus gracilisHemiodus microlepisHemiodus atranalis

LABIASINIDAE Parodon pongoensisCopeina guttataCopella metaeNannostomus digrammusNannostomus equesNannostomus trifasciatusPyrrhulina brevisPyrrhulina laetaPyrrhulina lugubrisPyrrhulina spilotaPyrrhulina vittata

PROCHILODONTIDAE Prochilodus nigricansSemaprochilodus insignisSemaprochilodus insignis

LEPIDOSIRENIDAE Lepidosiren paradoxaCICHLIDAE Acarichthys heckelii

Acaronia nassaAequidens diademaAequidens tetramerusAequidens sp.Apistogramma eunotusApistogramma agassizii

Family SpeciesApistogramma bitaeniataApistogramma cacatuoidesApistogramma cruziApistogramma luelingiApistogrammoidespucallpaensisAstronotus ocellatusBiotodoma cupidoCichla monoculusCichlasoma amazonarumCichlasoma festaeHeros severusCrenicara punctulatumCrenicichla anthurusCrenicichla cinctaCrenicichla celidochilusCrenicichla johannaCrenicichla luciusCrenicichla reticulataCrenicichla sedentariaChaetobranchus flavescensHypselacara temporalisMesonauta festivusPterophyllum scalareSatanoperca jurupariSymphysodonaequifasciatus

NANDIDAE Monocirrhus polyacanthusSOLEIDAE Achirus achirus

Apionichthys dumeriliAGENEOSIDAE Ageneiosus inermis

Ageneiosus pardalisAgeneiosus ucayalensisAgeneiosus vittatus

ASPREDINIDAE Amaralia hypsiuraBunocephalus aleuropsisBunocephalus coracoideus

AUCHENIPTERIDAE AuchenipterichthyslongimanusAuchenipterichthysthoracatusAuchenipterus nuchalisCentromochlus heckeliiEntomocorus benjaminiPseudepapterus hasemaniTatia creutzbergiTatia intermediaTatia perugiaeTrachelyichthys exilisTrachelyopterichthystaeniatus

BELONIDAE Potamorrhaphis guianensisPseudotylosurus microps

CALLICHTHYIDAE Brochis multiradiatusBrochis splendens


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Family SpeciesCallichthys callichthysCorydoras acutusCorydoras aeneusCorydoras agassiziiCorydoras ambiacusCorydoras amphibelusCorydoras arcuatusCorydoras armatusCorydoras atropersonatusCorydoras copeiCorydoras elegansCorydoras fowleriCorydoras lambertiCorydoras leopardusCorydoras leucomelasCorydoras loretoensisCorydoras meliniCorydoras napoensisCorydoras pandaCorydoras pastazensisCorydoras pygmaeusCorydoras rabautiCorydoras reticulatusCorydoras semiaquilusCorydoras stenocephalusCorydoras sychriCorydoras trilineatusCorydoras zygatusCorydoras weitzmaniDianema longibarbisHoplosternum littoraleMegalechis thoracata

CETOPSIDAE Cetopsis coecutiensCetopsis candiru

DORADIDAE Acanthodoras spinosissimusAgamyxis albomaculatusAgamyxis pectinifronsAmblydoras hancockiiAnadoras grypusHemidoras stenopeltisLeptodoras acipenserinusLeptodoras linnelliLiosomadoras morrowiMegalodoras uranoscopusNemadoras humeralisNemadoras leporhinusOpsodoras moreiOpsodoras stuebeliiOxydoras nigerPhysopyxis lyraPimelodella cristataPlatydoras costatusPterodoras granulosus

Family SpeciesELECTROPHORIDAE Adontosternarchus

balaenopsAdontosternarchus sachsiApteronotus albifronsApteronotus bonapartiiApteronotus leptorhynchusElectrophorus electricusSternarchella spp.Sternarchogiton spp.SternarchorhamphusmuelleriSternarchorhynchusoxyrhynchus

GYMNOTIDAE Gymnotus carapoGymnotus coatesi

HYPOPOMIDAE BrachyhypopomusbrevirostrisHypopygus lepturusSteatogenys elegans

LORICARIIDAE Acanthicus hystrixAncistrus cirrhosusAncistrus hoplogenysAncystrus teminckiiFarlowella amazonumFarlowella kneriiFarlowella oxyrrynchaHemiodontichthysacipenserinusHypoptopoma gulareSqualiforma emarginataHypostomus plecostomusLamontichthys filamentosusLoricariichthys maculatusPseudorinelepis genibarbisOtocinclus macrospilusOtocinclus vestitusPanaque albomaculatusPanaque dentexPanaque gnomusPanaque nocturnusPeckoltia arenariaPeckoltia ucayalensisPseudohemiodon laminaPseudorinelepis genibarbisPseudorinelepis genibarbisGlyptoperichthys gibbicepsPterygoplichthysmultiradiatusPterygoplichthys pardalisRineloricaria konopickyiRineloricaria lanceolataRineloricaria morrowiRineloricaria wolfeiSpatuloricaria evansiiSpatuloricaria puganensis

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Family SpeciesSturisoma nigrirostrumSturisoma rostratum

PIMELODIDAE Zungaro zungaroBrachyplatystomafilamentosumBrachyplatystoma juruenseBrachyplatystoma vaillantiiCalophysus macropterusPlatysilurus mucosusDuopalatinus peruanusGoeldiella equesBrachyplatystomaplatynemumHemisorubim platyrhynchosLeiarius marmoratusLeiarius pictusBrachyplatystoma tigrinumMicroglanis zonatusPhractocephalushemioliopterusPimelodella cristataPimelodella gracilisPimelodus maculatusPimelodus ornatusPimelodus pictusPinirampus pirinampuPlatynematichthys notatusPlatysilurus mucosusPlatystomatichthys sturioBatrochoglanis raninusZungaro zungaroPseudopimelodus zungaroPseudoplatystoma fasciatumPseudoplatystoma tigrinumRhamdia quelenSorubim limaSorubimichthys planicepsZungaro zungaro

POECILIDAE Poecilia reticulataRHAMPHICHTHYIDAE Gymnorhamphichthys

rondoniRhamphichthys rostratus

RIVULIDAE Rivulus atratusRivulus ornatusRivulus peruanusRivulus urophthalmus

STERNOPYGIDAE Distocyclus conirostrisEigenmannia macropsEigenmannia virescensRhabdolichops troscheliSternopygus macrurus

TRICHOMYCTERIDAE Henonemus macropsPareiodon micropsPseudostegophilus nemurus

SYNBRANCHIDAE Synbranchus marmoratus

Family SpeciesTETRAODONTIDAE Colomesus asellus


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Guyana VenezuelaAcaronia nassa Agamyxis pectinifronsAcestrorhynchus falcatus Ancistrus brevipinnisAcestrorhynchus microlepis Apistogramma agassiziiAequidens paloemeuensis Astronotus ocellatusAequidens tetramerus Bunocephalus coracoideusParotocinclus spp. Caquetaia kraussiiAncistrus hoplogenys Chaetobranchus flavescensAncistrus temminckii Chaetostoma spp.Ancistrus leucostictus Cichla ocellarisAphyocharacidiummelandetum

Cichla temensis

Apistogramma gossei Thorichthys aureusAstronotus ocellatus Cichlasoma bimaculatumJupiaba abramoides Cichlasoma spp.Astyanax bimaculatus Colossoma macropomumJupiaba keithi Colossoma spp.Jupiaba keithi Crenicichla lugubrisAstyanax leopoldi Crenicichla strigattaJupiaba maroniensis Crossoloricaria venezuelaeJupiaba meunieri Farlowella spp.Jupiaba ocellata Geophagus surinamensisAstyanax validus Geophagus taeniopareiusBrycon falcatus Geophagus spp.Brycon pesu Hemigrammus rhodostomusBryconamericus hyphesson Hemiodopsis spp.Bryconamericus stramineus Hemiodus orthonopsBryconops affinis Heros severusBryconops caudomaculatus Hoplarchus psittacusBryconops cyrtogaster Hoplosternum littoraleBryconops melanurus Lamontichthys llaneroCallichthys callichthys Leporacanthicus triactisCarnegiella strigata Mesonauta festivusChaetobranchopsis australis Metynnis lunaChaetobranchus flavescens Metynnis hypsauchenChalceus macrolepidotus Mikrogeophagus ramireziCharax pauciradiatus Myloplus rubripinnisCichla monoculus Cichla monoculusCichla ocellaris Nannostomus unifasciatusCichlasoma amazonarum Panaque nigrolineatusCichlasoma bimaculatum Paracheirodon axelrodiCleithracara maronii Paracheirodon innesiCopella carsevennensis Trachelyopterus galeatusCopella arnoldi Peckoltia spp.Corydoras aeneus Pimelodus ornatusCorydoras amapaensis Potamotrygon hystrixCorydoras approuaguensis Potamotrygon motoroCorydoras baderi Potamotrygon orbignyiCorydoras brevirostris Potamotrygon schroederiCorydoras condiscipulus Oxydoras nigerCorydoras geoffroy Cephalosilurus

albomarginatus

Corydoras guianensis Pseudoplatystoma fasciatumCorydoras heteromorphus Pseudoplatystoma spp.Corydoras nanus Gnatholebias zonatusCorydoras oiapoquensis Pterophyllum altumCorydoras punctatus Pygocentrus caribaCorydoras sipaliwini Pygocentrus caribaCorydoras solox Rhamdia quelenCorydoras spilurus Satanoperca daemonCreagrutus melanzonus Sturisoma barbatumCreagrutus planquettei Thoracocharax stellatusCrenicichla albopunctataCrenicichla johannaCrenicichla multispinosaCrenicichla saxatilisCrenicichla ternetziCteniloricaria fowleriCteniloricaria maculataCtenobrycon spilurusCynodon gibbusCynopotamus essequibensisFarlowella reticulataFarlowella rugosaFluviphylax palikurGaleocharax guloGasteropelecus sterniclaGeophagus camopiensisGeophagus harreriGeophagus surinamensisGuianacara geayiGuianacara oelemariensisGuianacara owroewefiPseudancistrus brevispinis(appeears in ref. asLasiancistrus brevispinis)Pseudancistrus longispinis(appears in ref. asLasiancistrus longispinis)Pseudancistrus niger(appears in ref. asLasiancistrus niger) Harttia surinamensisHarttiella crassicaudaPeckoltia braueriPeckoltia braueriHemibrycon surinamensisHemigrammus schmardaeHemigrammus bellottiiHemigrammus boesemaniHemigrammus guyanensisHemigrammus ocelliferHemigrammus rodwayiHemigrammus unilineatuscayennensisHemiloricaria cf. platyura(appears in ref. asRineloricaria cf. platyura)

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Appendix 4. Ornamental fish species exported from Venezuela(MONAGAS, 2005) and potentially exported from Guyana(WATSON, 2005)

Heptapterus stewarti(appears in ref. asRineloricaria stewarti)HemiodontichthysacipenserinusHeros efasciatusHoplosternum littoraleHyphessobrycon sovichthysHyphessobrycon copelandiHyphessobrycon eques(appears in ref. asHyphessobrycon callistus)Hyphessobrycon roseus(appears in ref. asMegalamphodus roseus)Hyphessobrycon takaseiHypostomusventromaculatusHypostomusgymnorhynchusHypostomusventromaculatusHypselecara temporalisKnodus heteresthesKrobia guianensisKrobia guianensisKrobia itanyiLaetacara curvicepsLithoxus boujardiLithoxus planquetteiLithoxus stockiLoricaria cataphractaLoricaria nickeriensisLoricaria parnahybaeMegalechis thoracataMesonauta guyanaeMetaloricaria paucidensMicropoecilia paraeMicropoecilia bifurcaMicropoecilia pictaMoenkhausia grandisquamisMoenkhausia intermediaMoenkhausia simulataMoenkhausia lataMoenkhausia chrysargyreaMoenkhausia collettiiMoenkhausia georgiaeMoenkhausia grandisquamisMoenkhausiahemigrammoidesMoenkhausia inraiMoenkhausia moisaeMoenkhausia oligolepisMoenkhausia surinamensisNannacara anomalaNannacara aureocephalus

Nannostomus beckfordiNannostomus bifasciatusOdontostilbe gracilisOtocinclus mariaePanaque dentexPhenacogastermegalostictusPiabucus dentatusPoecilia viviparaPoptella brevispinaPristella maxillarisPseudacanthicus serratusPseudancistrus barbatusHyphessobrycon simulatusPterophyllum scalarePyrrhulina filamentosaRetroculus septentrionalisRivulus agilaeRivulus cladophorusRivulus geayiRivulus igneusRivulus lungiKryptolebias ocellatusRivulus xiphidiusRoeboexodon guyanensisSatanoperca jurupariHypostomus watwataTetragonopterus chalceusThayeria ifatiTomeurus gracilisTriportheus rotundatus


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dyroC

XX

muta irtsor

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menai

DX

sibra

big

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ain

nam

negi

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ain

nam

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ain

nam

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A


UAKARI

48

aibmolo

Clizar

Bure

Paleuzene

Vãna

mA

alcinrets

suceleporetsa

GX

sivels

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bs

um

margi

meH

XX

Xrefill eco

su

mmar

gime

HX

XX

rehcl

ups

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margi

meH

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pps

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utaluca

min

us

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spono

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naivurep

nocyrbosse

hpyH

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hpyH

pps

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Hp

ps.

suecasor

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isotne

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bos sehpy

Ha

mgitsor

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Ha

mgitsor

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umotsocelp

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setinolpo

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X

Vol. 3 (1): 7-51.

UAKARI

49

.tropxe

rofA

MA

BIy

bdevor

ppa

erad

naã

nam

Ad

naá

uarima

Mni

tneser

pera

taht

seiceps

hsiflatne

manro

fosecir

pg

nilleS.6xid

nep

pA

.seiceps

ralimis

setacidni

*:etoN

SPE

CIE

SN

AM

EM

sdr

Asd

rN

o/bo

xC

olom

bia

Peru

1Pe

ru2

Peru

3Pe

ru4

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1Pa

rá2

Man

aus

1M

anau

s2

Rec

ife&

RJ

Ab

ram

ites

hyp

selo

not

us

Y40

-70

.40

.50

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nth

odor

assp

inos

issi

mu

sY

Y18

0-20

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cari

chth

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liiY

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3.36

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mb

lyd

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cock

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bly

dor

assp

p.

Y.2

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nci

stru

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oplo

gen

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100

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cist

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YA

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yan

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100-

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Y10

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UAKARI

50

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ann

ialim

bat

aY

YE

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YY

120-

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pid

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YY

100-

120

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asp

p.

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1Pe

ru2

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3Pe

ru4

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1Pa

rá2

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aus

1M

anau

s2

Rec

ife&

RJ

Vol. 3 (1): 7-51.

UAKARI

51

SPE

CIE

SN

AM

EM

sdr

Asd

rN

o/bo

xC

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bia

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p.

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mai

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100

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nop

erca

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pari

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dez/

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oper

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p.

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asal

mu

ssp

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40.0

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phys

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asp

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can

thoi

des

YY

4.80

-18.

00

1 AN INDUSTRY ANALYSIS - mamiraua.org.br · ornamental fish trade in the Mamirauá Sustainable...

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Transcript of 1 AN INDUSTRY ANALYSIS - mamiraua.org.br · ornamental fish trade in the Mamirauá Sustainable...