1. 2 ADMIN NOTES Mid-Term Results - - Part III, Balkans.
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Transcript of 1. 2 ADMIN NOTES Mid-Term Results - - Part III, Balkans.
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ADMIN NOTES
• Mid-Term Results
- Part III, Balkans
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SAMPLES OF BEHAVIOR
- - Identify the three vital interest the United States and its NATO allies had at stake during the Kosovo crisis.
- - State the five NATO objectives established in April 1999.
- - State the three key strategic objectives of Operation ALLIED FORCE.
- - Identify the key lessons learned by the US military in Operation ALLIED FORCE.
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The Balkans: A Brief History
- After World War II, monarchy abolished; Communist Party leader Tito proclaimed the country the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, with himself as prime minister- Eliminating opposition, the Tito gov’t executed Mihajlovic in 1946 - Tito died in 1980, and the fragility of the federation he ruled quickly became apparent
Tito
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Three ethnic groups fell into conflict
Serbs—Dominant in Yugoslavia's politics and army, orthodox Christianity makes them natural allies of Russia Croats—Roman Catholics, closer to the West than Serbs and exposed to Western influencesMuslims—Living mainly in ethnically mixedtowns and cities in Bosnia-Herzegovina
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The Crisis in Bosnia
28 Feb 1994, NATO aircraft shot down four warplanes violating the no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina• This was the first military
engagement ever undertaken by the Alliance
Oct 1992, UN Security Council Resolution 781 established a no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina
Operation Deny Flight• Enforced the no-fly zone• Provided close air support to UN troops• Conducted approved air strikes under a dual-key command arrangement with the UN
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The Crisis in Bosnia NATO objectives
• Bosnian Serb compliance to cease attacks on Sarajevo and other safe areas
• Withdrawal of Bosnian Serb heavy weapons from the total exclusion zone around Sarajevo
• Complete freedom of movement for UN Forces and personnel, and nongovernment officials
• Unrestricted use of Sarajevo airport
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The Crisis in Bosnia NATO missions of Operation Deny Flight
• To conduct aerial monitoring and enforce compliance with UN Security Council Resolution 816
• To provide close air support for UN troops on the ground at the request of, and controlled by, UN forces
• To conduct approved air strikes against designated targets threatening the security of the UN-declared safe areas
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The Crisis in Bosnia Operation Deny Flight lasted from 12 Apr 1993 to
20 Dec 1995• Almost 100,000 sorties flown
A formal closure ceremony was held in Vicenza, Italy on 21 Dec 1995• Forces associated with Operation Deny Flight
were then transferred to Operation Decisive Endeavor as part of the overall NATO operation Joint Endeavor.
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The Crisis in BosniaLessons Learned
Lack of doctrine Tactical air and space power
problems Bases weren’t large enough to
accept the contingency surges Coalition/Joint problems Technological problems
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KOSOVO
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Kosovo Crisis Kosovo lies in southern Serbia and has a
mixed population, the majority of which are ethnic Albanians (Muslims)
Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic altered the status of the region, removing its autonomy and bringing it under the direct control of Belgrade, the Serbian capital
The Kosovar Albanians strenuously opposed the move
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United States and NATO Interests at stake
Serb aggression threatened peace throughout the Balkans and the stability of NATO’s SE region
Belgrade’s repression in Kosovo created a humanitarian crisis of staggering proportions
President Milosevic’s conduct directly challenged the credibility of NATO
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NATO Action After the failure of repeated international
diplomatic efforts since the spring of 1998 to peacefully resolve the conflict in Kosovo
North Atlantic Council decided on 23 March 1999 to authorize NATO air strikes
Aimed at strategic targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to end the repression of Kosovar Albanians by the Yugoslav government
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NATO’s Objectives
A stop to all military action and the immediate ending of violence and repression
The withdrawal from Kosovo of the military, police, and paramilitary forces
The stationing in Kosovo of an international military presence
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NATO’s Objectives (cont’d)
The unconditional and safe return of all refugees and displaced persons
Establish political framework agreement for Kosovo in conformity with international law
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Military Objective
“Degrade and damage the military and security structure President Milosevic has used to depopulate and destroy the Albanian majority in Kosovo.”
William Cohen, SECDEF
15 April 1999
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NATO Strategic Objectives Demonstrate the seriousness of
their opposition to Belgrade’s aggression in the Balkans
Deter Milosevic’s attacks on helpless civilians, and reverse ethnic cleansing
Damage Serbia’s capacity to wage war against Kosovo
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Lessons Learned onKosovo War Objectives
US Grand Strategy
Maintain a peaceful, prosperous US-led Europe
Convince NATO to transition from old Cold War common defense against external threats to new Continental security coalition
Persuade NATO to acquire means and will to conduct out of area military ops
European Strategy
Maintain a peaceful, prosperous, and independent Europe
Prevent spillover into Albania and Macedonia, then to Greece and Turkey
Maintain NATO relationship with Russia and give it a role in helping end the crisis
Demonstrate European unity
Kosovo War Aims Stop the Serbian
slaughter and expulsion of ethnic Albanians
Remove Milosevic from power
Accomplish the above with minimal collateral damage and NATO casualties
Common Effort Concealed Widely Differing ObjectivesCommon Effort Concealed Widely Differing Objectives
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Lessons Learned by US Military
United States air refuelers were stretched thin during the operation
Force structure numbers and resources were inadequate for current level of commitments (all services); support and training as important to victory as strike
Older platforms with smart weapons may be seen as good enough; smart weapons may be better than smart platforms
Need the right force structure for the future C4ISR is currently the weakest link in joint
and coalition ops On the brink of another “hollow force”
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Political Lessons Learned by Europeans
Militarily, Europe remains dependent on Americans• Best technology, weapons, and platforms “Made in USA.”• Politicians unwilling to pay the cost of matching unique US capabilities
United States cannot always be counted on to serve the Alliance’s interests• US focus shifted with opinion polls• Fear US commitment could falter if US forces take heavy casualties
European Union can provide diplomatic muscle (Martti Ahtisaari saves the day); many foreign policy interests are similar among EU Nations • Refugee issue• Humanitarian (ethnic cleansing)• Threat of rising Islamic fundamentalism• Need to build external identity
Europe can overcome internal diversity to maintain cohesion• German Luftwaffe conducted first combat missions since 1945• Greece provided logistical support despite popular opposition• Italy and France (which have Communist ministers) offered air bases
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Impact of Kosovo Lessons Learnedon Future DOD Budget Trends
No DOD/Allied spending surge like post-Desert Storm
International defense market continues to shrink
Readiness and retention will increasingly consume $$$$ for modernization
Inevitable tax cut legislation will further erode DOD budgets
Services must eventually deal with the bow wave
Old platforms with smart weapons were good enough
Congress may balk at big bills for new platforms (JSF, F-22, CVX, DD-21)
Support Forces will need big $$$$ too
“We have to make a trade between smart weapons and platforms...We need to encourage the services to concentrate more on smart weapons.”
Jacques Gansler
“We have to make a trade between smart weapons and platforms...We need to encourage the services to concentrate more on smart weapons.”
Jacques Gansler
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Summary Background to the Gulf War Conflict Iraqi Threat Air Defense Threat The Plan of Attack Concept of Operations Five Strategic Rings Target Systems Campaign Overview Video Clip - Beyond the Wild Blue
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Summary Operation PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN
WATCH• Background to conflict and lessons learned
Operation SOUTHERN WATCH• Background to conflict and lessons learned
Operation PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE• Background to conflict and lessons learned
History of the Balkans• Background• Ethnic Groups
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Summary Operation DENY FLIGHT
• Background to conflict and lessons learned Operation ALLIED FORCE
• Background to conflict• NATO actions• Operation ALLIED FORCE begins
Operation ALLIED FORCE• Lessons learned by US Military• Political lessons learned• Impact of lessons learned on future DOD budget
CFD Review
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Next Week
- Air and Space Power Today: The Global War on Terrorism -- Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom and GWOT
Read Chapter 21