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Learning OutcomesChapter 2
Describe the basic financial information that is produced by corporations and explain how the firm’s stakeholders use such information.
Describe the financial statements that corporations publish and the information that each statement provides.
Describe how ratio analysis should be completed and why the results of such an analysis are important to both managers and shareholders.
Discuss potential problems (caveats) associated with financial statement analysis.
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The Annual Report
Discussion of OperationsUsually a letter from the chairman
Financial StatementsThe Income StatementThe Balance SheetStatement of Cash FlowsStatement of Retained Earnings
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Financial Statements
The Balance Sheet
The Income Statement
Statement of Cash Flows
Statement of Retained Earnings
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The Balance Sheet
Represents a picture taken on a specific date that shows a firm’s assets and how those assets are financed (debt or equity)
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The Balance Sheet
Cash & equivalents versus other assetsAll assets stated in dollars - only cash and equivalents
represent money that can be spent
Accounting alternatives – e.g., FIFO versus LIFO
Breakdown of the common equity accountCommon stock at par, paid-in capital & retained
earnings
Book values often do not equal market values
The time dimensionA snapshot of the firm’s financial position during a
specified period of time
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Unilate Textiles: Dec. 31 Balance Sheets
($ millions, except per share data)
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Unilate Textiles: Dec. 31 Balance Sheets ($ millions, except per share data)
Additional information: 2010 2009
Net working capital = Current assets – Current liabilities $335.0 $295.0
Net worth = Total assets – Total liabilities 415.0 390.0
Breakdown of net plant and equipment account:
Gross plant and equipment $680.0 $600.0
Less: Accumulated depreciation (300.0) 250.0
Net plant and equipment $380.0 $350.0
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The Income Statement
Presents the results of business operations during a specified period of time
Summarizes the revenues generated and the expenses incurred
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Unilate Textiles: Income Statements for Years Ending Dec. 31
($ millions, except per share data)
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Statement of Cash Flows
Designed to show how the firm’s operations have affected its cash position
Examines investment decisions (uses of cash)
Examines financing decisions (sources of cash)
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Unilate Textiles: Cash Sources and Uses, 2010 ($ million)
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Unilate Textiles: Statement of Cash Flows for the Period Ending December 31, 2010 ($ million)
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Statement of Retained Earnings
Changes in the common equity accounts between balance sheet dates
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Unilate Textiles: Statement of Retained Earnings for the Period Ending December 31, 2010 ($ million)
Balance of retained earnings, December 31, 2010 $260.0
Add: 2010 net income 54.0
Less: 2010 dividends paid to stockholders (29.0)
Balance of retained earnings, December 31, 2010 $285.0
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What Information Do Investors Use from Financial Statements
Net working capital = NWC = Current assets - Current liabilities
Operating cash flow = NOI (1-Tax rate) + Depreciation and amortization expense = Net operating profit after taxes + Depreciation and amortization
expense
Free cash flow = FCF = operating cash flow - Investments = Operating cash flow - (in fixed assets + NOWC)
Economic Value Added =EVA = NOI (1 - Tax rate) - [(Invested capital) X (After-tax cost of
capital as a percent)]
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Financial Statement (Ratio) Analysis
Ratios are accounting numbers translated into relative values
Ratios are designed to show relationships between financial statement accounts within firms and between firms
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The Purpose of Ratio Analysis
Gives an idea of how well the company
is doing
Standardizes numbers; facilitates comparisons
Used to highlight weaknesses and strengths
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Five Major Categories of Ratios
Liquidity: is the firm able to meet its current obligations
Asset management: is the firm effectively managing its assets
Debt management: does the firm have the right mix of debt and equity
Profitability: the combined effects of liquidity, asset and debt management
Market values: relates the firm’s stock price to its earnings and the book value per share
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Liquidity Ratios
Current ratio
Quick (Acid test) ratio
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Unilate’s Current Ratio
Current Ratio = Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities
$465.0$130.0
= = 3.6 times
Industry average = 4.1 times
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Unilate’s Quick (Acid Test) Ratio
Industry average = 2.1 times
$465.0 - $270.0$130.0
Quick Ratio = Current Assets- Inventories
Current Liabilities
= = = 1.5 times$195.0$130.0
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Unilate’s Liquidity Position
Liquidity ratios suggest that Unilate’s liquidity position is fairly poor
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Asset Management Ratios
Inventory Turnover Ratio
Days Sales Outstanding (DSO)
Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio
Total Assets Turnover Ratio
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=$1,230.0$270.0
= 4.66. times
Inventory turnover =Cost of goods sold
Inventory
Industry average = 7.4 times
Unilate’s Inventory Turnover Ratio
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Industry average = 32.1 days
days 43.2$4.167
$180.0
360
$1,500.0
$180.0
360
Sales Annual
sReceivable
SalesDaily
sReceivableDSO
Unilate’s Days Sales Outstanding Ratio
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Fixed assets turnover =Sales
Net fixed assets
=$1,500.0$380.0
= 3.9 times
= 4.0 timesIndustry Average
Unilate’s Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio
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Total assets turnover =Sales
Total assets
=$1,500.0$845.0 = 1.8 times
= 2.1 timesIndustry Average
Unilate’s Total Assets Turnover Ratio
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Debt Management Ratios
Debt Ratio
Times-Interest-Earned Ratio
Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio
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Debt Ratio = Total liabilities Total assets
= 42.0%
= $430.0$845.0
=0.509 = 50.9%
Industry Average
Unilate’s Debt Ratio
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TIE = EBIT Interest charges
3.3 times$40.0
$130.0==
Industry Average = 6.5 times
Unilate’s Times-Interest-Earned Ratio
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rateTax 1
payment fund Sinkingpayments
LeasechargesInterest
payments LeaseEBITFCC
$130.0 $10.0 $140.02.2 times
$8.0 $63.3$40.0 $10.0
1 0.4
Industry Average = 5.8 times
Unilate’s Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio
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Profitability Ratios
Net Profit Margin
Return on Total Assets
Return on Common Equity
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4.9%Industry Average =
Profit margin = Net Profit
Sales
$54.0$1,500
0.036 = 3.6%==
Unilate’s Profit Margin Ratio
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10.3%Industry Average =
$54.0$845.0
= 0.064 = 6.4%
=
ROA = Net incomeTotal assets
Unilate’s Return on Total Assets
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17.7%Industry Average =
$54.0$415.0
- 0 = 0.130 = 13.0%=
ROENet income
=Common equity
Unilate’s Return on Common Equity
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Market Value Ratios
Price/Earnings Ratio
Market/Book Ratio
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10.6 times $2.16$23.00
==
Price/Earnings Ratio =Price per share
Earnings per share
15.0 timesIndustry Average =
Unilate’s Price/Earnings Ratio
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Market/Book Ratio = Market price per shareBook value per share
=$23.00$16.00
1.4 times=
2.5 timesIndustry Average =
Unilate’s Market/Book Ratio
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ROA = Net Profit Margin X Total Assets TurnoverNet Income
Sales
Sales Total Assets
X=
$54.0$1,500.0
X=$1,500.0$845.0
= 3.6% X 1.8 = 6.4%
Summary of Ratio Analysis:The DuPont Analysis
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Rate of Return on Common Equity (ROE)
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DuPont Equation Provides Overview
Firm’s profitability (measured by ROA)
Firm’s expense control (measured by profit margin)
Firm’s asset utilization (measured by total asset turnover)
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Potential Problems and Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis
Comparison with industry averages is difficult if the firm operates many different divisions
Inflation distorts balance sheets
Seasonal factors can distort ratios
“Window dressing” can make ratios look better.
Different operating and accounting practices distort comparisons
Sometimes hard to tell if a ratio is “good” or “bad”
Difficult to tell whether company is, on balance, in strong or weak position