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Class 14: Online

EWRT 1A

+AGENDA

Essay Review Conclusions Appositives How and When to cite Plagiarism Quoting and Summarizing Integrating Quotations Writing the draft

Tips for writing your essay

+Essay Review An attempt to gain readers’ interest in the introduction

could take as little as two or three sentences or as many as four or five paragraphs.

The thesis statement and definition are usually quite brief—sometimes only a few sentences.

A topic illustration may occupy one or several paragraphs, and there can be few or many topics, depending on how the information has been divided up.

NEW: Conclusion

A conclusion might summarize the information presented, give advice about how to use or apply the information, or speculate about the future of the concept.

+Conclusions

+Should I end with speculation, as Ngo does?

Members of developed societies in general practice none of these forms of cannibalism, with the occasional exception of survival cannibalism when the only alternative is starvation. It is possible, however, that our distant-past ancestors were cannibals who through the eons turned away from the practice. We are, after all, descended from the same ancestors as the Miyanmin, the Alligator, and the Leopard people, and survival cannibalism shows that people are capable of eating human flesh when they have no other choice.

+Should I frame the essay by relating the ending to the beginning, as Toufexis does?

O.K., let’s cut out all this nonsense about romantic love. Let’s bring some scientific precision to the party. Let’s put love under a microscope. When rigorous people with Ph.D.s after their names do that, what they see is not some silly, senseless thing. No, their probe reveals that love rests firmly on the foundations of evolution, biology and chemistry. What seems on the surface to be irrational, intoxicated behavior is in fact part of nature’s master strategy—a vital force that has helped humans survive, thrive and multiply through thousands of years. Says Michael Mills, a psychology professor at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles: “Love is our ancestors whispering in our ears.”

O.K., that’s the scientific point of view. Satisfied? Probably not. To most people—with or without Ph.D.s—love will always be more than the sum of its natural parts. It’s a commingling of body and soul, reality and imagination, poetry and phenylethylamine. In our deepest hearts, most of us harbor the hope that love will never fully yield up its secrets, that it will always elude our grasp.

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Take this opportunity to draft your conclusion.

+Sentence Strategy

Appositives

+A Sentence Strategy: AppositivesSMG 177-79 As you draft an essay explaining a concept, you have a

lot of information to present, such as definitions of terms and credentials of experts. Appositives provide an efficient, clear way to integrate these kinds of information into your sentences. An appositive is a noun or pronoun that, along with modifiers, gives more information about another noun or pronoun. Here is an example from Ngo’s concept essay (the appositive is in italics and the noun it refers to is underlined):

Cannibalism, the act of human beings eating human flesh(Sagan 2), has a long history and continues to hold interest and create controversy. (Ngo paragraph 5)

+By placing the definition in an appositive phrase right after the word it defines, this sentence locates the definition exactly where readers need it. Writers explaining concepts rely on appositives because they serve many different purposes needed in concept essays, as the following examples demonstrate. (Again, the appositive is in italics and the noun it refers to is underlined.)

Defining a New Term

Some researchers believe hyperthymics may be at increased risk of depression or hypomania, a mild variant of mania (Friedman, Paragraph 5).

Cannibalism can be broken down into two main categories: exocannibalism, the eating of outsiders of foreigners, and endocannibalism, the eating of members of one’s own social group (Shipman 70). (Ngo paragraph, 6)

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Each person carries in his or her mind a unique subliminal guide to the ideal partner, a “love map.” (Toufexis, paragraph 17)

Introducing a New Term

“Love is a natural high,” observes Anthony Walsh, author of The Science of Love: Understanding Love and Its Effects on Mind and Body. (Toufexis, paragraph 10)

Giving Credentials of Experts

Identifying People and Things

When I was in high school I read the Robert Browning Poem ‘My Last Duchess.’ In it, the narrator said he killed is wife, the duchess, because . . .(Friedman, Paragraph 2).

Giving Examples or Specifics

Some 2,400 years ago, Hippocrates proposed that a mixture of four basic humors—blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile—determined human temperament…(Friedman, paragraph 6)

+Try it!Try writing several appositive

phrases. Defining a term Introducing a new term Giving the credentials of experts Identifying people and things Giving examples or specifics

Use the examples as models.

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How and When to Cite SourcesAvoiding Plagiarism

+MLA format: on our website Under “MLA Guidelines”

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.

MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.

Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/

 Avoiding Plagiarism: Writers — students and professionals alike — occasionally fail to acknowledge sources properly. The word plagiarism, which derives from the Latin word for “kidnapping, ”refers to the unacknowledged use of another’s words, ideas, or information. Students sometimes mistakenly assume that plagiarizing occurs only when another writer’s exact words are used without acknowledgment. In fact, plagiarism also applies to such diverse forms of expression as musical compositions and visual images as well as ideas and statistics. Therefore, keep in mind that you must indicate the source of any borrowed information or ideas you use in your essay, whether you have paraphrased, summarized, or quoted directly from the source or have reproduced it or referred to it in some other way. Remember especially the need to document electronic sources fully and accurately. Information, ideas, and images from electronic sources require acknowledgment in even more detail than those from print sources (and are often easier to detect as plagiarism if they are not acknowledged). Some people plagiarize simply because they do not know the conventions for using and acknowledging sources. Others plagiarize because they keep sloppy notes and thus fail to distinguish between their own and their sources’ ideas. If you keep careful notes, you will not make this serious mistake. Another reason some people plagiarize is that they feel intimidated by the writing task or the deadline. If you experience this anxiety about your work, speak to me. Do not run the risk of failing the course or being expelled from school because of plagiarism. If you are confused about what is and what is not plagiarism, be sure to ask me.

Quoting and Summarizing:

Writers use sources by quoting directly and by summarizing.

Deciding Whether to Quote or Summarize

As a general rule, quote only in these situations:

(1)when the wording of the source is particularly memorable or vivid or expresses a point so well that you cannot improve it.

(2) when the words of reliable and respected authorities would lend support to your position. (3) when you wish to cite an author whose opinions challenge or vary greatly from those of other experts.(4) when you are going to discuss the source’s choice of words.

• Summarize any long passages whose main points you wish to record as support for a point you are making.

+Short Quotations

To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.

Example: In-text citations

Example: In-text Citations: online (credible) sources

+Integrating QuotationsDepending on its length, a quotation may be incorporated into your text by being enclosed in quotation marks or set off from your text in a block without quotation marks. In either case, be sure to integrate the quotation into the language of your essay.

In-Text Quotations: Incorporate brief quotations (no more than four typed lines of prose or three lines of poetry) into your text. You may place the quotation virtually anywhere in your sentence:

At the Beginning:  “To live a life is not to cross a field,” Sutherland writes at the beginning of her

narrative (11).

In the Middle  Woolf begins and ends by speaking of the need of the woman writer to have

“money and a room of her own” (4)--an idea that certainly spoke to Plath’s condition.

At the End 

In The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir describes such an experience as one in which the girl “becomes an object, and she sees herself as object” (378).

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Long Quotations

For quotations that extend to more than four lines of verse or prose, place quotations in a free-standing block of text and omit quotation marks:

Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented one inch (10 spaces) from the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Only indent the first line of the quotation by an additional quarter inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. (Smith 142)

When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)

+Citing Summarized Material

In Randall Kennedy’s article “Racial Passing” in the Ohio State Law Journal, he discusses such a case in the journey of Ellen Craft, a black woman who passed not only as white but as a white man in order to smuggle her husband  north to avoid slavery (1).  

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MLA Fo

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FOLL

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NDARD FORMAT

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xAc4yZ8VSA

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1” all around Go to “Layout” and adjust

margins or use custom settings

Times New Roman 12 Indent body paragraphs

½ inch from the margin

Double Click in Header Area

Type your last name Justify right Go to “insert” and click

on “page number”

Margins and Formatting Header: Last Name 1

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Your Name

Dr. Kim Palmore

EWRT 1A

22 July 2015

Original Title (not the title of the novel we read)

No italics, bold, underline, or quotation marks

Centered on the page No extra spaces (just

double spaced after your heading and before the body of your text)

Heading: Double Spaced Title

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+Tips for writing your essay

Begin with a long anecdote to draw the reader into your essay.

Write a thesis that includes all of the categories you will discuss.

Use examples and definitions to make your point.

Use appositives to describe nouns and eliminate wordiness.

Introduce and cite your in-text quotations.

Enter your sources on your Works Cited list.

+Homework

Read: HG through chapter 24

Post #17: Post a list of five appositive phrases you have included in your essay.

Post #18: Your conclusion

Bring: Three copies of your complete draft