1 Abrahamic Religions. The Middle East Judaism.
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Transcript of 1 Abrahamic Religions. The Middle East Judaism.
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Abrahamic Religions
The Middle East
JudaismJudaism
In the Ancient World, what did most people believe in ?
Polytheism – Belief in many Gods
Paganism - Religion used as means to explain weather patterns, illness, world events.
Jewish people believe in Monotheism - One God
Judaism - Origins Hebrew Origins – Fertile Crescent 2000 BC Abraham - Prophet - Covenant with Yaweh,
monotheistic & migrate to Canaan (Palestine) Due to Famine in Canaan, many Hebrews migrate
to Egypt - Pharaoh enslaves Hebrews Moses leads the Hebrews out of Egypt – Exodus God revealed his laws and commandments (10
Commandments) to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of the Torah.
Judaism - Beliefs God loves and protects his people, but also holds them accountable
for their sins and shortcomings. Also, Since God created the world, the world must be good – optimistic message; humanitarianism.
People serve God by studying the Torah and living by its teachings. Torah – the five books of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Oral Torah (Talmud and Mishna) – over the centuries, Rabbis expounded and expanded the Torah.
Ten Commandments – Religious duties towards God & rules of moral conduct; revealed by God to Moses.
YouTube - Ten Commandments - A Parody
Judaism - Holidays Rosh Hashanah - The Jewish New Year
Yom Kippur - Day of Atonement - is the most solemn day of the Jewish year. It is a day of communal fasting and praying for forgiveness for one's sins
Passover (Pesach) - commemorates the Exodus, the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian slavery.
Hanukkah - Festival of Lights - commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. 11
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Conclusion Judaism forever changed the world by believing
in one God (monotheism) as opposed to many Gods (polytheism).
Origin story is one of hope- struggling over oppression.
Moral values and laws come from the Torah and the 10 Commandments.
Christianity and Islam are continuations of the Abrahamic Tradition.
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Christianity
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Christianity Originally a Sect of Judaism - Follow Jesus Believe Jesus was the Jewish Messiah Messiah – savior chosen by God to restore the
Kingdom of the Jews Christians believe that Jesus was the son of God
and he died to redeem mankind for their sins. Jesus used Parables (short stories with simple
moral lesson). Gospels: Love Thy Brother; Take Care of the Poor; Compassion for All; Turn the Other Cheek; Peace and Love.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VA1sx-vyWVk
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Roman Catholic ChurchLeadership
Pope – leader of Religion (First Pope: the Apostle Peter)
Bishop – Church official who is responsible for district area (diocese)
Priest work in local parishes
History Constantine - 313 Edict
of Milan - Emperor of Rome declared Christianity to be approved by the state.
380 Theodosius made it the official religion of the state.
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1054 Great Schism
West Holy Roman Empire Roman Catholic
Church
Map: whs161.swf
East Byzantine Empire Eastern Orthodox
Church
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Protestant Reformation (1517) Protestants reject the Pope’s Leadership Martin Luther - 95 Theses Against corruption,
Indulgences Protestants have no class of priests with special powers to
forgive or anoint the sick Most have two or three sacraments Baptism, Eucharist, &
Matrimony Do not believe in the miracle of the mass where bread &
wine are transformed into the body & blood of Christ
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Protestants
Protestant Denominations: Lutherans Episcopalians Methodists Anglicans Presbyterians Baptists Calvinist
Adventists Anabaptist Congregational Pentecostal Quakerism Reformed Unitarian Waldensians
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Islam
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The Rise of Islam
Religion is born in the 600’s in the Arabian Peninsula.
Pre 600’s region is populated with Bedouins (Arab Nomads) live in clans.
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Mecca Center of polytheistic
worship - dotted with temples
People of Mecca provided various services to religious pilgrims that came.
Many come to worship at the Ka’aba, an ancient shrine
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The Founder of Islam
Muhammad: born into prominent Meccan family; trader & business manager; great interest in religion
While meditating in cave outside city (Mt. Hira) voice of Angel Gabriel spoke to himYou have been chosen as God’s Prophet.
Muhammed transcribed words of Angel = words of Allah (God). Words = The Koran (Qur’an)
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The Teachings of Islam
Islam - “submission to the will of Allah” -Muslim: “one who has submitted”
Shari’a – laws based on the Qur’an and SunnaFive Pillars of Islam
1. Shahada: Belief in One God – Allah2. Sawm: Fast During Holy Month Ramadan3. Salat: Prayer 5x’s a day – facing Mecca4. Zakkat: Give Alms, Charity5. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
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Muhammad spreads Islam
622 Hijra – Muhammad and his followers flee to Medina – In Medina, he becomes a powerful political leader; builds a strong Army
630 - Conquered enemies in Mecca & destroyed idols in Ka’aba - Dedicates it to Allah. Becomes Holy Site.
Many in Mecca convert to Islam and become part of the Umma (Muslim Community)
Muhammad died 2 years laterWho will continue the movement?
Sunni – Shia
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JudaismJudaism, , ChristianityChristianity, and , and IslamIslam
A number of commonalities existA number of commonalities exist:: MonotheismMonotheism. All three religions are monotheistic.. All three religions are monotheistic. A prophetic tradition. All three religions recognize figures A prophetic tradition. All three religions recognize figures
called "prophets," though their lists differ.called "prophets," though their lists differ. Semitic origins. Judaism and Islam originated among Semitic Semitic origins. Judaism and Islam originated among Semitic
peoples – namely the Jews and Arabs, respectively – while peoples – namely the Jews and Arabs, respectively – while Christianity arose out of Judaism. Christianity arose out of Judaism.
A basis in divine revelation rather than, for example, A basis in divine revelation rather than, for example, philosophical speculation or custom. philosophical speculation or custom.
An ethical orientation. All three religions speak of a choice An ethical orientation. All three religions speak of a choice between good and evil, which is conflated with obedience or between good and evil, which is conflated with obedience or disobedience to God. disobedience to God.
A linear concept of history, beginning with the Creation and A linear concept of history, beginning with the Creation and the concept that God works through history. the concept that God works through history.
Devotion to the traditions found in the Bible and the Qur'an, Devotion to the traditions found in the Bible and the Qur'an, such as the stories of Adam, Noah, Abraham, and Moses. such as the stories of Adam, Noah, Abraham, and Moses.
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Additional Information
Click on to enhance your knowledge of the Three Abrahamic Religions.
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Differences Catholics & Eastern Orthodox
Catholic Priests Can not Marry
Services Conducted in Latin
Pope claims authority over all kings & emperors
Divorce is not allowed
Eastern orthodox Priests can Marry
Services Conducted in Greek or local languages
Emperor claims authority over Patriarch & Bishops, P &B head Church as a Group
Divorce is allowed under certain circumstances
Kingdom of Israel 1020-922 BC 1st loosely organized into 12 tribes/independent
states, largest Judah “Jews”, Judaism Rulers – Saul – drove Philistines out David united tribes, est. Jerusalem as Capital Solomon – son of David Built temple for the Ark of Covenant in Jerusalem
& Royal Palace Costly – High Taxes & Forced Labor
Collapse of the Kingdom 922 BC revolts & foreign invasions – Kingdom
splits into two Israel in North, Judah in South 722 Israel falls to Assyrians 586 Babylonians captured Judah King Nebuchadnezzar destroyed temple in
Jerusalem Babylonian Empire conquered by Persians –
40,000 Jewish Refugees to return to the region
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Blue Mosque, inspired by Muslim tradition . Istanbul, Turkey.
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Following Muhammad
Muhammad is God’s Final Messenger Sunna: Muhammad’s example. Best to follow Shar’ia: Guidance of Qur’an & Sunna assembled
into body of law. Regulates family life, moral conduct, Business, &
community life.
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Moving Across Continents
Abu Bakr: loyal friend of Muhammad elected Caliph “leader” First Four Caliphs expanded Islam 6,000 miles Atlantic
Ocean to Indus River – Wars of Expansion Jihad: “striving”; inner struggle against evil;
armed struggle against nonbelievers/Holy War guarantee entrance into paradise
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732 - Battle of Tours
Islamic Army stopped by Charles Martel (French) in Tours, France
Protected Christianity in Europe
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