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CELLS ARE THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE HUMAN CELLS ARE THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE HUMAN BODYBODY SMALL BUSINESSESSMALL BUSINESSES

CELLS HAVE DIFFERENT JOBSCELLS HAVE DIFFERENT JOBS SPECIALIZE/DIFFERENTIATEDSPECIALIZE/DIFFERENTIATED PANCREATIC CELLS-INSULINPANCREATIC CELLS-INSULIN NEURONS-TRANSMIT SIGNALSNEURONS-TRANSMIT SIGNALS HEART CELLS-CONTRACT TO PUMP BLOODHEART CELLS-CONTRACT TO PUMP BLOOD

MANY DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY BREAKDOWNS IN THE MANY DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY BREAKDOWNS IN THE CELLCELL SOMETIMES CELL ALIVE BUT DAMAGEDSOMETIMES CELL ALIVE BUT DAMAGED SOMETIMES CELL DIES AND IS LOSTSOMETIMES CELL DIES AND IS LOST

BASIC PRINCIPLESBASIC PRINCIPLES

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MANY DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CELL DAMAGE

OR LOSS

MANY DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CELL DAMAGE

OR LOSS

DIABETES-PANCREATIC CELLSDIABETES-PANCREATIC CELLS SPINAL CORD AND OTHER INJURIESSPINAL CORD AND OTHER INJURIES HEART FAILURE AND OTHER HEART FAILURE AND OTHER

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE-HEART MUSCLECARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE-HEART MUSCLE ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE-BRAIN CELLSALZHEIMER’S DISEASE-BRAIN CELLS PARKINSON’S DISEASE-BRAIN CELLSPARKINSON’S DISEASE-BRAIN CELLS RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA-RETINAL CELLSRETINITIS PIGMENTOSA-RETINAL CELLS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-MUSCLEMUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-MUSCLE KIDNEY AND LIVER DISEASEKIDNEY AND LIVER DISEASE

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BOTTLENECKS IN DISCOVERY OF NEW THERAPIES

BOTTLENECKS IN DISCOVERY OF NEW THERAPIES

SOURCES OF CELLS FOR CELL AND TISSUE SOURCES OF CELLS FOR CELL AND TISSUE TRANSPLANTATIONTRANSPLANTATION

DEVELOPING NEW SAFE AND EFFECTIVE DEVELOPING NEW SAFE AND EFFECTIVE DRUGSDRUGS HUMAN TOXICITYHUMAN TOXICITY HUMAN EFFICACYHUMAN EFFICACY

INCOMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF INCOMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF DISEASE MECHANISMSDISEASE MECHANISMS

INDIVIDUAL PATTERNS OF DISEASE INDIVIDUAL PATTERNS OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND DRUG RESPONSEDEVELOPMENT AND DRUG RESPONSE

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HOW CAN STEM CELLS HELP?HOW CAN STEM CELLS HELP?

WHAT ARE STEM CELLS?WHAT ARE STEM CELLS? CELLS THAT CAN DIVIDE TO GIVE RISE TO: CELLS THAT CAN DIVIDE TO GIVE RISE TO:

MORE STEM CELLSMORE STEM CELLS CELLS THAT CAN ADOPT SPECIALIZED JOBSCELLS THAT CAN ADOPT SPECIALIZED JOBS

WHY ARE STEM CELLS PROMISING?WHY ARE STEM CELLS PROMISING? THE RAW MATERIAL TO REPLACED THE RAW MATERIAL TO REPLACED

DAMAGED CELLS AND ORGANS?DAMAGED CELLS AND ORGANS? TOOLS TO UNDERSTAND AND COMBAT TOOLS TO UNDERSTAND AND COMBAT

DISEASEDISEASE TOOLS TO TEST AND DEVELOP NEW DRUGSTOOLS TO TEST AND DEVELOP NEW DRUGS

A NEW ENABLING TECHNOLOGY WITH A NEW ENABLING TECHNOLOGY WITH BROAD APPLICATION?BROAD APPLICATION?

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HOW ARE PLURIPOTENT/EMBRYONIC STEM

CELLS DERIVED?

HOW ARE PLURIPOTENT/EMBRYONIC STEM

CELLS DERIVED?

SPERM

ZYGOTE(TOTIPOTENT)

BLASTOCYST FETUSFERTILIZATION

INNER CELL MASS(PLURIPOTENT)

EGG (OOCYTE)

ADAPTED FROM WWW.NIH.GOV/NEWS/STEMCELL/FIG3.GIF

ADULT

IMPLANTATIONINNER CELL MASS

PRIMORDIAL GERMCELLS

CULTURED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS (ES)EMBRYONIC GERM CELLS (EG)

IN THE LABORATORY IN THE UTERUS

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EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS ARE PLURIPOTENT

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS ARE PLURIPOTENT

CULTURED PLURIPOTENTSTEM CELLS

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HUMAN NEURONS IN A DISH?HUMAN NEURONS IN A DISH?

DAPI B-tub III TH

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WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT PLURIPOTENT/EMBRYONIC STEM

CELLS?

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT PLURIPOTENT/EMBRYONIC STEM

CELLS? STRONG, RELIABLE, HIGHLY REPRODUCIBLE STRONG, RELIABLE, HIGHLY REPRODUCIBLE

DATA ESTABLISH PLURIPOTENCY (ALMOST 20 DATA ESTABLISH PLURIPOTENCY (ALMOST 20 YEARS OF DATA ON EXPERIMENTAL YEARS OF DATA ON EXPERIMENTAL ORGANISMS)ORGANISMS)

SOLID THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SOLID THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL FOUNDATION TO:FOUNDATION TO: INDUCE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALIZED CELL TYPESINDUCE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALIZED CELL TYPES SOLVE REJECTION PROBLEMSOLVE REJECTION PROBLEM

CAN HAVE GOOD GROWTH PROPERTIESCAN HAVE GOOD GROWTH PROPERTIES PROMISING “PROOF OF PRINCIPLE” RESEARCHPROMISING “PROOF OF PRINCIPLE” RESEARCH

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SOME EXISTING EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF PLURIPOTENT/EMBRYONIC STEM

CELLS

SOME EXISTING EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF PLURIPOTENT/EMBRYONIC STEM

CELLS PARTIAL REPAIR OF SPINAL CORD PARTIAL REPAIR OF SPINAL CORD

DAMAGE, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, AND DAMAGE, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE MODELS IN RATPARKINSON’S DISEASE MODELS IN RAT

SHORT-TERM RELIEF OF PARKINSON’S SHORT-TERM RELIEF OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN MONKEYSDISEASE SYMPTOMS IN MONKEYS

INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION TO INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION TO MUSCLE, NEURONS, PANCREATIC MUSCLE, NEURONS, PANCREATIC CELLS, BLOOD-FORMING STEM CELLSCELLS, BLOOD-FORMING STEM CELLS

STUDIES OF DISEASE MECHANISMSTUDIES OF DISEASE MECHANISM