1.- A Place of Honour Manitoba’s War Dead Commemorated in its Geography Manitoba’s Korean War...
-
Upload
sidney-fortune -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
0
Transcript of 1.- A Place of Honour Manitoba’s War Dead Commemorated in its Geography Manitoba’s Korean War...
1.-
A Place of Honour A Place of Honour Manitoba’s War Dead Commemorated in its Geography
Manitoba’s Korean War Casualties
Manitoba’s War Dead Commemorated in its Geography
Manitoba’s Korean War Casualties
Click Mouse to advance slide.
The United Nations Cemetery is located in Tanggok, Korea a suburb of Busan (Pusan). The land for the cemetery was granted to the United Nations by the Republic of Korea as a tribute to all those who had laid down their lives in combatting aggression and in upholding peace and freedom. There are 2,267 servicemen buried in the United Nations Memorial Cemetery. Of these 1,538 were Commonwealth soldiers, including 378 Canadians.
527 Canadians were killed during the Korean War, of these 37 were Manitobans.
527 Canadians were killed during the Korean War, of these 37 were Manitobans.
The photographs and other information are taken from A Place of Honour – Manitoba’s War Dead Commemorated in its
Geography or
from the Veterans Affairs Canada website. http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/
The satellite photographs are copied from Google Earth. The quality and resolution sometimes varies in the different geographical features
shown. http://www.free-download-place.org/google-earth
Walter Alexander Black, Corporal, of Russell, SH 800223
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 14 November 1951 at the age of 25 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Walter Black Lake (Map 53M/10), southwest of Stupart Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998. Date of Birth: March 28, 1926 Russel, Manitoba, Date of Enlistment: June 21, 1944 Winnipeg, Manitoba. Son to Alexander and Harriet May Black of Solsgirth, Manitoba. Brother to John Allan, Donald, Clifford Carl, Annie, Margret, Mae and Grace Black.
Walter Black LakeLatitude 55º 32’ 52” North - Longitude 94º 40’ 54” West
Walter Black Lake
Walter A. Black
William Edwin Bruce, Private, of Gladstone, SH 4831
Royal Canadian Regiment. He died 23 October 1952 at the age of 25 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Bruce Peninsula (Map 53E/13) in Stevenson Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998. Date of Birth: August 8, 1927 Gladstone, Manitoba. Date of Enlistment: November 19, 1951 Winnipeg, Manitoba. Son of Harry and Margaret Jane Bruce of Gladstone, Manitoba. Brother of Harry Earl, Robert Allen, Daisy Blanche, Eleanor Bernice, Margaret Olive and half sister Celia Merle.
Bruce Peninsula Latitude 53º 53’ 43” North - Longitude 95º 55’ 48” West
Bruce Peninsula
William E. Bruce
Harry Bowman Brydon, Private, of Roblin, H800191
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 8 October 1951 at the age of 24 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. According to his sister, he was born in Roblin in 1929, received his Grade 12 in Roblin and then worked in Roblin Creamery. Date of Birth: August 8, 1927 Gladstone, Manitoba, Date of Enlistment: November 19, 1951 Winnipeg, Manitoba. Son of Harry and Margaret Jane Bruce of Gladstone, Manitoba. Brother of Harry Earl, Robert Allen, Daisy Blanche, Eleanor Bernice, Margaret Olive and half sister Celia Merle. Brydon Island (Map 53M/5) in Utik Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Brydon Island Latitude 55º 16’ 30” North - Longitude 95º 53’ 44” West
Brydon Island
Harry B. Brydon
Brydon Island
Utik Lake
Robert Arthur Craig, Gunner, of Roblin, H 800175
Royal Canadian Horse Artillery. He died 21 November 1950 at the age of 22 and is commemorated at Foam Lake Cemetery, Saskatchewan. He was one of the five children of William and Ethel Craig of Foam Lake. His brother recalls (7 November 2001): Bob was too young to serve in World War II and felt somewhat cheated by that. When the Korean Special Force was formed, he saw it as his chance to serve his country in the same way his Father had done in World War I and two brothers in World War II. He was accepted into the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery and took his basic training at Camp Shilo. Robert Craig Lake (Map 63I/9), northeast of Lawford Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Robert Craig Lake Latitude 54º 34’ 40” North - Longitude 96º 28’ 36” West
Robert Craig Lake
Robert A. Craig
Kenneth C. Crompton, Private, of Brandon, SH61667.
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 3 May 1953 at the age of 26 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was the fifth of the eight children of John and Edith Crompton (nee Purley) of Brandon and was survived by his wife Emilie Crompton of Portage la Prairie. Crompton Lake (53 N/3), south of White Goose Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Crompton Lake Latitude 55º 05’ 53” North - Longitude 93º 07’ 02” West
Crompton Lake
Joseph Arthur Guy Desjardins, Sergeant, of St. Boniface, SH 61667.
Royal 22nd Regiment. He died 20 May 1953 at the age of 21 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was one of the 12 children of Alexander J. and Maria Desjardins of St. Vital. The young Sergeant was last seen fighting the enemy with a pistol in his right hand and a Sten gun in his left. According to his commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Poulin "Desjardins wanted to do a really good show. Date of Birth: April 23, 1932, St. Boniface, New Brunswick, Canada Date of Enlistment: November 2, 1949 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Son of Alexandre Joseph. Brother of Julie (only one mentioned). Ninth in family of 12 children.
Desjardins Lake Latitude 53º 59’ 09” North - Longitude 95º 14’ 29” West
J. A. Guy Desjardins
Desjardins Lake
Harold Victor Edgley, Lance Corporal, of Winnipeg, H800152
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 6 June 1951 at the age of 30 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Edgley Bay (53 L/4) in Kitchi Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998. Date of Birth: September 30, 1920 Tickhill, Doncaster, England Date of Enlistment: August 15, 1950 Winnipeg, Manitoba. Son of Frederick William and Mabel Edgley. Second eldest of four children. Brother of William, Ronald and Raymond. Older brother served with the British Royal Artillery.
Edgley BayLatitude 54º 03’ 00” North - Longitude 95º 35’ 52” West
Adelard Joseph Farand, Private, of Winnipegosis, SH 4942
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 19 November 1952 at the age of 19 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea Date of Birth: March 5, 1933 Winnipegosasis, Manitoba. Date of Enlistment: January 7, 1952 Winnipeg, Manitoba. Son of J. Baptiste and Bernadette. Brother of Adolphe, Ludger, Joseph Frederic, Jean, Eugene and Marie. Farand Lake (Map53 E/15), northwest of Island Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Farand Lake Latitude 53º 59’ 24” North - Longitude 94º 56’ 37” West
Adelard Joseph Farand
Norman Philip Ferland, Rifleman, of Duck Bay, SH5215.
Queen's Own Rifles of Canada. He died 31 March 1954 at the age of 20 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was survived by his wife and their daughter. Ferland Lake (63 1/8), south of Robinson Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998. Date of Birth: March 5, 1933 Winnipegosasis, Manitoba. Date of Enlistment: January 7, 1952 Winnipeg, Manitoba. Son of J. Baptiste and Bernadette Piché. Brother of Adolphe, Ludger, Joseph Frederic, Jean, Eugene and Marie.
Ferland Lake Latitude 54º 15’ 51” North - Longitude 96º 24’ 15” West
Ferland Lake
Joseph Edmond Henri Garand, Private, of Dunrea, SM9706
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 19 November 1951 at the age of 21 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was one of the 15 children of August and Rosanne Garand of Dunrea, Manitoba and the brother of Engineer Olivier Garand. Date of Birth: March 22, 1930 Dunrea, Manitoba, Canada Date of Enlistment: January 3, 1951 Calgary, Alberta, Son of Auguste and Rose Anne (née Fortier) Garand of Dunrea, Manitoba. Husband of Irene Gladys (née Berney) Garand of Cartwright, Manitoba. Brother of Roul, Robert, Olivier, Armand, Gilbert, Roland, Benoit, Edouard, Germaine, Hélène, Aurore, Solonge, Alice and Liliane. Garand Peninsula (63 P/5) in Paint Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Garand PeninsulaLatitude 55º 28’ 02” North - Longitude 97º 53’ 18” West
Garand Peninsula
Joseph Edmond Henri Garand
Leo Paul Gladu, Private. of St. Boniface, H800129
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 3 April 1951 at the age of 19 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Date of Birth: April 29, 1932 St. Boniface, Manitoba, Canada Date of Enlistment: August 14, 1950 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Son of Joseph Alf . Brother of Rose Marie, Georgette and Anita. According to a cousin (27 November 2001): Leo began his life as an underprivileged child born into a poor prairie family. His mother died when Leo was a young boy. Leo spent his young life looking for challenges and new adventures. He led a colourful life and while still a teenager, attempted to travel as much as possible. Leo sought to combine his desire to travel with his quest for adventure by joining the Canadian Armed Forces. His life was cut short while on duty serving his country during the Korean Conflict. Even in death, Leo was a blessing to his family. He provided financial assistance to his father via his military pension. Gladu Lake (Map 63P/2), north of Wilkins Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998
. Gladu Lake: Latitude 55º 13’ 42” North - Longitude 96º 33’ 23” West
Gladu Lake
Gladu Lake:
Louis Joseph Gosselin, Private, of La Broquerie, SL4745
Royal Canadian Regiment. Date of Birth: May 12, 1929 St-Boniface, Manitoba, Date of Enlistment: January 20, 1952 Regina, Saskatchewan, Son of Mack and Clarice (née Labelle) Gosselin. Brother of Aimé, Harold, Robert and Ella. He died 22 June 1952 at the age of 23 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Gosselin Bay (63P/2) in Hermon Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Gosselin Bay Latitude 55º 11’ 54” North - Longitude 96º 48’ 09” West
Reginald Archibald Hall, Private, of Winnipeg, SH800277
Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps. Date of Birth: May 19, 1930 St. Boniface, Manitoba, Date of Enlistment: April 14, 1949 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Son of William and Margaret Ann Hall of Winnipeg. Brother of Mrs. Dorothy Rynhart. He died 4 January 1952 at the age of 21 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Reginald Hall Lake (53L/16), north of Gods Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Reginald Hall Lake: Latitude 54º 57’ 59” North - Longitude 94º 02’ 59” West
Reginald Hall Lake
Alfred Ernest Roy Hansen, Private, of Spear Hill, H800265
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 26 February 1951 at the age of 23 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was the youngest son of Niels and Marion Hansen. Alfred Hansen Lake (53 L/4), southwest of Bolton Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Alfred Hansen Lake: Latitude 55º 01’ 33” North - Longitude 95º 55’ 20” West
. Alfred Hansen Lake
Alfred Ernest Roy Hansen
Henry Joseph Lavallee, Private, of Portage la Prairie, SH493
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 19 July 1953 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Henry Lavallee Lake (Map 63P/6), north of Landing Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Henry Lavallee LakeLatitude 55º 22’ 08” North - Longitude 97º 09’ 37” West
Henry Lavallee LakeHenry Lavallee Lake
Theodore Norman Letkeman, Lance Corporal, of Winnipeg, H800276
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 7 March 1951 at the age of 24 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. The first time he enlisted, his mother had him released because he was underage. Letkeman Lake (Map 53E/16), east of Krolman Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Letkeman Lake Latitude 53º 57’ 55” North - Longitude 94º 14’ 06” West
Theodore Norman Letkeman
Letkeman Lake
William Joseph "Wilfred" Major, Private, of Winnipeg, SH4943
Royal 22nd Regiment. He died 19 August 1952 at the age of 18 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Major Island (Map 63P/9) in Dafoe Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Major IslandLatitude 55º 32’ 52” North - Longitude 94º 40’ 54” West
William Joseph "Wilfred" Major
Major Island
Walter Charles McPhail, Private, of Selkirk, H800030
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 19 March 1951 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was survived by his wife Lovina McPhail of Selkirk and their son. McPhail Island (Map 53 E/16) in Island Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
McPhail IslandLatitude 53º 50’ 24” North - Longitude 94º 01’ 19” West
Walter C. McPhail
McPhail Island
Frederick William Morris, Sapper, of Winnipeg, SH13071
Royal Canadian Engineers. He died 12 June 1952 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery at Pusan, South Korea. He was survived by his wife Lillian Margaret Morris (nee Murray) and their four children. A daughter visited his grave in 1994. Morris Rapids (Map 53 L/4) in the Nikik River was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Morris RapidsLatitude 54º 09’ 58” North - Longitude 95º 44’ 53” West
Frederick William Morris
Morris Rapids
Leonard George Neufeld, Trooper, of Winnipeg, SH62331
Lord Strathcona's Horse. He died 20 August 1952 at the age of 25 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was the son of David G. and Susan Neufeld and the brother of John R. Neufeld (previous entry). Leonard Neufeld Lake (53 L/ll), south of Munro Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998
Leonard Neufeld Lake Latitude 54º 32’ 45” North - Longitude 95º 08’ 48” West
Leonard Neufeld Lake
Emile Normand, Private, of St. Norbert, SH62112
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 5 November 1951 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Normand Island (Map 53E/16) in Island Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Normand IslandLatitude 53º 48’ 34” North - Longitude 94º 02’ 19” West
Emile Normand
Normand Island
Albert Ernest Paillé, Lieutenant, of La Salle, ZD3813
Royal 22nd Regiment. He died 21 October 1951 at the age of 24 while on night patrol and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was one of the six children of Frangois-Xavier and Blanche Paillé of La Salle. His brother writes (16 November 2001): Albert was born at La Salle 16 November 1926. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Manitoba 22 September 1948, having served for four years in the COTC at Currie Barracks in Calgary. He joined the Royal 22nd Regiment in Quebec City in 1949, transferring to its 2nd Battalion in August, 1950. Albert served at Fort Lewis, USA, then at Kure, Japan and finally Korea in October, 1950. As a Lieutenant, he was Platoon Leader of 5 Platoon, B Company. He was killed by a mine that blew up while on patrol in No Man's Land with several of his men who were wounded. The blast was heard by his brother Sergeant John E. Paillé of the PPCLI who had been in Korea since 16 December 1950. He was buried alongside the other Canadian soldiers in the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan. He left two brothers and three sisters. Lac Paillé (Map 54E/12), south of North Norfolk Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1989.
Lac PailléLatitude 55º 32’ 52” North - Longitude 94º 40’ 54” West
Albert Ernest Paillé
Lac Paillé
Royal Blaine Pearson, Private, of Birnie, H800232
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 7 March 1951 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Blaine commenced his elementary schooling at Birnie, Manitoba. The family moved to Neepawa where Blaine continued his education, graduating from Grade 8 in 1946 at Central School. He was very active in sports and was awarded the Legion Trophy for Most Sportsmanlike Player in the Public School Hockey League in the spring of 1946. The family moved to Edmonton in 1950 where Blaine enlisted in the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. His regiment became a special battalion based at Winnipeg where they completed more training prior to their departure for Korea. The PPCLI was the only Canadian Regiment to receive an American Presidential Citation for their involvement in the Korean Conflict. Blaine Pearson Lake (Map 53K712), north of Sharpe Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Blaine Pearson Lake: Latitude 54º 34’ 24” North - Longitude 93º 39’ 51” West
Royal Blaine Pearson
Blaine Pearson Lake
Adam Edward Polnuk, Private, of Winnipeg, H800003
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 31 May 1951 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Polnuk Lake (Map 53K/10), south of Margaret Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Polnuk LakeLatitude 55º 32’ 52” North - Longitude 94º 40’ 54” West
Polnuk Lake
Louis Charles Roberts, Private, of Winnipeg, SB 153871
Royal Canadian Regiment. He died 30 May 1951 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Louis Roberts Lake (53 L/l 3), north of Oxford Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998
Louis Roberts LakeLatitude 54º 56’ 55” North - Longitude 95º 38’ 50” West
Louis Charles Roberts
Tony Siha, Private, of Portage La Prairie, H800150
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 20 March 1951 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Siha Lake (Map53 K/5), southeast of Weber Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Siha LakeLatitude 55º 32’ 52” North - Longitude 94º 40’ 54” West
Siha Lake
Glen Clarence Small, Private, of Dauphin, SH 4778
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 14 July 1953 at the age of 18 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was one of the eight children of Milford G. and Lilian Small (nee Peck). Glen Small Lake (Map 53176), east of Joint Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Glen Small LakeLatitude 54º 23’ 37” North - Longitude 95º 14’ 24” West
Glen Small Lake
Glen Clarence Small
Donald Lee Stanley, Private, of Portage La Prairie, SM 9538
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 21 June 1952 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Stanley Rapids (53 K/10) in the Stull River was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Stanley RapidsLatitude 54º 42’ 19” North - Longitude 92º 32’ 39” West
Stanley Rapids
Charles Lome Stowe, Private, of Miniota, SM 17956
Royal Canadian Regiment. He died 13 October 1952 at the age of 25 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. His niece writes Charles Lome Stowe was born June 17th, 1927 to Jack and Mabel Stowe of Miniota, Manitoba. He was their youngest son who grew up to be a hardworking, fun loving young man who enjoyed music, dances, sports and practical jokes. His winning smile charmed the young ladies and his easy going personality made him a favorite among his peers and co-workers.
Stowe LakeLatitude 54º 04’ 11” North - Longitude 97º 05’ 06” West
Charles Lome Stowe
Stowe Lake
William Leslie Strachan, Private, of Virden K800311
Royal Canadian Regiment. He died 30 May 1951 at the age of 21 at Chail Li while carrying out wounded under the auspices of the Red Cross. He is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was the son of Bill and Ina Strachan and was survived by four sisters and two brothers. His brother recalls Les was born and raised in the Virden area of Manitoba. He received his education in rural schools east of Virden. In his teen years, he worked on farms, when not in school. Driving tractors was his favourite job. He enjoyed sports and liked to hunt. He was very generous and good to his parents. The family moved to Kelowna, BC in 1945 where Les worked on a fruit ranch.
Strachan IslandLatitude 53º 47’ 40” North - Longitude 94º 09’ 41” West
William Leslie Strachan
Strachan Island
George Sydney Trenter, Warrant Officer 2, of Winnipeg, SH 23473
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 11 October 1951 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Trenter Lake (53K/6), northeast of Sharpe Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Trenter LakeLatitude 54º 29’ 11” North - Longitude 93º 17’ 15” West
Trenter Lake
Murray Andrew Truthwaite, Gunner, of Selkirk, SB 154368
Royal Canadian Artillery. He died 3 May 1953 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Truthwaite Lake (53 M/8), west of Richardson Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Truthwaite LakeLatitude 55º 19’ 38” North - Longitude 94º 27’ 00” West
Murray Andrew Truthwaite
Ronald Orin White, Private, of Winnipeg, SB7611
Royal Canadian Regiment. He died 1 October 1952 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Ronald White Lake (Map 53N/6), south of Patch Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998.
Ronald White Lake Latitude 55º 22’ 22” North - Longitude 93º 20’ 30” West
Ronald White Lake
Thomas Barry Wotton, Private, of Winnipeg, H800136
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 25 April 1951 at the age of 21 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. He was the youngest son of Reverend and Mrs. J. F. Wotton of Cardale, Manitoba. Wotton Bay (53 L/l 1) in Munro Lake was named after ttys Korean War casualty in 1998. Ed. Mike's Note: Thomas Wotton was killed At the Battle of Kapyong.
Wooton Bay Latitude 55º 32’ 52” North - Longitude 94º 40’ 54” West
Thomas Barry Wotton
Wooton Bay
William David Wright, Private, of Winnipeg, H16932
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 25 February 1942 at the age of 21 and is commemorated at Brookside Cemetery in Winnipeg. He was the son of Mr. and Mrs. John A. Wright of Winnipeg. William Wright Island ( Map 64G/5), west of Hurst Lake was named after him in 1996.
William Wright Island Latitude 55º 55’ 11” North - Longitude 93º 47’ 53” West
William Wright Island
Lloyd K. Wylie, Private, of Winnipeg, K800117
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. He died 7 March 1951 and is commemorated at the United Nations Cemetery in Pusan, South Korea. Wylie Island (53 E/15) in Island Lake was named after this Korean War casualty in 1998
Wylie IslandLatitude 53º 45’ 31” North - Longitude 94º 46’ 37” West
Wylie Island
November 25th, 2009