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SOFTWARE

It Consists of a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do. Software is set of instruction which are developed by the programmers to solve specific problems.

The programs are written in computer languages such as FORTRAN, Basic , Pascal C,C++ etc.

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SOFTWARES ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARES

2. APPLICATION SOFTWARES

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SYSTEM SOTWARES

The system software is set of instruction which are designed by programmer for the use of computer.

These software control the performance of the computer.

These soft wares help user to work with computer.

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TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARES

1. OPERATING SYSTEMS

2. DRIVERS

3. TRANSLATORS

4. LANGUAGES

5. UTILITIES SOFTWARE

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1. OPERATING SYSTEMIt is system software that is used to manage the various resources and over all operations of a computer is called operating system. It acts as a bridge between user and hardware of computer.

It is the first program installed on your computer.

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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1. Windows operating system: window 98, window xp, window vista, window 07 etc.

2. DOS (Disk operating system) 3. Macintosh operating system4. Network operating systemi. LINUXii. UNIXiii. Solarisiv. windows NT

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WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMwindows operating system runs in a rectangular area of the desktop. this rectangular area is called window.

Microsoft windows is an operating system. window is graphical user interface in contrast to the DOS, which is command line interface. An interface determine how you interact with your computer to do things like entering data or running programs like changing fonts numbering lines, creating tables etc

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DOS :DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

it is command line interface operating system. it has no graphical user interface. it works on commands. You have to give command for each task.

Examples of command used in Dos CLS Command: it clear the screen of monitor. TIME: It show time on system DATE: It shows date on system DIR:Entire directory is shown. VER: It will show version of operating system.

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MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEM

It is an operating system which only runs on apple Macintosh computer.

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

These operating system are designed for to work with networks. Like LANs which allows PC to share programs, data files, printer and other devices.

Example of network operating system

Netware, window NT,/2000/2003/2008, Unix,Linux,Solaris

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FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM 1. BOOTING

2. MEMORY MANAGEMENT

3. CPU MANAGEMENT

4. FILES MANAGEMENT

5. TASK MANAGEMENT

6. SECURITY MANAGEMENT

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1. BOOTING

Booting is the process of loading an operating system into a computer’s main memory.

This loading is done by program BIOS

(basic input/output system) stored permanently in ROM.Boot program obtain the operating system which is stored on hard disk, load it into computer main memory. where it remains until you turn the computer off.

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TYPES OF BOOT

COLD BOOTWhen you power up a computer by turning on the power “on” switch this is called cold boot.

WARM BOOTif your computer is already on and you restart it, this is called a warm boot. pressing restart key or Ctrl+Alt+Del.

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2. MEMORY MANAGEMENT

The operating system also manages memory. It swap data or program between main memory and secondary memory such as hard disk.

swap in mean movement of data from hard disk to RAM.

Swap out mean movement of data from RAM to hard disk.

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3. CPU MANAGEMENT

CPU (central processing unit) is controlled by supervisor or kernel. kernel is brain of operating system or central component of operating system. it remains in main memory. It control working of cpu.

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4. FILE MANAGEMENT

File is collection of data which is stored in hard disk.

Example of data files are word files,images,songs etc.if you move,rename,copy or delete file the operating system manages such changes.

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5. TASK MANAGEMENT

Task is an operation such as storing,printing,or calculating etc. computer perform many tasks at once,

like word processing ,database,spreadsheet,songs etc.All are handled by operating system.

Other task managements are

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MULTITASKING

Multi-tasking is the execution of two or more than two programs by one user at the same time on the same computer with one central processor.

MULTIPROGRAMMING

Multiprogramming is the execution of two or more than two programs by more than one user on a single computer.

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MULTIPROCESSING.

when one user at the same time using two or more than two processor. such systems are called fault tolerance, if one CPU fails other will work. multiprocessing is managed by operating system

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6. SECURITY MANAGMENT

Operating system allows user to use user name and password. when you boot your system each time you have to give user name and password.

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2. DRIVER

The type of system software require to run peripheral devices such as mouse ,keyboard,floppy disk, CD-ROM Modem, Printer ,etc.

This type of software is called device Driver. when you purchase a hardware device, you also receive a disk containing a device driver.

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3. TRANSLATOR

it is system software to convert program into machine language. As machine language is only language that computer can recognize and act on directly. when we write program it is in high level language it is converted into machine language by translator.

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TYPES OF TRANSLATOR

INTERPRETER

COMPILER

ASSEMBLER

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INTERPRETER

An interpreter is a language translator program that converts each high level language code into machine language and execute it immediately, statement by statement. Interpreter is slower than compiler. BASIC language use interpreter.

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COMPILER

A compiler is language translator program that converts the entire program

of high level language into machine language form. the programming instruction is called source code .the compiler translate it into machine language which is then called object code.

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ASSEMBLER

An assembler is a program that translate the assembly language program into machine language.

like 10101010101

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4. LANGUAGE

A Computer language is a mean of communication between the user and computer. A computer language is set of instructions. to make programs these instruction are written under some rules.

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

1. LOW LEVEL

2. INTERMEDIATE

3. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

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MACHINE LANGUAGEMachine language is low level programming language. It is the basic language of computer ,representing data as 1s and 0s.example: program written in this form 11100110 0110011 1101.

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEAssembly language is a Intermediate level programming language that allows programmer to write a program using abbreviation or more easily remembered words instead of number.

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HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

A high level language is nearest to human language such as English. high level language is easy from user point of view. For high level languages translators are needed to convert it into machine language. it is much easier to develop software's in high level language.ExamplesBASIC,FORTRAN,COBOL, C,C++,PASCAL,JAVA etc.

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FORTRAN formula translation.

BASIC beginner’s all-purposes symbolic instruction code.

COBOL common business oriental language.

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C LANGUAGE CODE#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){int marks;clrscr();printf("ENTER YOUR MARKS=\t ");scanf("%d",&marks);if (marks>45)printf("congrats! you are successful");elsePrintf ("sorry! you are Fail ");scanf("%d",&a);getche();}

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HTML CODE TO DESIGN WEB PAGE

<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>MY FIRST WEB PAGE</title></HEAD><BODY BGCOLoR=“green”><MARQUEE>MAIWAND INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION</MARQUEE></BODY></HTML>

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5. UTILITY PROGRAM

Utility programs are types of system software. mostly these software are included in operating system.Some important utility programs are as follows:

1. BACKUP2. DATA RECOVERY3. VIRUS PROTECTION4. DATA COMPRESSION5. DISK SCANNER and DISK CLEAN UP

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1.BACKUP

These software are used to take backup or

duplicate copy of data On your hard disk.

Example of backup utilities are

Norton backup and Colorado scheduler.

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2.DATA RECOVERY

A Data recovery utility is used to restore datathat has been damaged or corrupted. data canbe damaged by viruses ,hardware failure, badsoftware, and power fluctuation.

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3.ANTI-VIRUS

Antivirus software is a utility program that scan all

disk to detect viruses. antivirus

detect virus and destroy the virus on the spot.

Example of antivirus

Symantic, Norton ,McAfee, Avira,Bitdefender etc.

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A Virus consist of hidden programming instruction that are attached

with an application or system software. viruses are spread when people

exchange floppy disk ,USB,CDs,download data from internet or open files attached to mail.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF VIRUS

1. BOOT SECTOR VIRUS

2. FILE VIRUS

3. LOGIC BOMB

4. TROJAN HORSE

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1. BOOT SECTOR VIRUS

The boot sector virus replace the boot instructions with some of its own instruction. once the system is turned on, the virus is loaded into main memory before opening the operating system. from there it infect other files.

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EXAMPLE OF BOOT SECTOR VIRUS

Anti EXE,NYB(New York boot), Ripper ,monkey etc

2. FILE VIRUS

File virus attach themselves to executable file (those file that actually begin a program). these file have extension .exe and .COM. when the program is run the virus starts working.

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3. LOGIC BOMB when certain logic condition becomes true

then it work. It starts its working at a certain date and time. Its like time bomb

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TROJAN HORSE

Trojan horse is a program that pretends to be a useful program, usually free, such as game or screen saver but carries viruses, or destructive instructions.

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DATA COMPRESSION

Data compression programs remove gaps and unnecessary data from a computer’s storage space so that less space is required to store data.

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DISK SANNER AND DISK CLEAN UP

These utilities remove unnecessary files, such as temporary files temp files.

For example when you create word file. word will store a temp file.

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE

It is the set of instructions which aredeveloped by the programmer to solve Specific problems. These programs are written in computer language such as FORTRAN,Basic, C++ etc.

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE

DBMS helps you to work with database. These software's help to keep organized, accessible records.

Example's-Access, My SQL,ORACLE etc.

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WORD PROCESSING SOFTWAREWord processing software helps you to produce documents such as reports,letters,and scripts.Example: MS-word,notepad,Word pad.

SPREAD SHEETS SOFTWAREspreadsheets software helps you to work with numbers. an electronic spreadsheet is a table of rows and columns used to store data and manipulate any kind of numeral data.e.g MS-excel

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COMMUNICATION SOFTWAREThese software allows your computer to talk to other computer. it enables the transfer of file between a PC and other computer. It also allows you to send or receive Faxes directly.

ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE Entertainment software is designed to entertain you. With entertainment software you can play cards, play different games.

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FINANCIAL SOFTWARESThese software allows you to store various account information like recording income ,expenses ,income tax, checkbook management etc.

Peach tree, Quick book, Microsoft money etc.

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DRAWING AND PAINTING SOFTWARE

A drawing software allows user to design objects. some drawing programs are

Corel draw, adobe illustrator, macromedia flash, photo paint, paint shop etc.

painting software is also called image –editing software because it allows you to retouch photograph, add special effects.

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