1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The...

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1 250 375 1’395 628 628 263 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 : Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. n US dollars

Transcript of 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The...

Page 1: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

1

250

375

1’395

628628

263263427

242

105

55

75

World trade patterns, 2005

Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5.Million US dollars

Page 2: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

2

The world’s shifting economic center of gravity

Source: JM Grether and N Mathys (2006), “Is the World’s Economic Center of Gravity Already in Asia?”, mimeo, Univ. of Lausanne

2015

Page 3: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

3

L’avantage comparé: example de base (Ricardo)

ProductivitésEndowments (here, labor

forces)Vin Tissu

Portugal 8 4 5

UK 1 2 20

Postulats

• Deux pays (Portugal et GB)• Deux industries (vin et tissu)• Un facteur de production (travail), • Rendements à l’échelle constants• Pas de coûts de transport• Pas d’intervention gouvernementale• Concurrence parfaite (prix = coût)

Page 4: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

Frontière des possibilités de production: Portugal

Vin

Tissu

40

20

FPP (Frontière des possibilités de production)

Point de consommation en autarcie

Courbe d’indifférence

Page 5: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

FPP de l’Angleterre

Wine

Drape

20

40

FPP

Point de conso en autarcie

Courbe d’indifférenceCourbe d’indifférence

Page 6: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

6

Un équilibre en libre-échange

Production Consumption

Wine Drape Wine Drape

Portugal 40 0 20 20

UK 0 40 20 20

Total 40 40 40 40

Page 7: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

7

The gains from exchange revisited

Indifference curves

Wine

ProductionPossibility

Frontier

Drape

world priceratio

Page 8: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

8

Les gains de la spécialisation

Indifference curves

Wine

ProductionPossibility

FrontierDrape

world priceratio

Productionpoint

Page 9: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

9

Le théorème de Rybszinski

FPP initiale

Acier

Effet des investissements étrangers

Effet de l’immigration

Textile

Page 10: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

10

Digression: La ligne des prix

vente

Achat

vente

Achat

Bien x

Bien y

Ligne des prix

Dotation initiale

Page 11: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

11

Le théorème d’Heckscher-Ohlin

“trade triangle”

steel

drape

Courbe d’indifférence

PPF

Prix relatif sur le marché mondial(tissu moins cher)

hom

e st

eel e

xpor

ts

home drape imports

point de production après l’ajustement structurel

point de conso après l’AS

Prix relatif d’autarcie

Page 12: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

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Page 13: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

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Les gains de l’échange (i): équilibre initial

D

D*

P P

S

S*

Pa

P*a

Country F (relatively inefficient)Country H (relatively efficient)

Quantities

Page 14: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

14

P Country H

Pw

Pa

Equilibrium price

Method 1: Equate segments ab and cd

P*a

P* Country F

c d

a b

Page 15: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

15

Home ES

a b c d

ab = cd

Foreign ED*a b c d

Pa

Pa*

Equilibrium price

Method 2

a) Construct excess supply (ES) and excess demand (ED) curves

ab = cd

Export supply

Import demand

Page 16: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

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Pw

S

D

S*

D*

ESP*a

E=M*

ED*

Equilibrium price, method 2

b) Match the home ES and foreign ED curves on single « world » market

Pa*

Pa

Country H(exporter)

Country F(importer)« World » market

Quantities

Page 17: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

17

AP

(a) Importer country’s domestic market (b) same thing seen on world market

World price

C

EDD

G

B

HF J

I

Kpa

p*

Gains from goods trade

Importer country

consumers’ gain, producers’ loss = neutral

Page 18: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

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Gains from goods trade

Exporter country

A ES

EF

FD

B

pa

p*

C

E G H

I

World price

(a) Exporter country’s domestic market (b) same thing seen on world market

producers’ gain, consumers’ loss = neutral

Page 19: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

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Very similar to trade in G&S:

Identical causes: differences in prices (factor rewards)

Identical consequences: some gains, other loose, and there is a net potential gain.

Gains de la mobilité du capital

Point de départ: pas de mobilité

r

K

ra

K

Paiments au capital

Produit marginal du capital

Stock de capital de l’économie

Paiments aux autres facteurs

+ = PIB (égal au PNB qd le capital ne bouge pas)

Page 20: 1 250 375 1395 628 263 427 242 105 55 75 World trade patterns, 2005 Source: Adapted from The Economist, A Survey of Logistics, 17 June 2006, p. 5. Million.

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Deux pays, H bien doté en capital.

Initialement, rH < rF, : le capital va migrer de H vers F

A l’équilibre, le produit marginal du capital est égalisé dans les deux pays.

Gains from capital movements: EBC for H, EIB for F.

rW

rH

rFEI

B

C

A

D G

VH = pFK

VF = p*F*K

Gains de la mobilité du capitalFlux de capitaux vers l’étranger

Stock de capital national (avant sortie de capital)

Stock de capital étranger (avant entrée)

Expansion du stock de capital étranger (à cause de l’entréee)

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VH=pFK

VF=p*F*K

Gains from factors trade

GNP vs. GDP, efficiency gain

PNBnational

PNB étranger

PIB national

PIB étranger

Gain d’efficacité du au mouvement des capitaux