16

3.1 – Energy-related CO2 emissions

Energy-related CO2 Emissions Worldwide1

1. Emissions due to the combustion of fossil fuels for fi nal use (transport, heating, etc.) or intermediary use (production of electri-city, oil refi ning). These emissions are assessed by the International Energy Agency on the basis of national energy balances. Some differences in perimeter and methods of computation (in particular in emission factors) with Chapter 4 are to be noted. Chapter 4 data are taken from the inventories of GHG emissions transmitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

2. International maritime shipping and aviation are excluded from national totals.

In Mt CO2 1990 2006 2007Share (%)

in 2007Change (%) 2006 -2007

Change (%) 1990 -2007

North America 5,589 6,654 6,780 23.4 +1.9 +21.3of which: Canada 432 538 573 2.0 +6.6 +32.5 USA 4,863 5,698 5,769 19.9 +1.2 +18.6Latin America 604 978 1,016 3.5 +3.8 +68.2of which: Brazil 193 333 347 1.2 +4.2 +79.8Europe and former USSR 7,944 6,768 6,747 23.3 -0.3 –15.1of which: EU-27 4,059 3,988 3,926 13.6 -1.5 –3.3 EU-15 3,088 3,264 3,200 11.0 -2.0 +3.6 of which: Germany 950 823 798 2.8 -3.0 -16.0 Spain 206 332 345 1.2 +3.7 +67.5 France 352 378 369 1.3 -2.4 +4.9 Italy 398 455 438 1.5 -3.9 +10.0 United Kingdom 553 536 523 1.8 -2.4 -5.4 12 new EU Members 972 724 727 2.5 +0.3 -25.2of which: Russia 2,180 1,587 1,587 5.5 +0.0 -27.2Africa 546 847 882 3.0 +4.1 +61.5Middle-East 588 1,309 1,389 4.8 +6.1 +136.1Far East 4,818 10,063 10,695 36.9 +6.3 +122.0of which: China 2,244 5,645 6,071 21.0 +7.5 +170.6 South Korea 229 477 489 1.7 +2.6 +113.1 India 589 1,244 1,324 4.6 +6.4 +124.7 Japan 1,065 1,202 1,236 4.3 +2.9 +16.1Oceania 281 428 432 1.5 +0.8 +53.6Annex I countries 13,899 14,149 14,259 49.2 +0.8 +2.6Non-annex I countries 6,471 12,899 13,681 47.2 +6.1 +111.4

International marine and air bunkers2 610 981 1,022 3.5 +4.2 +67.4

World 20,981 28,028 28,962 100.0 +3.3 +38.0

Source: IEA.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2007

Inde

x ba

se 1

00 in

199

0

China

Africa

World

USA

EU-15

France

17

Change in Global CO2 Emissions Related to Fuel Combustion

In 2007, energy-related global CO2 emissions reached 29 billion tons (Gt) CO2, a 38% increase since 1990. This rise stems principally from China, whose emissions, slightly more than 6 Gt CO2, are now superior to those of USA. These two countries alone contributed to more than 40% of global CO2 emissions linked to fuel combustion in 2007. In the EU, energy-related CO2 emissions shrank by – 3.3% in 2007 in relation to 1990 values. This is due to the 12 new EU member states, whose emissions diminished from –25%, due to economic restructuring. Conversely, former EU-15 emissions increased from 3.6%, but with uneven situations among countries. Indeed, emissions hugely raised in countries with rapid economic growth (+ 67% in Spain, + 44% in Ireland or + 41% in Portugal) whereas the restructuring of the German industrial sector following unifi cation produced a decrease in emissions of – 16%. The decrease in British emissions (– 5.4%) results primarily from a widespread fuel switch in energy production from coal to natural gas.

Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and oil) still represent 81% of the primary energy mix in 2007, only 5% less than in 1971. In the EU-27, this ratio drops to 78% and even to 51% in France, due to the widespread use of nuclear generation. Worldwide, between 1971 and 2007, the oil share decreased by 10%, coal remained stable whereas the shares of both nuclear and gas raised by 5%. Coal represents a quarter of the global energy mix but it is the fi rst CO2 emitter (45%), because its emission factor is superior to that of oil and gas (cf. page 21).

Source: IEA.

Source: IEA.

Other renewable and waste11%

5,533 Mtep (1971)

Nuclear1%

Natural Gas16%

Oil44%

Hydraulics2%

Coal26%

Other renewable and waste10%

12,029 Mtep (2007)

Nuclear6%

Natural Gas21%

Oil35%

Hydraulics2%

Coal26%

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

Coal Oil Natural Gas

Mt C

O2

1971 1990 2007

Global primary energy mix

18

3.1 – Energy-related CO2 emissions

Energy-related CO2 Emissions per Capita Worldwide

Between 1990 and 2007, the level of CO2 emissions per capita lowered in Annex I countries and greatly increased in non-Annex I countries. Per capita emissions in China raised by more than 100%, to 4.6 t CO2, and are now comparable to the world average (4.4 t CO2). The difference in level of development and a limited access to energy sources restrain emissions in Africa (0.9 t CO2 per capita). In 2007, an inhabitant of the EU-27 emitted on average 7.9 t CO2, a drop of –8% in comparison to 1990 level. This decrease is mainly due to the drop in emissions observed in Germany (–19%) and in the 12 new EU Members. In comparison, the EU-15 had seen its CO2 emissions per capita slowly decrease by –3.4% between 1990 and 2007. With only 5.8 t CO2 released, France emits thrice less than United States or Australia per capita (19 t CO2) and remains easily below the European average –mostly due to its low carbon electricity production system.

In t CO2 per capita 1990 2006 2007Change (%) 2006 -2007

Change (%) 1990 -2007

Population in 2007

(millions)North America 15.6 15.2 15.4 +0.9 -1.1 441of which: Canada 15.6 16.5 17.4 +5.5 +11.3 33 USA 19.4 19.0 19.1 +0.3 -1.8 302Latin America 1.7 2.2 2.2 +2.6 +30.1 461of which: Brazil 1.3 1.8 1.8 +3.0 +40.3 192Europe and former USSR 9.4 7.7 7.7 -0.6 -18.4 880of which: EU-27 8.6 8.1 7.9 -1.9 -7.8 496 EU-15 8.4 8.4 8.1 -2.5 -3.4 393 of which: Germany 12.0 10.0 9.7 -2.9 -19.0 82 Spain 5.3 7.5 7.7 +1.9 +45.6 45 France 6.1 6.0 5.8 -2.9 -4.0 64 Italy 7.0 7.7 7.4 -4.5 +5.2 59 United Kingdom 9.7 8.8 8.6 -2.7 -10.9 61 12 new EU Members 9.1 7.0 7.0 +0.4 -22.6 103of which: Russia 14.7 11.1 11.2 +0.6 -23.8 142Africa 0.9 0.9 0.9 +1.9 +6.4 958Middle-East 4.5 6.9 7.2 +4.0 +60.7 193Far East 1.7 2.8 2.9 +5.2 +77.2 3,651of which: China 2.0 4.3 4.6 +6.9 +132.6 1,327 South Korea 5.3 9.9 10.1 +2.2 +88.5 48 India 0.7 1.1 1.2 +5.2 +69.9 1,123 Japan 8.6 9.4 9.7 +2.9 +12.2 128Oceania 13.7 17.2 17.0 -0.7 +24.5 25Annex I countries 11.8 11.2 11.2 +0.4 -5.1 1,271Non-annex I countries 1.6 2.4 2.6 +4.7 +61.7 5,338World 4.0 4.3 4.4 +2.2 +9.8 6,609

Source: IEA.

Source: IEA.

t CO

2 / c

apita

02468

1012141618202224

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2007

USA

EU-27

France

China

World

Africa

19

Energy-related CO2 Emissions in Relation to GDP Worldwide

In every world area, the amount of CO2 released in the creation of one unit of GDP, called the carbon intensity of the economy, has decreased (–25% worldwide since 1990), except in the Middle East (+18%). In China, the large drop observed between 1990 and 2007 (–48%) hides a trend towards an increase of this indicator between 2002 and 2005 (+5% a year). This shift is directly related to China’s strong economic growth and the related increasing energy needs that have been met essentially through the use of coal. In spite of a strong reduction since 1990 (–31%), Russia continues to have an elevated level for this indicator (a unit of GDP, expressed in $ ppp1 leads to about one ton of CO2 emissions). In the UE-27, this indicator is rather low compared with the other areas of the world, particularly in former EU-15 (0.29 kg CO2 per $, but 0.50 in the 12 new EU members). With only 0.21 kg CO2 per $, France is the second best among EU-27, after Sweden, where both nuclear and hydraulics are very developed.

In t CO2 / million $ 2000 ppp1 1990 2006 2007Change (%) 2006-2007

Change (%) 1990 -2007

"GDP in 2007

North America 664 497 495 -0.3 -25.4 13,684of which: Canada 660 528 547 +3.7 -17.1 1,047 USA 689 507 503 -0.8 -27.0 11,468Latin America 287 281 274 -2.5 -4.7 3,714of which: Brazil 199 225 222 -1.1 +11.5 1,561Europe and former USSR 679 434 416 -4.1 -38.7 16,204of which: EU-27 474 332 317 -4.5 -33.2 12,393 EU-15 405 306 292 -4.5 -27.9 10,947 of which: Germany 549 364 345 -5.4 -37.2 2,315 Spain 316 318 318 +0.1 +0.5 1,084 France 279 222 212 -4.4 -23.9 1,738 Italy 320 294 279 -5.3 -12.9 1,570 United Kingdom 463 301 285 -5.2 -38.4 1,833 12 new EU Members 1,035 532 503 -5.4 -51.4 1,446of which: Russia 1,431 1 070 990 -7.5 -30.8 1,604Africa 408 378 372 -1.6 -8.8 2,372Middle-East 759 894 895 +0.0 +17.9 1,552Far East 564 473 462 -2.3 -18.1 23,133of which: China 1,142 627 598 -4.7 -47.7 10,156 South Korea 535 469 459 -2.3 -14.4 1,066 India 417 337 329 -2.4 -21.2 4,025 Japan 372 339 342 +0.8 -8.1 3,620Oceania 655 581 562 -3.3 -14.1 768Annex I countries 621 446 437 -2.1 -29.7 32,627Non-annex I countries 592 487 475 -2.5 -19.8 28,801World 630 482 471 -2.1 -25.2 61,428

Source: IEA.

Source: IEA.

1. Purchasing power parity.

0200400600800

1,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,0002,200

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2007

China

USA

World

Africa

EU-27

France

t CO

2 / m

illion

$ 2

000

ppp1

20

3.2 – CO2 Emissions due to Electricity plants Production including CHP Plants

CO2 Emissions due to Electricity Production (including CHP plants)1

In 2007, global CO2 emissions from the production of electricity (CHP plants included) reached 12 billion t CO2, a jump of + 59% since 1990. China alone is responsible for more than half of this increase, its emissions more or less quintupling over this period, reaching 3.1 billion t CO2 in 2007. These emissions reached 1.5 billion t CO2, of which 1.1 billion stemmed from the former EU-15 (a + 10% increase over 1990 levels). Germany (where coal represents 50% of the electric mix) is responsible for a quarter of all CO2 released by EU-27 power stations. The com-position of French electricity generation, composed of 88% nuclear and hydraulic, has allowed the country to limit its emissions to 3.7% of EU totals, while at the same time its production of electricity and heat makes 15% of European totals.

In Mt CO2 1990 2006 2007

Share in emissions linked

to energy in 2007 (%) 2

Change (%) 2006 -2007

Change (%) 1990 -2007

Heat and electricity

produced in 2007 (TWh)

North America 2,032 2,657 2,733 40.3 +2.9 +34.5 5,383of which: Canada 100 119 133 23.2 +12.1 +33.5 650 USA 1,866 2,400 2,459 42.6 +2.4 +31.8 4,476Latin America 99 185 198 19.5 +7.1 +100.5 1,011of which: Brazil 12 34 33 9.5 -4.3 +170.4 450Europe and former USSR 3,371 2,849 2,834 42.0 -0.5 -15.9 8,165of which: EU-27 1,504 1,473 1,483 37.8 +0.7 -1.4 4,095 EU-15 1,014 1,117 1,120 35.0 +0.3 +10.5 3,396 of which: Germany 371 345 362 45.3 +4.9 -2.7 847 Spain 65 109 117 34.0 +7.6 +81.5 300 France 46 53 55 14.9 +3.2 +18.9 609 Italy 122 155 142 32.3 -8.6 +15.6 365 U. Kingdom 214 207 203 38.8 -2.0 -4.9 406 12 new EU Members 852 258 231 31.8 -10.5 -72.9 675of which: Russia 1,162 913 877 55.3 -3.9 -24.5 2,720Africa 213 370 386 43.8 +4.4 +81.4 615Middle-East 172 461 484 34.9 +5.0 +181.1 714Far East 1,497 4,734 5,097 47.7 +7.7 +240.5 7,444of which: China 652 2,825 3,060 50.4 +8.3 +369.0 4,037 South Korea 55 211 219 44.8 +3.7 +299.4 481 India 245 701 745 56.3 +6.3 +203.7 803 Japan 364 461 509 41.2 +10.4 +39.9 1,130Oceania 130 244 243 56.3 -0.6 +86.6 299Annex I countries 5,546 5,856 5,963 41.8 +1.8 +7.5 14,269Non-annex I countries 1,968 5,644 6,012 43.9 +6.5 +205.5 9,362World 7,514 11,500 11,975 41.3 +4.1 +59.4 23,631

Source: IEA.

Source: IEA.

1. Includes emissions linked to electricity production (including CHP plants) as a main activity, and emissions in autoproducer plants. The last ones produce electricity as a complement of another activity, industrial for instance. It should be highlighted that IPCC guidelines recommend to record emissions of autoproducers in the fi nal sector which produced them and not in the electricity production sector. This is a reason why these fi gures are different from those of page 23.

2. Ratio between emissions due to electricity production (CHP plants included) and energy-related emissions (page 16).

050

100150200250300350400450500

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2007

Inde

x ba

se 1

00 in

199

0

China

Africa

World

USA

Japan

EU-15

France

21

CO2 Emission Factors for the Principal Fossil Fuels

CO2 emission factors indicate the average amount of CO2 emitted during the production of a single energy unit (in this case, the petroleum equivalent tons or tep) for the given fuel. The factor represents the ratio between the observed CO2 emissions and the amount of energy used.

The presented factors represent global averages and could differ from one country to another.

The exceptional case of biomass fuels is not treated here: CO2 emissions linked to the combustion of biomass fuels are compensated by the absorption of CO2 during the reconstitution of given fuel. If the reconstitution of the biomass fuel does not occur, the non-compensated emissions are recorded in LULUCF calculations (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry).

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11t CO2 /tep

Blast F

urnac

e Gas

Oxyge

n Stee

l Furn

ace G

as

Coke O

ven G

as

Oil Sha

le

Bitumino

us San

dsPea

t

Lignit

e

Anthrac

ite

Petrole

um C

oke

Patent

FuelBKB

Coal

Coal T

ar

Bitumen

Residu

al Fue

l Oil

Orimuls

ion

Gas/D

iesel

Oil

Crude o

il

Shale

Oil

Naphta

Lubri

cants

Kerose

ne

Gasoli

neLNG

LPG

Ethane

Refine

ry Gas

Natural

Gas

Coke O

ven

Source: IPCC, guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, 2006.

Unit: t CO2/tepCombustibles

3.3 – CO2 Emission Factors

Patent Fuel 4.1Anthracite 4.1Bitumen 3.4Coal (Coking, Sub-bituminous, Other Bituminous) Coke oven

4.0

Petroleum Coke 4.5Gasoline 4.1Ethane 2.9Residual Fuel Oil 2.6Liquefi ed Natural Gaz (LNG) 3.2Coke Oven Gas 2.7Oxygen Steel Furnace Gaz 1.9Blast Furnace Gas 7.6Liquefi ed Petroleum Gases (LPG) 10.9Refi nery Gas 2.6Natural Gas 2.4Gas/Diesel Oil 2.3Coal Tar 3.1Shale Oil 3.4Kerosene 3.1Lignite and BKB 3.0Lubricants 4.2Naphta 3.1Orimulsion 3.1Crude oil and Other Oil 3.2Bituminous Sands 3.1Oil Shale 4.5Peat 4.5Tourbe 4.4

Source: IPCC, guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, 2006.