1 (A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (1) Background.

1

(A) Building Socialism (A) Building Socialism with Chinese with Chinese

Characteristics Characteristics (1) Background(1) Background

2


Characteristics Characteristics (2) Economic Reform and (2) Economic Reform and

OpeningOpening

3


Characteristics Characteristics (3) The Four Modernizations (3) The Four Modernizations

4


Characteristics Characteristics (4) Regional Economic (4) Regional Economic

DevelopmentDevelopment

5

1a. What problems did Deng face in1978? (15)b. How did Deng tackle the problemsThat you mentioned in a? (15)

6

2a. What attempts were made by Deng To modernize China in the last twoDecades of the 20th century? (15)b. How far did the attempts contributeTo the modernization of China? (15)

7

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

A.Return of Deng and beginning of a new era• In 1977, Deng resumed/ rehabilitated After the death of Zhou.• In 1978, he announced the shift of focus:Change from class struggle and proletarian Revolutions to economic development and Socialist modernization. It was known as“reform and openness”

8

In 1977, Deng Xiaoping In 1977, Deng Xiaoping became Deputy Premier became Deputy Premier and Vice-Chairman of the and Vice-Chairman of the Communist Party of Communist Party of China. China.

He and his supporters He and his supporters started to regain control started to regain control of the government and of the government and the CPC. the CPC.

Deng Xiaoping

9

The third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC The third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC (( 中國共產黨第十一屆三中全會中國共產黨第十一屆三中全會 ) was held in 1978. Deng introd) was held in 1978. Deng introduced the policy of reform and opening. uced the policy of reform and opening.

Deng Xiaoping making a speech at the 3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC

10

building socialism with Chinese characteristics ( 建設具中國特色的社會主義 )

12th National Party Congress of the CPC ( 中國共產黨第十二屆全國代表大會 , 1982)

One Centre, Two Bases ( 一個中心，兩個基本點 )

13th National Party Congress of the CPC (1987)

11

One Centre Two Bases

Economic construction (經濟建設 )

Reform and Opening (改革開放 ) Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles (to keep to the socialist road and to uphold the people‘s democratic dictatorship, leadership by the Communist Party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought ) [堅持四項基本原則：堅持社會主義道路、堅持人民民主專政、堅持中國共產黨的領導、堅持馬克思列寧主義毛澤東思想 ]

12

B. Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

What does it mean?•Four modernization•Focus on economic construction, improveProductivity and develop technology•Socialist market economy•Certain people get rich first and lead the Whole country to prosperity•Carried out in 3 stages: 1990-2000-2050

13

Differences between Mao and Deng

Mao: stressed ideological thinkingDeng: called for economic and technologicalChanges

Mao: emphasized on class struggleDeng: unity among the classes

14

Mao: demanded self sufficiencyDeng: opened China for trade, investmentAnd joint ventures

Mao: all achieved through ideological MotivationDeng: all achieved through material Incentives.

15


Characteristics Characteristics (2) Economic Reform and (2) Economic Reform and

OpeningOpening

16

(a) Agricultural Reforms (a) Agricultural Reforms

(i) The Household Responsibility System (i) The Household Responsibility System (HRS)(HRS)

The Household Responsibility System (包產到戶 ) introduced in 1978 aimed at increasing peasants’ incentive to work

allowed peasants to keep agricultural output after handing in a fixed amount to the state allowed peasants to sell their crops on the free market

Cadres taking part in the Household Responsibility System

17

The Household Responsibilty System increased agricultural The Household Responsibilty System increased agricultural production. The government extended the contracted perioproduction. The government extended the contracted period from 15 years to 30 years in 2003. d from 15 years to 30 years in 2003.

18

(a) Agricultural Reforms (a) Agricultural Reforms

(ii) Reforming the Procurement (ii) Reforming the Procurement SystemSystem

In 1979, the procurement In 1979, the procurement prices of crops was prices of crops was increased to raise peasants’ increased to raise peasants’ income. income.

A peasant selling his crops to government officials

19

The Household Responsibility System and the The Household Responsibility System and the increase in procurement prices improved the increase in procurement prices improved the livelihood of the peasants. livelihood of the peasants.

Peasants buying television sets in 1980

20

(b) Industrial Reforms (b) Industrial Reforms

(i) Developing Township and Vill(i) Developing Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs)age Enterprises (TVEs)

Local governments set up township and village enterpriseLocal governments set up township and village enterprises (s ( 鄉鎮企業鄉鎮企業 ) to provide employment opportunities and to ) to provide employment opportunities and to promote economic development. promote economic development.

21

The number of TVEs and workers engaged in these The number of TVEs and workers engaged in these enterprises increased rapidly in the last 20 years. enterprises increased rapidly in the last 20 years.

No. of TVEs Employment

1978 Less than 2 million About 28 million

1990 About 18 million About 100 million

22

Significance of TVEs

provided government with 94 billion Rmb taxes in 1992

provided township and village governments with revenue to develop agriculture

absorbed over 50% of surplus rural labour force

Workers of a TVE

23


(ii) Encouraging (ii) Encouraging Domestic Private Domestic Private Enterprises Enterprises

The government also encouraged people to set up The government also encouraged people to set up private enterprises (private enterprises ( 民企民企 ). These enterprises have ). These enterprises have become an important sector in China’s economy. become an important sector in China’s economy.

Domestic private enterprises

24


(iii) Reforming State-(iii) Reforming State-owned Enterprises owned Enterprises (SOEs)(SOEs)

Problems faced by SOEs ( 國有企業 )

poor economic performance

lack of incentive to improve productivity because of standardization of wages

25

Measures to reform SOEs

allowed SOEs to retain a share of profit to improve workers’ welfare and technology gave SOEs greater power in making economic decisions replaced the jobs-for-life policy with contract system introduced Manager Responsibility System ( 廠長責任制 ) allowed SOEs to be privatized or merge together

26

(C) The Open Door (C) The Open Door PolicyPolicy

In 1978, China introduced the Open Door Policy to In 1978, China introduced the Open Door Policy to attract foreign investment. attract foreign investment.

Year Policy

1980Shenzhen ( 深圳 ), Zhuhai ( 珠海 ), Shantou ( 汕頭 ) and Xiamen ( 廈門 ) became Special Economic Zones ( 經濟特區 ).

ShenzhenShenzhen ZhuhaiZhuhai

27

Year Policy

1984 Dalian ( 大連 ), Qinhuangdao ( 秦皇島 ), Tianjin ( 天津 ), Yantai ( 煙台 ), Qingdao ( 青島 ), Lianyungang ( 連雲港 ), Nantong ( 南通 ), Shanghai ( 上海 ), Ningbo ( 寧波 ), Wenzhou ( 溫州 ), Fuzhou ( 福州 ), Guangzhou ( 廣州 ), Zhanjiang ( 湛江 ) and Beihai ( 北海 ) became Coastal Open Cities ( 沿海開放城市 ).

Shanghai

28

Year Policy

1984 Three Economic Open Zones were set up in the Changjiang Delta, the Zhujiang Delta and the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle ( 廈門—漳州—泉州三角 ).

Xiamen

29

Year Policy

1988 Hainan ( 海南 ) became a Special Economic Zone. Shandong Peninsula ( 山東半島 ) and Liaodong Peninsula ( 遼東半島 ) became Economic Open Zones ( 經濟開海區 ).

HainanHainan

ShandongShandong

30

Year Policy

1990Pudong (浦東 ) development in Shanghai was approved.

PudongPudong

31

Year Policy

1991-92

Cities along the Changjiang ( 長江 ) were opened.Border Economic Cooperation Zones ( 邊境合作區 ) were set up. “Opening up along the coast, along the Changjiang and along the border”( 沿海、沿江、沿邊開放 ) became the slogan of the Open Door Policy.

http://www.cn777.com.cn/Index.asp

32

Year Policy

1995

The Open Door Policy was extended to the hinterland with more than thirty cities being given preferential policies similar to those of Shenzhen and Zhuhai.

Xian

33


Characteristics Characteristics (3) The Four Modernizations (3) The Four Modernizations

34

(a) Background(a) Background

In 1975, Premier Zhou Enlai suggested In 1975, Premier Zhou Enlai suggested carrying out the programme of Four Mocarrying out the programme of Four Modernizations (dernizations ( 四個現代化四個現代化 ). ).

35The 11th National Party Congress of the CPC

Four Modernizations written into the party constitution at the 11th National Party Congress in 1977

written into the state constitution

36

(b) Agricultural (b) Agricultural Modernization Modernization

http://www.abchina.com/abcon/pages/index.html

Agricultural policies

re-opened the Agricultural Bank of China to centralize the management of agricultural funds and loans in 1979

increased financial support to agriculture

37

Carried out water-conservation projects to prevent floods

Introduced new farming machines to improve productivity

Taught farmers knowledge on animal breeding, animal disease, varieties of seeds and new farming methods

38

Set up agricultural universities to develop new farming techniques

39

(c) Industrial Modernization (c) Industrial Modernization

China’s industries developed rapidly with the opening China’s industries developed rapidly with the opening of the country in 1978. During 1978-98, industrial of the country in 1978. During 1978-98, industrial production increased about 12% annually. production increased about 12% annually.

Rapid industrial development has created a lot of employment opportunities in China. Most of China’s manufactured products are

exported to overseas markets.

40

China has put great effort China has put great effort into the development of hi-into the development of hi-tech information, automobile tech information, automobile and petrochemical and petrochemical industries. industries.

Lenovo, a famous computer company in China

Automobile industry

Petrochemical industry

41

(d) Scientific and Technological (d) Scientific and Technological Modernization Modernization

Policies towards scientific and technological modernization

To re-organize scientific research institutions

To develop more scientific centres

http://english.cas.cn/Eng2003/page/home.asp

China Academy of Science is one of the most important scientific research institutes in China.

42

To train more professional scientific researchers

43


Characteristics Characteristics (4) Regional Economic (4) Regional Economic

DevelopmentDevelopment

44

(a) Inland-development (a) Inland-development Policy Policy

China started to promote the industrial development China started to promote the industrial development in inland China in the 1950s. in inland China in the 1950s.

Goals of the Inland-development Policy

to redress the imbalance in industrial development of different regions

to promote provincial self-reliance and self-sufficiency

45

(b) Coastal-development (b) Coastal-development PolicyPolicyIn 1988, China introduced the Coastal Development Plan In 1988, China introduced the Coastal Development Plan

(( 沿海發展計劃沿海發展計劃 ). ).

Goals of the Coastal Development Plan

to accelerate the development of the coastal regions

to maximize the benefits of the export trade

to attract more foreign investment

An automobile factory in Guangdong (廣東 )

46

Zhuhai (珠海 ) is a coastal city undergoing rapid economic development.

47

(c) Western-development (c) Western-development PolicyPolicy

In the 1990s, China started to place more emphasis on In the 1990s, China started to place more emphasis on achieving a balanced regional development. achieving a balanced regional development.

Year Policy

1996

1999

2000

the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) and the 2010 Long Term Development Plan (2010 年遠景目標綱要 ). President Jiang Zemin’s proposal of western-development strategy

Introduction of the Western Development Plan ( 西部大開發計劃 )

48

Preferential Treatment of Foreign Investment

tax concessions for foreign enterprises investing in ‘government encouraged projects’ in the Central and Western Regions

Preferential Loan The National Development Bank ( 國家開發銀行 ) provides a loan of 53 billion Rmb for construction projects in Sichuan ( 四川 ).

http://www.cdb.com.cn/index.html

49

Preferential Taxation

The central-local revenue sharing system will be adjusted to benefit the Western Region.

Transportation Development to build eight main roads of 15,000 km in the next 20 years

to build 18,000 km of railways in the Western Region by 2005

to rebuild and expand airports in the Western Region

A highway in Chengdu ( 成都 )

50

Ecological Development

to invest 200 million Rmb to protect virgin forests

Energy Development

to speed up the project of ‘Supplying natural gas from the Western Region to the Eastern Region’ (西氣東輸 )

51

Social Reform:1. Improvements in education and culture• Schools and universities resumed admission• Nine year compulsory education introduced • Cultural and sports activities flourished• A variety of books and movies available.• Olympic Games • Birth Control-”One child family policy”

1 (A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (1) Background.

Documents

Transcript of 1 (A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (1) Background.