1 A Brief History of VR Reading: Sherman & Craig, pp. 24-37 The Ultimate Display by Ivan Sutherland...

1

A Brief History of VR

Reading:Sherman & Craig, pp. 24-37The Ultimate Display by Ivan Sutherland

©2003 Larry F. Hodges, ©2007 Ben Lok, ©2008 Sab Babu, ©2011 Zachary Wartell

©2003 Larry F. Hodges

Organization

Three-Dimensional DisplayVirtual Reality SystemsImportant Events


3D Display

1838-1948 - Early Systems

1967 - Traub’s Varifocal Mirror

1979 - LEEP Optics 1970s - Computer-

based stereo displays

1985 - Commercial LC shutter displays


Early 3D Display

1838 - Wheatstone Stereoscope1849 - Brewster Stereoscope1903 - Parallax Barrier1948 - Holography


Volumetric Displays

1967 - Traub’s Varifocal Mirror

1981 – Larry Sher at BB&N SpaceGraph

1986 - Patent Number 4,607,255UNC Chapel Hill


Commercial Shutter Glasses for CRT-based Stereoscopic Display

Time-multiplexed stereoscopic display 1970s – PLZT

Ceramic Shutters 1985 - Commercial

LC shutter displays


LEEP Optics

Eric Howlett, Pop-Optix Labs 1979Large Expanse, Extra Perspective

(LEEP)Originally for stereoscopic still

photo viewingLenses correct for intentional

camera distortionLater used in HMDs


LEEP Optics


Virtual Reality Systems

1956 – Sensorama1960 – Heileg’s HMD1965-68 – The Ultimate Display1983 – Video Place1985 – NASA AMES1986-89 – Super Cockpit Program1990s – Boom Displays1992 – CAVE (at Siggraph)1995 - Workbench


Sensorama

Morton Heilig, 1956

Motorcycle simulator - all senses• visual (city scenes)• sound (engine, city sounds)• vibration (engine)• smell (exhaust, food)


Heilig’s HMD (1960)

Simulation Mask from Heilig’s 1960 patent

3D photographic slides

WFOV optics with focus control

Stereo sound Smell


Ivan Sutherland

The Ultimate Display (FIPS 1965) Data Visualization: “A display connected

to a digital computer…is a looking glass into a mathematical wonderland.”

Body Tracking: “The computer can easily sense the positions of almost any of our body muscles.”


Ultimate Display (cont.)

Virtual Environments that mimic real environments: “A chair display in such a room would be good enough to sit in. Handcuffs displayed in such a room would be confining, and a bullet displayed in such a room would be fatal.”

VEs that go beyond reality: “There is no reason why the objects displayed by a computer have to follow ordinary rules of physical reality with which we are familiar.”


First HMD-Based VR

•1965 - The Ultimate Display paper by Sutherland•1968 - Ian Sutherland’s HMD

Molecular Docking Simulator

c07 Ben Lok, c08 Sab Babu

•Incorporated force feedback•Visualize an abstract simulation


1983 - Artificial Reality

Responsive Environment Is an environment where

human behavior is perceived by a computer which interprets what it observes and responds through intelligent visual and auditory displays

Contained many of the ideas that define: VR Context Aware

Computing Video Place

[youtube]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqZyZrN3Pl0&feature=player_embedded

Data Gloves

•Light, electrical or metal detectors compute “bend”•Electrical sensors detect pinches.•Force feedback mechanical linkages

c07 Ben Lok, c08 Sab Babu


1985 - Nasa Ames HMD

McGreevy and and Humphries Wearable

immersive HMDs LCD “Watchman”

displays LEEP Optics

Led to VIVID, led by Scott Fisher


Super Cockpit - Tom Furness

Wright Patterson Air Force Base

Visual, auditory, tactile Head, eye, speech, and

hand input Designed to deal with

problem of pilot information overload Flight controls and

tasks too complicated Research only

Big system, not safe for ejecting


FakeSpace Boom Display - early 1990s


CAVE - 1992


Virtual Workbench-1995 (Responsive Workbench, Immersidesk, etc.)


VR Events

1985 - VPL Founded1987 - VR in Scientific American1990 – Siggraph Panel Session1991 - ICAT (International Conference on

Artificial Reality and Telexistence) in Japan1995 – IEEE Virtual Reality Annual

International Symposium (VRAIS 95).1995 – Beginning of Clinical VR1999 – VRAIS replaced by IEEE VR Conference


VPL Founded - 1985

First VR CompanyVPL Research by Jaron

Lanier and Thomas Zimmerman Data Glove Term: Virtual Reality


VR Comes to the Public’s Attention

1987 Article by Jim Foley that features the VPL Data Glove


Siggraph 1990

Special Session: Hip, Hype and Hope – The Three Faces of Virtual Worlds

Chair: Bob Jacobson, University of WashingtonPanelists: John Barlow, Author and Songwritter

Nolan Bushnell, Aaps, Inc.Esther Dyson, Editor, Release 1.0, AnalystTom Furness, Human Interface Technology LabTimothy Leary, University of PittsburghWarren Robinette, University of North CarolinaRandall Walser, Autodesk


1995 - First IEEE Virtual Reality Annual

International Symposium (now IEEE VR)

VRAIS 93 in SeattleResearch Frontiers in VR workshop

at Visualization 93“Timothy Leary Wasn’t Invited”

http://www.cs.uncc.edu/~lfhodges/UNCCVR/Fall03/VRAIS95.gif


1995 - Effectiveness of computer-generated (VR) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia in American Journal of Psychiatry


First IEEE VR in 1999

Announced at VRAIS 98 in Atlanta First IEEE VR held in Houston in

1999http://www.cs.uncc.edu/~lfhodges/UNCCVR/Fall03/VR99.pdf

now an annual conference others: ACM VRST…

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