1 2 3 4 5 Principle Text Text Hypotheses Made Linguistic schemata Content schemata Formal schemata...

关于中学英语阅读教法的探讨

首都师范大学英语教育系

刘北利

中学英语阅读教法的探讨1、

2、

3、

4、

5 、

一条原则

两个过渡

三组概念

四类图示

五种方法

一条原则Principle

阅读不再是

被动的单向的吸收而是

积极的双向的互动

被动的单向的接收

Text

积极的双向的互动Text

Hypotheses Made

Linguistic schemata

Content schemata

Formal schemata

Background

knowledgeHypotheses Confirmed or Modified

The Scope of EcologyNo living creature, plant or animal, can exist in complete isolation.An animal is bound to depend on other living creatures,ultimately plants,for its food supply.It must also depend upon

for a continued oxygen supplyfor its respiration.

Q: What is this text likely to be about?Q: The writer starts by making a generalization. What do you think he will do next?Q: What sort of dependence? What sort of living creatures?Q: Do you want to change your prediction about the sort of dependence meant?Q: Were you right? What next do you think?Q: Upon what? Why?the activities of plantsQ: Were you right? What else must it depend on plants for?Q: Why does it need oxygen?

两个过渡Changes表层理解深层理解

语法分析语篇分析

Four Levels of Four Levels of Comprehension Questions Comprehension Questions Energy

1. Literal

2. Interpretative

3. Critical

4. Creative

What are the seven kinds of energy mentioned in this selection?What is the main idea of this selection?Can we live without the sun? Explain.

If we were able to harness the sun’s energy efficiently, what consequences would it bring for us?

6

14

5

15

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1999 2000

1999 年、 2000 年高考英语试卷阅读理解（ A）

题目类型分布情况

Literal Comprehension: information explicitly stated

Interpretation: answer not explicitly stated but suggested or implied

Main Idea

Conclusion

Cause/Effect

Writer's Idea

Writer's Purpose

Word/Phrase Meaning

Interpretation7%

17%

21%

14%

14%

27%

This article mainly tells about the storyof ______. (1999-51) a. a lost diary b. Deborah Logan c. Cory Luxmoore d. the Library Company

The biggest advantage of this new system is that ______. (2000-70) a. it reduces the cost of recycling b. it saves time and space c. it saves money for people living in high rises d. it makes better use of the existing recovery equipment

In what way was the night of November 9 the best night for Angela Carraro?(2000-52) a. She had a taste of adventure. b. Burning candles brightened the place. c. Business was better than usual. d. Many people stayed the night in her restaurant.

In the writer's opinion, a good state school should ______. (1999-68) a. produce star performers b. help pupils improve their study skills c. train pupils in language and performing arts d. provide a general education and stage training

The purpose in writing this text is ______. (2000-67) a. to encourage people to recycle their rubbish b. to introduce a recycling system for high rises c. to describe the use of computer technology in recycling d. to explain the need for rubbish collection in high rises

Which of the following can be used in place of "Quite the reverse"? (2000-61) a. Quite right. b. True enough. c. Most unlikely. d. Just the opposite.

1999 、 2000 年阅读理解（ A）中深层理解题占总题量的 72.5% 。

I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was tired and at the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad missed a step and fell, sending my new suitcases rolling down the stairs. “Damn!” he screamed, his face turning red. I knew trouble was ahead. Whenever Dad’s face turns red, look out! (2000 No.26-30)

I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was tired and at the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad missed a step and fell, sending my new suitcases rolling down the stairs. “Damn!” he screamed, his face turning red. I knew trouble was ahead. Whenever Dad’s face turns red, look out!

Grammar-oriented Exercise

______

a. carried

b. carrying

c. having

carried

__

a. On

b. In

c. By

____

a. lonely

b. alone

c. lone

____

a. along

b. up

c. down

_______a. Whateverb. Wheneverc. However

I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was tired and at the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad missed a step and fell, sending my new suitcases rolling down the stairs. “Damn!” he screamed, his face turning red. I knew trouble was ahead. Whenever Dad’s face turns red, look out!

Discourse-oriented Exercise

___

lazy

anxious

tired

____

took

missed

picked

____

rolling

passing

turning

______dangertroubledifficulty

_______give uphold onlook out

Sentence Fill-in -- Context Dependent-- What a tiring evening!

-- Oh, it’s good to sit down after all that standing.

-- ___71___

-- I don’t think I’ve ever felt so tired in my life.

___72___

-- And the heat. ___73___A. I’m not that tired.B. What’s more, I didn’t sleep well last night.C. I could just sit here for ever and ever, and never get up.D. All that silly talk, and the drink and the cigarette smoke.E. Let’s have some coffee. (2000 71-75)

C

D

-- We’d better go to sleep early tonight.B

-- Oh, yes. I need something hot.E

三组概念Concepts1. General/Specific

2. Denotation/Connotation

3. Deductive/Inductive

General/Specific

Food Apple

Fruit

Peach

Pork

Meat

Beef

General/Specific

Fruit

Pear

Peach

Banana

Orange

General/Specific

Pear

Banana

Peach

Orange

Core/

SeedColor

Thickskin

Juicy

General/Specific

1. Word Level

2. Phrase Level

3. Sentence Level

Topic sentence

Word Level

1. ___ place

2. ___ Susan

3. ___

evergreen

___ Room

243

___ girl

___ spruce

___ classroom

___ person

___ tree

G = most general S = most specific

G S

G

G

S

S

Phrase LevelG = most general E = equally

specific1. ___ parts of body

___ the arms of a man

2. ___ May Day

___ New Year

3. ___ basic needs of

man

___ love and respect

from others

G

G

E

E

4. ___ smallness of Holland

___ largeness of Russia

5. ___ quick, powerful lions

___ several wild animals

___ powerful, huge elephants

6. ___ can be harmful to health

___ an expensive habit

___ reasons for not smoking

G

G

E

E

Holidays

Countrysize

Sentence LevelG = most general E = equally

specific1. ___ Africa falls into seven divisions.

___ East Africa is the roof of Africa.

2. ___ A snake smells with its tongue.

___ A snake swallows its food whole.

3. ___ The necktie started out as a piece of lace and

turned into a silk bow.

___ The necktie has been getting smaller and

smaller for hundreds of years.

___ Now many neckties are no wider than a piece

of string.

G

G

EE

Snake is a strange animal.

Denotation/Connotation

A word’s A word’s denotationdenotation is its is its dictionary meaning.dictionary meaning.

eg. traveling -- going on a trip or toureg. traveling -- going on a trip or tour

The idea or feeling that a word The idea or feeling that a word suggests is the word’s suggests is the word’s

connotationconnotation..

eg. traveling -- taking an exciting eg. traveling -- taking an exciting airplane ride airplane ride

Positive Connotation

Negative Connotation

College =

College =

Achievement

Bright future

Exciting

Too much work

Possible failure

Frightening

Denotation/Connotationat sentence level

signification is the meaning that would be common to all utterances of a certain sentence.value is the significance of the utterance for a particular speaker in a particular situation.

Aren’t you cold?

““ Aren’t you cold?”Aren’t you cold?”

• SpeakerSpeaker

• ListenerListener

• Feeling Feeling (function)(function)

• Implied Implied meaningmeaning

Mother

Son who is going out with little clothing onConcern

“You’d better put on your warm coat.”

A


• SpeakerSpeaker




Friend

sb. unsuitably dressed for the weathersurprise

“My goodness! You have so little on!”

B


• SpeakerSpeaker




sb. feeling chilly

sb. who has just opened the windowcomplaint

“Why did you open that window? It’s cold here!”

C


• SpeakerSpeaker




sb. serving hot tea

guest

offer

“Please drink something hot to warm yourself up.”

D


• SpeakerSpeaker




sb. feeling chilly

sb. who suggests going out for a walkrefusal

“I don’t want to go out in that wind.”

E


• SpeakerSpeaker




sb. pointing to a fan

others in the room

request

“Shall I turn off the fan?”

F


• SpeakerSpeaker




mother

son, who refuses to put on warm clothes order

“You must put on this overcoat!”

G


• SpeakerSpeaker




friend

sb. who enjoys winter swimming admiration

“It must take a lot of courage to swim in winter!”

H


• SpeakerSpeaker




Friend

sb. who talks about sleeping outdoors in winter

“I don’t believe you can do that!”

I

doubt


• SpeakerSpeaker




master

housekeeper who fails to make a fire in the roomanger

“Don’t you realize we need some heat in this room?”

J


• SpeakerSpeaker




mother

son who is taking a cold-water showeranxiety

“Stop that! You are going to catch a cold!”

K


• SpeakerSpeaker




friend

sb. who is finishing the tenth ice-cream baramusement

“You are so funny to eat so much ice-cream!”

L

Deductive/Inductive

1. Argument / Conclusion / Premises

2. Deductive / Inductive

3. Weak Argument

4. Hidden Premises

Argument / Conclusion / Premises

An argument is a group of statements, one of which is the conclusion and one or more of which are the premises.

Argument 1

No fish are mammals. premiseTherefore, no mammals are fish. conclusion

Argument 2Everyone in town wears heavier clothing when winter comes. premise 1

It is winter now. premise 2

So everyone in town is wearing heavier clothing. conclusion

Deductive / InductiveDeductive Argument

I t is impossible f or

the conclusion to be

f alse if all the

premises are true.

The conclusion f ollows

f rom the premises as a

matter of necessity.

Argument 1No fish are mammals. Therefore, no mammals are fish. Argument 2Everyone in town wears heavier clothing when winter comes. It is winter now. So everyone in town is wearing

heavier clothing.

Deductive / InductiveI nductive Argument

I t is possible f or the

premises to be true

and yet the conclusion

f alse.

The conclusion does

not f ollow f rom the

premises with

certainty but only

with probability.

Argument 3Upon returning to the apartment I see that the mail is still in the mail box. It is my roommate’s habit to pick up the mail from the box upon returning home. Therefore, my roommate has not yet returned home.

Deductive / InductiveDeductive Argument Inductive Argument

I t is impossible f or

the conclusion to be

f alse if all the

premises are true.

I t is possible f or the

premises to be true

and yet the conclusion

f alse.

The conclusion f ollows

f rom the premises as a

matter of necessity.

The conclusion does

not f ollow f rom the

premises with

certainty but only

with probability.

Weak Argument

2. Faulty Analogy 类推误差

1. Wrong Conclusion 结论误差

3. Causal Fallacies 因果误差

4. Language Ambiguity 语义误差

Tariffs on textiles benefit the textile industry. Tariffs on steel benefit the steel industry. Therefore, a tariff on every imported product benefits the economy.

All circus clowns enjoy making others laugh. Ted enjoys making others laugh. Ted is a circus clown.

Roni develops a rash whenever exposed to cactus weed. On his way home from a hike, he breaks out in a rash. Upon applying some ointment, he exclaims, “I must have brushed by cactus weed.”

Happiness is the end of life. The end of life is death. So happiness is death.

Hidden PremisesTheft is an action that hurts another person. Therefore, theft is immoral.

Premise (explicit): Theft is an action that hurts another person.

Conclusion: Therefore, theft is immoral.

Premise (implicit): Actions that hurt others are immoral.

Hidden Premises

Explicit

Implicit

Hidden Premises

Hidden Premises… Worse still, Dad missed a step and fell, sending my new suitcases rolling down the stairs. “Damn!” he screamed, his face turning red. I knew trouble was ahead. Whenever Dad’s face turns red, look out! How could I ever get him to finish unloading the car without screaming at me and making a scene in front of the other girls, girls I would have to spend the rest of the year with?

(2000 27-33)

Hidden premise 1: If father’s face turns red, he must be angry.

Hidden premise 2: If father is angry, he would lose temper.

Hidden premise 3: If father loses temper, I have to be careful.

Hidden premise 4: Other girls would hear if my father screamed at me.

Hidden premise 5: It was embarrassing to be screamed at in front of other people, especially girls.

四类图示Graphs

1.表格空项2.几何图形3.层次列表4.十字构架

表格空项

1. Kathy does not like vegetables. She ate all of her lunch except the a. meat. b. pastry. c. carrots. d. milk.2. When Diana and her father returned from shopping, their basket was full of bananas, pears, apples, and oranges. They had bought only a. vegetables. b. meats. c. groceries. d. fruits.3. Children may have hair like their mother's and eyes like their father's and thus show traits of both a. ages. b. features. c. parents. d. children.

General Specific1. __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

2. __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

3. __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

vegetables

oranges

mother

几何图形Position of Topic Sentence

1. Top position

2. Bottom position

3. Middle position

4. Double position

5. No topic Sentence

几何图形For some people, carrying on the family name is important. Others want a child for its love or to prevent loneliness in old age. Some couples are curious about the result of their mixture of genes. Many of us have children because we want to give them opportunities that we never had or to treat them as we wish we had been treated: this may amount to living vicariously through our children. Some individuals have a child in order to hold their marriage together: this is unwise because it usually adds strain to an already failing relationship, and the child is often affected most.

Why do people have children?

层次列表(1) It is the first college established and controlled by Indians. (2) This is one of three reasons why Navajo Community College in northeastern Arizona stands out. (3) It is the first institution of higher learning on an Indian reservation. (4) It is the first sign that the navajos and other tribes are charting a course of self-determination that may lift them out of their hundred-year-old cycle of poverty and illiteracy.

2

----------

1, 3, 4

层次列表(1) A boy growing up on the Cheyenne-Arapaho reservation had a good life. (2) He could enjoy the sun rising over the land that stretched for miles without fences or roads. (3) He could play along the North Canadian River and the smaller streams winding through that land. (4) He could feel how friendly the life in the villages was. (5) In those villages were children and dogs and ponies outside the tipis, and men and women busy drying meat or beading moccasins or making arrows or dressing skins. (6) These activities and sights made life very pleasant for the Indian boy.

1 + 6

----------

2, 3, 4

----------

5

十字构架The meat of a plump young bear is said to be quite tender and tasty; but even a hunting dog will refuse the meat of an old bear, for it is a. raw meat. b. fresh meat. c. also excellent. d. very tough.

young

tender

old ?tough

Antonym

十字构架Our bodies are strengthened not by what we eat but by the food that we digest. Similarly, our minds are developed not by what we read but by what we a. forget. b. understand. c. write. d. are told.

eat digest

read ?understand

Analogy

五种方法Tips

1. 添加注释2.行序重组3.限时阅读4.填空练习5.左右匹配

day!

In old New England the schools were

result, the teacher placed their children

schools the mothers and fathers were

supposed to supply the wood. Sometimes

wood for one reason or another. As a

some of the parents didn't supply the

farthest from the fire. The shivering

children were certain to remind their

parents about supplying wood the next

heated by burning firewood. In some

day!

In old New England the schools were

result, the teacher placed their children

schools the mothers and fathers were

supposed to supply the wood. Sometimes

wood for one reason or another. As a

some of the parents didn't supply the

farthest from the fire. The shivering

children were certain to remind their

parents about supplying wood the next

heated by burning firewood. In someThe story mainly tells:a. why parents don't supply woodb. how children catch coldc. how schools got parents to supply firewoodd. what firewood does

1. The door was locked, and they

could not get in because they did

not have a _____.

2. The work is not hard, but it

takes a long _____.

3. When she looked at her watch,

she began to walk faster. She was

afraid she would be _____.

key

time

late

1. As one makes his ___,

so must he lie.

2. East or west, ___ is

the best.

3. Don’t burn the ___ at

both ends.

4. All ___ is not baked in

one oven.

5. ___ is the discoverer

of secrets.

A.

candle

B. wine

C. bed

D. bread

E. home

谢谢！

欢迎批评指导！

刘北利北京市海淀区 833 号信箱英语教育系100037

电话：（ 010 ） 68902341 （ O）

（ 010 ） 68902960 （ H）

电子邮件： [email protected]

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1999 2000 2001

1999 年、 2000 年、 2001 年高考英语试卷阅读理解（ A）

题目类型分布情况Literal Comprehension: information explicitly stated

Interpretation: answer not explicitly stated but suggested or implied

Main Idea

Conclusion

Cause/Effect

Writer's Idea

Writer's Purpose

Word/Phrase Meaning

Interpretation11%

18%

20%18%

9%

24%

This article mainly tells about the storyof ______. (1999-51) a. a lost diary b. Deborah Logan c. Cory Luxmoore d. the Library Company

Which of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph? (2001-74) a. Men keep their innermost feelings to themselves. b. Women are more serious than men about marriage. c. Men often take sudden action to end their marriage. d. Women depend on others in making decisions.

In what way was the night of November 9 the best night for Angela Carraro?(2000-52) a. She had a taste of adventure. b. Burning candles brightened the place. c. Business was better than usual. d. Many people stayed the night in her restaurant.

In the writer's opinion, a good state school should ______. (1999-68) a. produce star performers b. help pupils improve their study skills c. train pupils in language and performing arts d. provide a general education and stage training

The purpose in writing this text is ______. (2000-67) a. to encourage people to recycle their rubbish b. to introduce a recycling system for high rises c. to describe the use of computer technology in recycling d. to explain the need for rubbish collection in high rises

Which of the following can be used in place of "Quite the reverse"? (2000-61) a. Quite right. b. True enough. c. Most unlikely. d. Just the opposite.

1999-2001 年阅读理解（ A）中深层理解题占总题量的 73% 。

““ Aren’t you Aren’t you cold?”cold?”Valu

e 1. Concern

2. Surprise

3. Complaint

4. Offer

5. Refusal

6. Request

7. Order

8. Admiration

9. Doubt

10. Anger

11. Anxiety

12. Amusement

The story mainly tells:a. why parents don't supply woodb. how children catch coldc. how schools got parents to supply firewoodd. what firewood does

1 2 3 4 5 Principle Text Text Hypotheses Made Linguistic schemata Content schemata Formal schemata...

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