1-2 ˆ3 ˇ ' () *˛ + ,- ˙./ .0 #˚ ! $%& ˇ · Portfolio as a Vehicle for Empowering Competencies...
Transcript of 1-2 ˆ3 ˇ ' () *˛ + ,- ˙./ .0 #˚ ! $%& ˇ · Portfolio as a Vehicle for Empowering Competencies...
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 431 –
�� ����� ������� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3�! ! , 431 − 453 ������ ,�2016��1438� �
������ � �� �������������� ������ � �������� �������� ��� � �����!�
"#�� � ����!�� $%& ��'��()� *���+ ��,�-�./� ��.0�� �1-2�� ���3 �
4��. 5�.$��6� 7#� -�8�1�
$ %�� ��&�' � ( )*�� � +18�07�1437;� )*�� ./+0 ( 26�12�1437� �
: ��;$: 1%2 34 �5�6 �� 78 9: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� � BC���� B�/��D�� �?E?��F�� B���AG�� �?E*2 ( ( H��G/�� ����AD�� ��I�& (��&�'$ %�� J �5�6 �� �*?@ 9<�G20 K& ,$ �%�� ���&�' ( ��?�E��� ��?�� L�M�& ( BC���� B�/��D��N� ��OI�/�� 9& PF�5� �+0��?2Q� B�0�: ��+�D
�SIT��,���%��0 , .?�U0 ��?��A26�/���H68���� ����S*��0 B��<�?/�� V@��*�� .?�WF�� �OI�/�� 9& PF5�0 , J XY Z[��F*�� 9�*?0���?��A2�/��� ���8\F�� � �%� �E���� �/��D�� ��'����,BC���� B�/��D�� ] �^6�_��0 .@�AF�� K& �`�0 ,�D�� a:Y K& b5��0 ��c@Td� ���50 ��cF:��& K& �`�0 �E���� �/� J ?��e f�@0
��?E?��F�� .[��5��� g�F<4 ���A^0 ,h�6 F�� ���A^ V i�MI j5�F& f@Y f@ B;�I ���A^ f@Y XY Z[�F*�� B�ckY B���AG�� i�M�I j�5�FE�28.6�, ��c?�� i�MI j5�FE V*c�� 6�DF�� ���A^0 �?E��F�� �l?/�� m?En2 ���A^�28.2�, i�M�I j�5�FE j?�DPF�� ���A^ mo K&0 �27.4�,m���%F�� i�M�I j�5�F& .�+Y0
�24.4� J>_G20 �?pY K@ ��?F*�� 78 ��?��A26�/�� ��?E?��F�� B���AG�� K& BC���� B�/��D�� ]Gq (J
��=��� � �����: ,�?E?��F�� B���AG�� ,H�G/�� ���AD�� ,;��<=� >�&V*c�� 6�DF��J _________________________________________________________________________________
Portfolio as a Vehicle for Empowering Competencies to Pre-service Teachers in Early
Childhood at Al-Quds University
Buad Khales(1) AlQuds University
(Received 25/04/2016; accepted 27/09/2016)
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the role of portfolio as a vehicle for enhancing competencies to pre service teachers in early childhood at Al-Quds University. Ten students of Practicum course participated in this study, in which the researcher employed the classroom observation, interview, and portfolio analysis as instruments and utilized the qualitative method and the grounded theory to analyze collected data. The results section listed the contents of portfolio, which pre service teachers worked on collectively. portfolio contents came as follows: project plan, daily plan, sample of learners-designed educational games, photos of activities implemented during field training by the student teacher , videos, reflection, children’s worksheets and samples of children's work. the result shows that the highest competences was teaching strategies and create educational materials (28.6) mean, then design learning environment and professional development that hold (28.2). so planning hold (27.4), As well evaluation attain (24.4).
Keywords: Portfolio, Early childhood, Competences, Professional Development. _________________________________________________________________________________
�1� , @�M& r�F5Y s�AdN� ���60 �?[� Ft� �?�� H�[�� ,����� ������ �?�^' ,$ %�� ��&� h�� �Y ,]DM�: , u !�20002�
(1) Assistant Professor, College of Educational Sciences, Department of
Elementary & kindergarten, Al-Quds University.
Abu Dis, Palestine, P.O. Box (20002)
v0G�=� �w��: [email protected] e-mail:
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 432 –
��-2 :
{�2B��EF��� mS�& |�&CF � +0 ,.AD�� ���;� �8 ��c[�}60 B���EF��� 6��D2 b�& �CF t� , 6��D20
�?pY 34 X��56� �� ~/*20 ,m���� K�& 30N� B��*M��� ���6�D}0 .AD�� H�?I,� 7��GA20 7��E< ( �o��2 V�c:
~F?n��P� K����G20, �/%FM���� ~��2�?I 6�M��& ��� U0 � ,x��y�2010 J�
m?����F��0 ���?�� H6�;0 9���5 � n���� �8���0?*?DM�A���� 2013� ~���' �?I K& .AD�� �CF t� 34
`�?^��0 m?���F�� ��?�E�� |�6�z ~�F?E*2 f�@ b�?� K�& ���?[C*�� ���<����; ,�?EM����0 ,���?���A<t�0 ,���?�%���
�?Ad����0, �?�?2��5t� �Dy� sT} K& ,�?+T}N�0 �x*�2 V�F�� ���AD�� ��?�E�� �6��z .�AD�� .��' f�@
���F��0 m?��F��m, �x� VF�� ����%�� �CF t�0 .�AD�� , ~[C<0 76�D2 ( mcM20J
D�� Z&�� V&�2 ��r � @ .�AD�� 6�/F@� 34 ���A �6�zm��F�� �?�E@ ; BC���& �� �@4 Z&��� ��W/2 �8�
�AU �E��& K@ s�AdN� ���6 ���F��� f�@ s��AdN� `m, �E*20����F�� V ������ f�@ mc��_�20 ,��_F^t�0
�%��0 6�/'=� Y /& �:�20 ,���, Y �/& f�@ `^�2 . s�E_��0 � �F��0 �� =�0 �<0��� J;w�0 �E���� 60�
��� �:�2 sT��} K��& s���AdN� b��& .��E��� (� �����'� m��F��� f@ m @�M2 VF�� �?��=�& Early ,Saluja(
)2002 ,CliffordJ 0~/*2 .�/+ ]�E���� .�? �2 Z&�� 34 X�56� ��
�*oY0 �& y��� , ��?�� H6�;0 9�@� ���r .�'Y K&0 �?2�5t� �cFD} ( �?*?DM�A�� m?��F��0 B�AF�t� 34 �?
]E��E��; B�6��c��0 �6���� K& �&�S*& ��G�FE� X� B� ��t�0 m?%��0 �?nnPF��0 �&����, �:�%O X�A%O�0
���� VF�� �?E���� m��nn� X�:���0 ,�&�@ ,aE� ���E ����0 C^ �D_< ~���0 ,���D�� �U �@�*F& L�D ���E
�� f@ 7 @�M20 ,m���F�� �?�E@ ( m�cA�� .�'Y K�& m���F ��?E*20 �A�FP�� �?2�?�� B�6�c�� ���D2 f@0 ,a?/DF��0
BTG_��� .�I ��GA20 �+�*�� �GAF��� ��?�� H6�;0 ,�?*?DM�A�� m?��F��02008 J�
����AD�� ��I�& ( ]E���� �� @4 Z&�� ��M20 |��� ]E���� u�M^4 34 H�G/���?E?��F�� B���AG�� K& ;
VF��h�6 �F��0 j?�DPF�� ( .OEF2 ,04 .[��5��� g��F<m��%F��0, m��& Z���0 ,��@�A�� �?E��F�� �l?/�� m?En20
��?%�� K& ~*GE� �� a?/DF��0 ���S*�� ] j��� f@ 6��+�/%FM�� 760 �Wise & Leibbrand, 2000�J
��'����^�6�^ �]���0� Karacaoğlu, 2008 � �XY ��OEF2 ]��E���� B�����A^( . ,>n���� H6��4 Bt����
�CF t�0s�AdN� b�& ��^�� ��*0 ,mcF�&��& KMI0 �W�� bEF���0 . N�, H��O&0 ��@�*F& ��l�5Y ���d0
�GAF��, ��@0 �D_�<N� 6��G:N� j�60 ,�cE� �%20
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 433 –
,L0�A�� H�@��&0 �/�D�� ./%20 �?�:� �� H6�o40 �cE?S*20�@�*F&0 �E[T& m��%2 �?��5Y �� PF5�0 J
���?F�� B6����Y0� Ljubetić, 2012� XY 34 ,�6����� f�@ .EF_2 s�AdN� ���6 BC��& B���A^
m?%��0 ,B� ��t�0 ,B�6�c��0, ]M�U ���� K& VF�� ����& a:0 BC���� B�56�� �?*c&, |��*0 9��5 ~�?�@
BC���� ��?E?��F�� B���AG�� ( �S*�� H��@4 34 �5�6 ��s�AdN� ���6K�)����0 ����� X�%�� ( , �:��¡40
s�n�2t�0 .e��F�� ���A^, ��E��E�� ����\��� H6 �%��0 ��%*�� ���GAF�� ���?E*2 n��% ���?OW/�� B�6���c��0
=�0 f�@ ��6 �%& �?E*20 s�AdN� ���6 �E��� V@� �%�� r���� �.I0 �E[T�� B�6 ��cc'��2 V�F�� BTG_��
s�AdN� m?��2 s�� ( J ��50?<�' j* �^��� u�FM ,Christoph ,Janina(
)2016 0)2011, Deku, & Agbenyega( 0�2005 ,Eric( ����AD�� .%I ( ]�&���� ]E���� B���A^ f@ �����,
�c���0, 0TF&� �?pY2 �?pY0 ,�c^ f�@ ]�E���� ����m����A^, �¢/20 �¢/20 � � �W< m�� %F�& ; �o�2 ��N
�� m ���E< (V��*c, ���?I K��& s���AdN� b��& m��c�E@0 h�6 F��,m���%F��0 ,�?E��F�� �l?/�� m?En20 mc*�Gq0 ,
mc&�c& ���Y K& J �<0��D�� £%F5�0�2015 �B���AG�� �?M�6 F��
X��E���� ��/�D�� ��cG�FE� VF�� $6� ��� ( X�6 �F��
]��E���� ���S< ���c'0 K��& ���<0��F��J Z[���F< B���ckY0 /�D�� ¤TF&� �5�6 �� ( �?M��6 F�� B���AG�� ]E���� �
¥Q� ���?2�� a��:0 ����6N� Bt������ : j?��DPF�� ,h�6 ��F��0 ,�?n��P_�� B�An���� B�����A^0 8��?A*2
,h�6 F��0h�6 F�� m��%2 J
��¦T} �M�FG� V�F�� a[��D��0 Z&�w�� � �F20 K�& 9�<�^ ���5 ;�A�FP�� �?E?��F�� B���AG�� X�E����
m[��%�� ��6 F�� sT}B����AG�� f�@, sT�} K�& 0Y ]E���� ] �?���/F�� B�6��`�� Z&�� J �o0 XY §��� K& �E
��?��A26�/�� ���� ����D2 ( mcM���E |��?*c& ] b�5��0 m �G:0 mcF:�%o J
���0� ��?��A26�/�� � |��?�50 ]��E��E�� ©EM�2 mc:6��& 6�/F}�,��?%?%I B�+�?5 ( mcE?+0 ; ��?W
�E*��n%F5t� H6�c& V�,�� .E���0 CV@, H6 �+ �?E*20 ~2��56�� ( ��GAF�� f�@ ��& y� .�/+ m����� ���D��
�E*�0 ,�?M�6 F��.%��� B���@ ~� � V, m��F�� ( 7 <�M�0 H�?�� § &; �&��F�� �GAF��0 .&�F�� ~F56�� w@ ��r0
�Jones, 2010� ]0 h*�^�0 �A�?'(Gelfer, Xu, Perkins,
2004)Y X����?��A26�/� ��� ���%� VF�� sC@N� KE�F� 0 ,m����K& grC< 0 ,�?M��6 F�� j�Dy� ,.�E��� L�60Y
m�����F^0 m��@0)��&0 ���/�D�� sC��@Y0, ���Fª C��^ ��?��A26�/��� K�& grC�<0 ��¢�0 �?�E�5 ����& f@
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 434 –
��/�D�� ��6��%20 B�6�/F}t�, ���FG�� ����Y KE��F�0 hG�2 VF��0 ~ �e�y� �?�&�F�� ~�F�I6 w@ 76�D2 § &
m?��F�� �?�E@ ( J � n���� �8���0��?��A26�/����: � �����DF� ���%��d
��F��0 m����56�� �����D20 ]��E����� m�� ��%F�& ( �om �G:0 J 34 �S*� K& �Eo0���?��A26�/��� H��Y ~A�e�
0 ]��E���� ���Y m����%F�4m��;����<, VG��5�t �@ ���0�LaBosky, 2000 ��: �FG?� m����~FAM ( h�6 �F��,
~2�56�� K@ �?�&�F�� ~2��F^ ~� ? jP?: ��&N� ,��?*c��
8��� ©/n�?� 7���%� ��O^Y ��%o ( M�A<,~ (0 ~�[�6«
,����� ~���0 �O^Y H6 + f@ �?E?��F�� ~2�56�� ���D2�¦ ~F�'��& ��¡ (,�� K&�� VF�� ~2� %F��0 J
9�56� B�5�6� �Eo0���?��A26�/�� �9�WF:0 m?��F�� �?�E@ ( ~A?k�2 ��&Y L�:Q�;]�E���� ]GEF� ,
mc[��Y ���D20, .�?%@ ��Y ��5�6� 9: 0 �2014 � 34 �� PF���5� B����+��& K���@ >_���G�������?��A26�/�� �
(Portfolio) ���&�' ( ��?�E��� �?�� L�M& �/�d § �.?�y�, m?���F�� ��?�E@ ( ~&� PF�5� ��W< m�� ���0
���20 ,m��F��04�?*?DM��A�� ��l?/�� ( ~�%?/D2 �?<�G&, t� �I�/�� � PF5� �5�6 �� �� Y a?%U �?\0�<�/F5 J
>��?k�2 34 ���'��� K��@ ���5�6 �� Z[���F< 9A_��^0��?��A26�/�� �m?��F�� (J
]�� � � � n��� �8��0�2013, Chien� 34
]���E���� B����56�� ������2, ����W< m�� ���%F�&0 ��?��A26�/��� v0G�=�,0 �5�6 �� ( ¤6���16 � K&
,X�����2 ��&�' ( ]E���� ��5�6 �� 78� ( 9�Ak00 .��?�U0 ���?�&�F�� ����FG��0 ���SIT������?��A26�/���J
]E���� XY �5�6 �� Z[�F< B�ckY0Y >�?k�2 ( ��@ �����?��A26�/��� mcE?����2 (; ����FG�� �����pY m���Y t4
� �I�/�� � + ~?�@0 ,�� %*��0 �?�&�F�� K& ��� ]E��E� >��?k�2 f��@ ]���2 V��F�� B���I�+t�����?��A26�/�� �
��'�< H6�n B�56C�� ( .&�F��0J B��G�6��� ��5�6� 9�50�(Alwraikat, 2012
�?���� B�5�6 �� �/�d B� ��� ( �W/�� 34� �FM'���H�6�F^ ��0 � �W<��?��A26�/�� �=�v0G�, ( ¤6���0
�5�6 ���90� |�/��d �?���� B�5�6 �� �/�d K& ��&��� (6N�� ��W< B�� ��t� $��?%& ��I�/�� � PF5�0 ,�?<
��?��A26�/���, B� ��� �5�6 �� Z[�F< B�ckY0 4 �?�� >?k�2 �W< �/�D�� § ���?��A26�/���, ���'0 � �@0
h*��� ��\F& 34 §`�2 B� ��t� B�D5�F& ( L0�:F& ( L0�: '�2 C*? ,xnPF��0 B� ��t� B�D5�
©��n�� ��?E���� �'6 ��0 u�5��� B�6�c& 34 §`�2H�6�F^ �� �/�d J $6�0Y X�< �@0 �<0�Oner, & Adadan, 2011�
��?��A26�/�� �=� �&��F�� ��GAF�� ���DF� H���^ v0G� �5�6 �� ( ¤6��0 ,]E���� �/�D���19 �/��d |� |C��& K&
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 435 –
����&�'4��& ( ���?^�2 ( s�/*D��5 ���?�E��� ���?�� L�M mc?���4 ����d0 ,���?E?G�� h�6 ��2 �?����5Y xn�PF�
H �_& �?�E��� �?�� L�M& sT}�60 � |�nI |�?Ae , �mo K&0 sT�}0 ,L�M�� ���� ( ]F?Ae ]FnI a?/D2
�/�D�� 6�d �?An�� B� �_����?��A26�/��� =� v0G� xn��� s��I m����F^ ~�?: ����¡00 ,m�� !�y�
����� V���F�� $06 ����� m��6�n���20 m���cDD}0 ,�?An ,.�&�F��: ��SIT�� Y �/2 ��?�E@ sT} K& ,��08A*?5
h�6 �F�� m�o K�&0 j?DPF��: ,.?�WF��: J ( 9�Ak00 �;0 L�M�� ���� (0 ,�?�&�F�� ��FG�� .?�U H��Y �5�6 ��
X���OI�/���<�/F��5� ���?<0G�4 >��?k�2 ���?�@�: s���I ��?��A26�/�� �=�( v0G� ��c'0 K�& m?���F�� �?�E@
]E���� �/�D�� �S<, |T?�U B�<�?/�� 9��I0 |�?@�< w@ , $0��5 ~��/2� 8�� B�<�?/�� X6�%�� .?�WF�� �?�c*&
5T'0 J ��/�F�� f�@ ��/�D�� H6 %& Z[�F*�� B�ckY0 w�@ ��?�E��� ��?�� L�M�& ( m�6���0 m��w�} K@
��FG����� �56C��0 �?�&�F� XY Z[�F*�� B�ckY C^ ,�?�&�F >��?k�2����?��A26�/���=� ( ���/�D�� @���5 v0��G�
( m @��50 ,m�¦C@N ���'���� ��8\F�� f@ s�n��m��56��0 m���F^ .� �2 J
¬&0F?�� /X�E?�50 ] (Chitpin & Simon,
2009) �?�@�: �%�2 ( �& +��?��A26�/�� � ���Y ���D2 (]E���� �/�D��0 4 m 6��D2 K@ �W¡���� H6�n�� ��D@
���5�6 �� ( ¤6����0 ,V��*c�� �15 � ���/�D�� K��& ���/��d��6��F<� ���&�' ( V[� �Ft� m?���F�� mM+ ( ]E����,
�?[� Ft� $6� �� ( �?�E��� �?�� L�M& ( ]%WF���0 ]��E���� ���/�D�� 34 ����d0 ,� ��*^ (4 >���& ��_��<
��?��A26�/�� ��� ��F^0 �5�6 �� ( 9Ak00 ,~?: BT&�FV 0 B�0�N� K& ���: B�%�I0 ,�EGW�� ~/� ���%��
.��?�U0 ,���%*������?��A26�/���, ,���?�&�F�� ����FG��0 XY Z[�F*�� B�ckY0��?��A26�/�� � ��� � U ( @�5
���FG�� ( m��6 �+ f@ `?^��0 ,�?*c�� ]E���� �/�D�����56�� K�@ �?�&�F�� sT�} K�& ���r0 ,mcM�A<Y0 m
mcF�'��&��?��A20w��� ��%*�� B�%�I0 m� !�y� s�I %�2 9<�^ VF����?��A26�/��� J
�����5�6� 9n����%F5�0Y�����200 6t0 ������?*2 Attinello, Lare & Waters, 2006)� ���?��A26�/���
w��@ ,m ����D20 ]��E���� ���Y m?�?%2 ( 760�04 �����'� VI������� $6� ��& ( ©M��& L� u���*' ( ���?A���
�5�6 �� ( ¤6��0 ,�?G��&N� H WF�� B��t����752 � |C��& ���Ak0 ���?��A26�/���0 B��*�5 b�6Y 8�*& �46 �
|�:)&<�/F5t� mc?�@ 9@;00 ,� >�?k�2 �?A?^ ���F� ��?��A26�/�� � 9��'Y C^ ,]E���� ���Y ���D2 ( 760�0
b& ���%&� 10 � ]E��&0�4�]:)& J0 Z[��F< B�ckY >��?k�2 X0 ����� ]:)����0 ]��E���� XY ���5�6 ��
��?��A26�/���m?��F�� ���D2 ( ; ~<N �6���& K�& �`�
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 436 –
m?����F�� ���?�E@ ( m����56��0 ]��E����, K��& �����0 mc*? C?: X0��F�� H�/^ �e�: � 0 ,m�6��0 m���eYJ
�]����0 Y 9����?�0�Ouellett, 2007 � �����?pY��?��A26�/��� ���� �c?*� VF�� �E�� [��A��0X��E w�@
~A?k�2; r4,m® �� �&��F�� �GAF��0 ¥�8�� m��%F�� ;`�� �M�ª0 1�P_�� ¯���� a�%ª ~�<Y C�^ w��: ,���N� K
����?��A26�/��� ~��<N m �����D20 ]��E���� ]��Gq mF��� ���e�A�� mc?��D��0 ,�?�0�M���� .��EU f��@ mc��_���
y� ( X0��F��0 �^6�_E�� j�D�D_�<N�0 ��l? m?�S*20 �M��' w�@ ���r0 ;��'���� ��8\F�� m E�0 ,m��F�� 6�DF2 �8�0 ,�?��A2�/�� �_+�*E �e�y� ���GA�� �n*��
m����A^0 m��56�� J �>��-�� ��?:
Y �OI�/�� 9SIto ��?�� B�+�M�� �cM�6 2 ��* ��?�E��� ��?�� ��/�d XY s��AdN� ���6 ( �?�E��� (
�?[� Ft� �?�� xn�, X��Ak�� t s�AdN� ���60 =� >�& ;��<��?��A26�/��� ,��?�E��� ��?�� L�M�& (
t0 m�cDD}0 m�¦C@Y X���'��� t ��/�D�� �� XY0 m� @�M�& ( ��oY K& �?��A26�/�� �� �e�}0 ,���%o��
m��56�� mc: f@,��cF�'��&0 , m����F^ w�@ ���r0 �?�&�F��, a[��o0 ]E���� �/�D�� � ] '�2 t ��8^
mcE?���2 ����D2 ( mc*�?�F� mc*�? C?�: �¦��/2 mc*GE� L�M�& ( �/�D�� f@ �OI�/�� 9I+�0 ,mc[��Y ]MU0
>�& m?En2 s�AdN� ���6 ( �?�E��� �?��;���<=� ��?��A26�/��J�
��5�6� 34 ��OI�/�� 9c'�2 ��r .'Y K&0 >��&=��< ;���?��A26�/�� �~�A?k�2 �?pY0( ��?�� B�+�M�&
( H��G/�� ����AD�� xn�� ( �?�E��� $ �%�� ���&�' @
�1%2 34 �OI�/�� 9�50 >�& ;���<=�� ��?��A26�/�� � ( sT} K& ,�?E?��F�� B���AG�� K& BC���� B�/��D�� ]Gq
��'��&0 �?An�� �SIT����?��A26�/�� �BT�%��0 J �>��-�� A-B:
>���& ���?�@�: �1��%2 34 ���5�6 �� 78�� 9: �� ;����<=�����?��A26�/��� ���?E*2 ( ���?E?��F�� B�����AG��
BC���� B�/��D�� ��&�' ( H�G/�� ���AD�� xn� ($ %��@
�>��-�� �C>D :
- =� >���& B�����Fz ���& ;����<����?��A26�/�� � ?BC���� B�/��D��
- =� >�& �?pY �& ;��<��?��A26�/�� � �c'0 K&?BC���� B�/��D�� �S<
- =� >�& 60� �& ;��<���?��A26�/�� � ]�Gq (?�?E?��F�� B���AG�� K& BC���� B�/��D��
�>��-�� ��ED:
�?2Q� ��*/�� ( �5�6 �� �?pY xP�F2 : − 4=� >�& ;�� ��/�D�� ]�GEF� ��?�5�^ ;���<
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 437 –
�?E��F�� B���AG�� K& ]E���� J − ]�� j����� ���?pN 6�n��2 ����* f��@ .��E�2
��I�& ( V�&��� m?��F�� ( �?�E���0 ���S*�� B�+�M����A^Y ]E��& �� @4 ( mcM2 XY .&�� VF��0 ;���AD��J
34 6��S<N� ��?OW/�� �+6��� 78 9A�2 ��r � @=� >�& >?k�2 �?pY ,V�&���� m?���F�� ����DF� ;��<
|�6�z m��F�� .�'0� m��F�� �?�E�J �>��-�� ���F� :
F��5� Zc*���� ���5�6 �� 78�� ( � P VA��e��� ;V@�*�� .?�WF��0 ,x*�� H���+ $�5Y f@ ��%� 8��0
�o K&0 �cA?*n20 B�&����� .&�20 �m�c�?�U0 �cF5�6� J
�>��-�� ��� :
K& �5�6 �� bEF� X�G2�18 � K& ]/��d0 |�/��dH�G/�� ���AD�� xn� �/�d �*M�� ( $ %�� ��&�' (
K& �5�6 �� �*?@ 9<�G20 ,������ ( BC���� B�/��D�� K � �@0 H�G/�� ���AD�� ( �?�E��� �?�� L�M&�10 �
B�/��d�BC��& � ��?�� L�M& ( ]��M�� �/�D�� K&s�AdN� ���6 ( �?�E���, K �� �F�5� K� Y ¥�����0
0 �5�6 �� 78 ( �^6�_E���W/�� ( ±��P<t�, K� 0 B�+�M�& f�@ K�n�I �+0 ������� �*M��� ( K56 � ,���AD�� ( m?��F�� B�?�?2�5� .O& ���AD�� ( H � @
0 ,�&�@ h�6 2 L�d B�6�c&0 ������ h�6 2 �?��5Y ,��?*d���0 ��?< �� ��?��0 �?���� �\���0 B�?¡�����0
0 ���?�� ( B�?��5�5Y0 ���?E?��F�� .[���5��� ,���?�E���m��%F��0 $�?%��0,� �²0 �W/�� Z �*&0 J
���6 ( �?�E��� �?�� L�M& ( �/�D�� �0� �0��/5N� ( ���Y �oTo s�AdN� 34 �¡0��� ��0� ��� K&
~F���, s����� C� �c��Y ��6Y H � �220 � ���?d �@��5.nA��,X�%WF��0 ( v�O�� .nA�� � H �220 � ( �@�5
6 ���?[� Ft� �5J s��AdN� ���6 ( �?�E��� �?�� L�M& .E��0 ~�I��& ( v� ?�� ��6 F�� a?/D2 �e�: �/��D�� ©*& f@
³TO�����G�� a?/DF��0 ,�?[`�� �^6�_��0 ,H �_�� J�H �_���� ����I�& ( ]@�/��5Y H ���, ����F^ ���c��PF�
��5Y0 ��¡0��� ( �E���� B�56�� s�I BT&�F�� �?� ,m��F��� ��l?/� ��cE?S*2 a�[��d0 ,s��AdN� b& �c�&��2
m?��F�� �?�E@ m?S*20,mcM�A<Y s�AdN� ] .@�AF��0 , �?���5Y f�@ ����F�� ��8^0 ,�E����0 s�AdN� ]0 �8 ��M� C^ ,s�AdN� m??%2 �?��5Y0 �A�FP�� m?��F��
��¡0��� �D_�<Y b�?� f�@ ��/��D�� >���2 34 L�M��, ��0�?@�/��5N�0 ���?&�?�� j��Dy�0 ���c�, �8�� ©*��E�0
m?���F�� �?�E@ ( �?[`�� �^6�_�� �e�: �/��D�� L�M��, �o K&0s�AdN� m?��2 �?�E@ ( �?�G�� �^6�_�� m J
�>��-�� ��+4D :
�G�!.�H=I �:
wF�2 �SIT����?5��� m N� wM� ��:�² 6��²
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 438 –
>n��; Vc: X�G�� 8��� ³ �ª ~�?: .�^ ��& a���F����?�E� m��F���� ���O^Y K��& ���SIT�� ���20 ,m?����F��0
��SIT�� ���*F20 ,V@�*�� �W/�� ( |�@�?� B�0�N�; ��c*&0 ,|�%/M�& H� �z B�?^��5 e�� �SIT�� �c*E: ���SIT�� w��@ ���I�/�� ��M���0 ,�_������� ���SIT�� C��^ �c*�0 ��20 B���SIT�� ( ±����P<t� 34 �_�������
³ U J 09& PF�5� 78� H��N� a�?/D2 .�/+ ]2��&
��?��A26�/���A?k�2 �0 ,~q09 ��/��d .�^ �SIT& s �E�6 � Y � ³To0 ./+ ³To ,�?Ae B�SIT& s �E�30 �0 �?�/+ �?Ae �SIT&�30 � �?Ae �SIT&
�� � J�� ?A�� j�� f@0 �?�F^ B�SIT�� 9��50, |t0Y �cF²�:0��& �� ���r0 s0�� f�@ BC����� ��%:
B�SIT�� .?�M2J |T?cM209&�+ B�SIT�� .?�WF� �� �OI�/��
B��SIT�� ����'4 ��5�6 ��%E�& ���� u����H��G/�� ����AD�� ���I�& ( ]�E���� B���AG a��F��,
H��Y ��OI�/�� B �@Y ~�?�@ ���*0 ,��?E?��F�� B���AG��0B�&���E�� .?�U s��e��� B��<�?/��0 34 B�6�n�2
�?@�¡�& 60� s�I��?��A26�/��� B��/��D�� ]�Gq ( .�?�WF�� H��Y 9<�G20 ,�?E?��F�� B���AG�� K& BC���� ,j?DPF�� ���A^ ( .OEF2 VF��0 ,�M?[6 B���A^ 95 K&
,���?E?��F�� .[���5��� g���F<40 ,h�6 ��F��0 ���l? H6��40
,m��F���N� 9�EF��� C�^ ,V�*c�� 6�DF��0 ,m��%F��0 H��?@�: ���A^ ]oTo f@ J f�@ B����AG�� H��Y 9�¡�@0
X���E�� K�8��� h�6 F�� �l? ���@Y K& ]EGz ��6YH�G/�� ���AD�� s�� (, f�@ ���EGª XY mc*�& ��d0
]�� L�M��2t� § ��&0 �cF?��E���0 ���?@�A�� B�����AG���M?[��� B���AG��,�?@�A�� B���AG��0 J
^�F��0 K& L n�� B�/O��0 �¦78 H��N�; 9�q
��?&` �<��F5t���SIT& ��%FM&�, 96�0 f@ �?A?^
f@0 �SIT�� .?�U �?�« >?*n2 B�&����� ,� `?&�20
mo B���AG�� .?�WF�� H��Y �� PF5� �cE?EG2; 4r 9/�dK& ��?&`�� �SIT& b6Y xnI �?Ae m2 � ���n�2
�� ?A�� �D5�� *@ BC��& B�/��d ��6Y m�o �&�+9 �c�?�WF,�<6�%&0 ��r b& ��SIT& .�?�U0 ��OI�/��
xnW�� �cMA< b6N� ,K& sT�} ~��/F2 ��¦ .G_�
��/& .}�� ��:�² ,>n���0B �^Y ���?&`�� �W�e
L e0 9�e�2 �& ~?�4 �OI�/��J ��&Y B��/O�� �%: �m�2
^�F�� ~*& �� XY .�^ 9�&�+ K�& ��OI�/�� ��cF�?&;0
m?EGF B�&����� VF�� �c�� .^Cc*& .G_ .%FM�&
K@ ,�}Q� m20 u�M�I § �& �� �%F�� B��/o L�M�2�M* B�/O�� ´� �?I/ �84 J%
"�4D �.�2 �:
� �2 ��5�6 �� ����:N ©EM2 VF�� ��?5��� ���%�� ,m���� ���0 ,mc�2�6�n��20 ,m 6����G:Y K��@ �/����F��
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 439 –
K�@ ©nA2 VF�� m����A&0 m�C�^ �� PF5� ,m��0r0m��<�*G& J |����%& ��OI�/�� B��'Y ��5�6 �� 78� (0
,BC����� B��/��D�� K& �/��d .^ b& �EGz ~/� ����: �`���� s��5 ,��l5Y �F5 f@ ���%�� �A?We 9�EF��0
v�O�� �`��� ��l5Y �M·0 s0N�J 9& PF5�0 H��Y ��%��� �^�F�� s0N� �`�� (
���� m�2 ,~�FSIT& H @�M�E��0 ( �M�A2 ���
��B�?^��M VF�� m2 �� �_&; 4����'4 m2 r BT��%&
b& BC���� B�/��D�� � H �_�& xn��� �?An���
�*@ .�^ Kc*�& 9�l�50 .�^ H �I�0 K�@ ��¦��:Y
���56��0: >?^ >n2 ���56�� ?�?M��6 F�� �`���0 s��I 6�� ����%�� K�& v�O�����?��A26�/��� ~�2���Fz0,
~��F?pY0,~��A?k�2 ���?A?^0 ,0�0 v� ��?�� ��6 ��F�� ( 76BC���� B�/��D�� J
B�'��: ,����%�� H��Y ��l5Y �OI�/�� 9�' +0 �?/��� BT�%&�Piloting� K�& BC����� B�/��D�� b&
|��*0 ,�5�6 �� �*?@ �² 9� @ BT�%�� ��2 Z[�F< f@ �����%�� ��l��5Y �²�?��e ( ���OI�/��; ��6�n�� g���PF�
�?[�c*��J J�K�� ���L��� �.�����+ ����:
�E��& .^ K& �OI�/�� 9/�d4��_< ;��<=� >�& ��?��A26�� y��� !�, .^ ~?: b�2 4 ��%��F�� ���;��<
s��AdN� ����6 ( ��?�E��� ��?�� L�M& (, ���F^0
����cF�� s����I �����T&�2 , ( BT&����F�� b���¡00���?��A2�/��������%��0 ,.��E��� L�60Y0 ,���cFD}0 , B��
BC����� B�/��D�� �e�y� ���S*��J ��OI�/�� 9���I0��?��A26�/��� �� �& � U sT} K& :
K�@ >_G�� � 0 ;.?�WF�� � � U ��?�@�:��?��A26�/�� � B���AG�� K& BC���� B�/��D�� ]Gq (
,.��?�WF�� H ��I0 ���E�G��0 ����E�� r�����0 ,���?E?��F���� u�N� ( �60 �& �CF@�0 B���AG�� ���D2 s�I �
.�?�WF�� �?��E��0 ,H�G/�� ���AD�� ��I�& ( �?E?��F�� ,���?�&�F�� ����FG�� K��& ;����<=� >���& ( �60 ���& .��G� ,�E���� �/��D�� �cFAk0 VF�� B����%��0 ,.E��� L�60Y0
�cDD}0 J ������ � J�M��� ���N :
9�/2� B�<�?/�� .?�U B�/o K@ >_G�� .'Y K&�¥�� �& �OI�/� :
- ���O���PQ;R S.� : ���'¸� 9�&�+ ��?I K& �?[��_@ �*?�� .?�WF�� ,;���<=� >��& 34 9�/�d0
.�?�U ���'4 �cF�?&; ��*?��� hA*��>���� K�& .G_� a�?+�0 � �z ��*�& f�@ L��A2t� �� ���r0 ,��A*&
H6�/���0 �E�G�� .?�U B� I��J - TUQ�� VQ ���O���PQ;R T�QW� :9�&�+
L6�A ]2�& .?�WF�� �?�E@ ���'¸ �OI�/���20� |�&�� ] v�O��0 s0N� .?�WF��, ������& 9& PF5�0 �VFM��� �
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 440 –
u�M� �� u�MI ��*oY ( B�/O�� .&��&��1�P� ]�� ��0��1P� KE¡J��N1+N2 � �2M
N2 :�?<�O�� H��� ( �c�?�U m2 VF�� B�lA�� � @J N1 :?�U m2 VF�� B�lA�� � @30N� H��� ( �c�J
2M : 30N� H����� ( ���c?�@ a��AF�� B���lA�� � ��@�?<�O��0J
�� B�/O�� .&��& ´�0��1�P� ]� 82% ��&Y ,����1P� KE¡� ´�/: 85 % X�F��/%& X�F�?F< �p0J
�������� X-Y�Z�O����:
�>��-�� ��+4D X-Y :
Fd���5�/: ,V@���*�� ���W/�� ���Ec& H��Y L n����~ We Z���2 K& V@�*�� �W/�� ( L n�� ¥��0 ,B�<�?/�� �
H� �F& 6��n&, ��?@�*�� B��5�6 �� ( �?�OF�� � PFM�0 ��� �%��d V 0 ,���5 I f@ �?[�n%F5t� B�5�6 ��0
B�/O��0 L n�� u�MFI� ( �� ?�%F�� L�D�� K@, @�M�0 �� L�o���0 B�<�?/�� ��*²4 ( �?�OF�� L eJ
H � @ ���<Y ���* 0V� 0 �?�OF�� K& : ��?�O2.O& K& B�<�?/�� : 6��n�& �CF�@�0 ,��wy� ��6¹ 8}N�
B�<�?/�� b� ( H � @, �� �4 �5�6 �� �*?@ 34 ��D��0 c[�6«� 34 ��'��� b�/*20 ,� �M�A20 B��<�?/�� .?�U (
L ��e K��& ��^�F�� ���?+T}N� ���'��� K��& ���?�OF�� B��<�?/�� �W�e0 B��?�E���(Cohen and Morrison ,
2004) J
b��E� ���?�OF�� ���%��d ���OI�/�� 9& PF��5�0�c+ e K& a%WF�� �A�Fº a[��D B�<�?/�� , �%: ~?�@0
L n�� K& ���<Y H � @ �OI�/�� 9& PF5� : 1 − H� ��F& B�0�Y K�& B�<�?/�� �OI�/�� 9��
V�� 0:�?An���� ���SIT�� ,�����%��0 , H�M���� >���&0 |�+ e VD�� �8 0 ,�?E��F��Z[�F*�� ( |C²�*20 J
2 − L e§�FW�� :r4 B�<�?/�� �OI�/�� 9¡�@ ��¦ ��?&; f@ �c�?�U �( H��G/�� ����AD�� xn��
=Z[�F*�� .?�U ( �®Y6 �� , 0 ���?&` �OI�/�� 9<��F5� ���¦���%FM��& ���SIT& � .��?�U ����?&`�� K��& 9��/�d0
�?An���� xn���� , ���OI�/�� ]�� a��:��2 �����* X���^00�?An�� xn�� .?�U Z[�F< ( �cF�?&;J
w�@ |����Y B�<�?/�� �?+� n& K& �OI�/�� 9F/O20�5�6 �� ( B�^6�_�� BC���� f@ �c¡�@, �c�?�U �
9����Y0 .��?�WF�� ( K��®Y6 �� ��4 Kc?���4 ����D��0 §��' ��& ©�¡�2 B��<�?/�� XY f�@ BC���� B�/��D��
6�D2 K& Kc�&J �������� J�K:
>n2 ,�?Ae0 �?[��%F5� �%��D B�<�?/�� 9��ID�� ]Gq� >��& ��cA?k�2 w�@ B���AG�� K& �E���� �/�
;��<=� .�?�U0 BT��%�� K& B�<�?/�� 9��I ��8^ , |�?2C?o a[�o���,���S*�� 9& PF5�0 H68��� $0�M��
]6�^0�Strauss & Corbin, 1998�VF�� V*�2 ���*
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 441 –
���S< K& sT} �U.? B�<�?/��, KE: sT} >?*nF��
{0N� B��<�?/�� .G_�F2 b�&0 ,L�M�<N� � ��2 ���2
L�M�<N� �cI��¡00 K�GE� XY X��GF2 ����S< �Fq
� 608' B�<�?/�� K& ����S*�� �EM�� �& �8 0 ;�?�0N�XY V*�2 V 0 ,H;8��� �I�/�� ��c*& b/FF� �?[��%F�5�
�FW �?W .%F*� K& �c�?�U0 B�<�?/�� b/F2 43 ���S*��, h?��0 K�& ����S*�� 43 .�?�U B��<�?/��(inductive
method)J �>��-�� [�#3\ ���!] :
�?2Q� B����'=� a:0 �cF5�6� �OI�/�� 9%/d:
− ����%& B�'Y0 BC���� b& �OI�/�� 9�EF'�Kc�&J
− 9/�d�OI�/��=� >�& .E@ BC���� K& ;��<��?��A26�/��J�
− B e6�OI�/�� �cF���50 �?A�e B�SIT& ���%E �cF�/2Y0 ,B�SIT�� 9��I0 �� ?A�� f@J
− 9/�d�OI�/�� 34 B�/��D��K�T&�2 ��F^ J − B�'Y�OI�/��B�/��D�� b& ���%�� J
�F�?G��+ �>��-�� ^,��� :
'+)� '�_:�� ^,��� :=� >��& B���Fz �&;���< ��?��A26�/�� �?BC���� B�/��D��
- »�s0N� s��M�� K@ ��' >��& B����Fz �& =� ;����<����?��A26�/�� � 9����I ?BC������ B���/��D��
=� >�& �OI�/�� m � @0 BC���� B�/��D�� ;��<�10 �Z[�F< 9A_^0 ,B�A�& V@��*�� .?�WF�� B����Fz K�@
����?��A26�/���,b��?� 9^����0 B���/��D�� BC������ B���Fz ( BC������?��A26�/�� �Q��?2:
− �0)�� �D}J − �?&�?�� �Dy�J − �cFEE�e V�F�� ��?E?��F�� u����N� K& grC<
�/��D��J
− ��6 �F�� ���*oY �c%?/D2 m2 VF�� �D_<N� 6�e�E���� �/��D�� ./+ K& v� ?��J
− .�/+ K�& ��c%?/D2 m�2 V�F�� �D_�<�� �� ?A���E���� �/��D��J
− ���?�&�F�� ����FG��¼ �A?W��e���?&�?�� .��&�F��½ : ( ���� .�^ �� .�&�F�� >[�W�e ��E��& .�^ 9�/F^
�E��� ��6 F��J
− s�AdN� b& �c%?/D2 m2 VF�� .E��� L�60YJ
− s�AdN� sC@Y K& grC<J
− K��& ���?E?��F�� H ��I��� s���I ���S< 6���d4=�0 �FG��0 B�@�5���9<<J
0� b�& ��r aA2�Gelfer, Xu, Perkins, 2004� Y X����?��A26�/ � ,m����� ��� ��%� VF�� sC@N� KE�F�
0K& grC< 0 ,�?M�6 F�� jDy� sC�@Y0 ,.�E��� L�60Ym���F^0 m��@0)&0 �/�D�� J �Fª C^��?��A26�/�� �
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 442 –
B�6���/F}t� K��& grC��<0 ��¢��0 �?�E��5 �����& f��@�/�D�� ��6�%20, ~ �e�y� �?�&�F�� ��FG�� ���Y KE�F�0 hG�2 VF��0m?��F�� �?�E@ ( ~F�I6 w@ 76�D2 § & J
( �cF�¡0 %: �?2�8�� H�M�� �&Y���?��A26�/�� ��5 � 9/F^ C*? BC��&�8 � ������ KcFAM��: BC��&
( �c*�¡00��?��A26�/��� ����� �AM�A�� 9�EF��0 , m?����2 s���I K��6�n��20 K 6���G:Y f��@ BC����E��
�K&��� �&0 s�AdN��WED�0 ~� 9�<0�0 ,~�%?%U 34 KC������ B���/��D��B��2 � ����F^ ( KcF���� K��@ K�T&
( �c�¡00 ����� �AM�A����?��A26�/�� J� K��Y V�*�� ������ �AM��A�� BC���� ��F^ X4 �&0 s�AdN� m?��2 K@ K��6�n20 K 6�G:Y K@ K/FG�
�K&�� 34 ���%� 760 � �8� 0 ,~�%?%U 34 K�WED�0 ~� <t��FA� ���@t� 340 ~�:�?dY .G ��� ¾���� f@
s�AdN� m?��2 �?p� J VGM��� b�& ��?F*�� 78 aAF20(LaBosky, 2000) 8�� ��I~FAM��: ��F^ f@ m����
( ~2��56�� K�@ �?�&�F�� ~2��F^ ~� ? jP?: ,h�6 F��
�&N� ,�?*c�� 8�� ©/n?� 7��%� �O^Y �%o ( ~M�A< (0
6«~[� ,����� ~���0 �O^Y H6 + f�@ ~2��56�� ����D2�� K&�� VF�� ~2� %F��0 �¦ ~F�'��& ��¡ ( �?E?��F��J
J�K+ ��L��� �.������������������ ��Q� � �����!�
� �����8 S�� `����������������
�/��D���4 � B��� ����� VFAM�: 9/F^ �& *@
Y 9��:�@0 �PA���� V��*<Y B�����0 ���E��& 9W/��eH���M��, 00 ¥�I�Ed VFAM�: ( 9<0�Y .^0 V&TI
~?: �G:Y �&J �/��D���5 � ¾Y K�@ �%��5 ���@���?��A26�/���
©?We �² .G_ �E�G�� ¿A�Y 9*^ V*<Y �FI, K�G�0 .E@ �*F56 & �*& 9/�d �& *@��?��A26�/��� �*F_�+�<0 >�& ~<� H�G: � 9<�G2 ~?:4h�G�� ;���<, ]�/�0
v� ?�� ��6 F�� ( VF�� .^,F%/d VF�� �D_<N�0 �c�, �cFEE��e V��F�� u�����N�0 ���cF/F^ V��F�� BT&���F��0,
m?���F�� ( VFAM�:0 �T\�� �WAe f@ VA�& §�FI�0 j�D}0 �?An�� B� �_�� .?�U0�D_�<N� ¥T&��20
.E��� L�60Y0 J �E�����8� ��?��A26�/��� �n: >�& ~?: b¡��
B��+�D K�& .nA�� .^ sC@Y b?�,6��e0 , L�60Y0 .E@,jD}0 ,VE?��20 �@�_& ]/2 VF�� BT&�F��0 ,
hG��0��?��A26�/�� �v� ?�� ��6 F�� ( ¥w} § & J ���/��D���9 � ( V��F�� 9��<�^����?��A26�/��� (
7�^Y 9*^ ,� ' �/�e �&N� ��� ���?��A26�/���;N ~�< ��@ X�^ .�^0 .�E��� L�60Y0 ¥T&��20 VDD} b¡0
�À,��c� ��DF� �8 0 ��/^ � ��*^ �& �*@ K�G�0 ,�*& B���� ��� b�& Á+�*F<0 h��< ��?��A2w�� ��E?%
���c5 .G ~/F^Y 9W/eY0, |t0Y ¥T&�2 �F^Y 9*^0 B�S< �& *@ ���c*��0 ,s0�34 ��?��A26�/��� ����� (
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 443 –
s��0 ~F?pY 9^6�Y ��6 F��9& + �& , ��I�: 9�*G: 9�/�d V*<Y �FI ~���0 ~?: �& �E?+0 ~FE?% 9? �/20 ~
i !�y� �?��A2w�� ��Â6 K��OG�� K& J a�QQO�� '�_:QQ�� : �QQ�QQ�ED ��QQ���������� � �QQ
����� � �����!�� #H� �F3+ T ����?
��'»� v�O�� �5�6 �� s��5 K@ �& >��& ��?pY =� ���S< ���c'0 K��& ;����< 9����I BC������ B���/��D��
BC����� B��/��D�� b& 9��'Y VF�� BT�%�� �OI�/��, =� >�& s�I K�T&�2 9��I0 |�?2C?o T?�U ;��<, a:0
f@ BT&�F��0 BT�%�� ´��AF ��r0 H68��� ���S*��
L6��� |T^ f@ �n�I�A�� H����%��0 ,H I .�G� ��E�^
���0 H6�/@0 �� B�/��D�� ���^r�CF@�0 ,BC�� `?&��
,B���F5T�0b¡0 6�G:N� ���_F��, 0Y ��6�%F�� ( Bt��, �M?[6 B�@�¡�&0 �Main Themes� , ~?�@0
�OI�/�� 9D/*F5�Bt���� �?pN �M?[��� ��?��A26�/�� � C^¥��:
c/+D :��3�#�� ��de���:
XY 34 BC������� B����/��D�� b���?� B6�����Y��?��A26�/��� ��E���� ��/��D�� ���'���� ���8\F�� � �%�
jDy�0 BT&�F�� ��'��& sT} K& ��r0, ���'��&0 H6�n���� �D_��<N�, ( ���E���� ���/��D�� @�M��� ���?W
�cA�¡0 ���+ ±�%< f@ ��+���, ��cDD} ( .� �F��0 �?2�8�� ��'���� f@ ��* �cFD_<Y0 :
ED '�QQQ= ��QQQ� � ��QQQ���!� �QQQ�L��� �QQQ.����� �QQQ�
������������ :�
���/��D���1� ~���E� ���*E+ �À Y { �/M��*�� ( 7�*�¡00��?��A26�/��� ~�?�@ 9� �@0 ~�� 9��'6,
VA�¡ ±�%< 9:�@0, �� H��%�� ±��%<0 , ���D}N�0 6��dY 9W/�eY0 ,s��AdN� m?���2 ( �c?: 9�+0 VF��
��'���� ��?F< .�:Y .G_ VE?��2 J �/��D���2 �&�F�� 9/F^ �& *@ f@ V*2 @�5 BT
( �cF���¡0 V��F�� ���?&�?�� ����WF�� ���D} ����'��&��?��A26�/��� �D_<N� K@ i �e�y� BT&�F�� BY�+0 ,
9:��2 ��8� ��?F< ,s�AdN� b& �cF%/d VF��f@ ±�%<j?DPF�� ( VA�¡, V�F�� B�d�_�*�� ( �Dy� 9� @0
>���� ±�%< B;0�� �8�0 ,�c?�2, ±��%< 34 �cF��I0 �+H J
�/��D���4 � v @�5��?��A26�/�� � ���'��& f�@s�Ad�� h�6 2 �%��d,¥��e Hw<0 ¥�e ��'��&0 ,
H�& �� ?A�� ��Y 9*^ ,>n�� ( �� ��+Y �^�I .^0 ��c?�@ .E��� �6Y VF�� ±�%*�� �F^Y0 ¥�r %<Y0 §�}Y
¥�r ���D2 (,Q�0 m?���2 ( ��OG .�:Y V*<Y ���Y Xs�AdN� J � �/��D��7� ��?��A26�/�� �v @�5f@ XY Y b'�6
b�& ~ ��+Y ±�_< .^ b'�6Y 9*^ ,�/^ .G_ VDD}s�AdN� J
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 444 –
b& ��?F*�� 78 aAF20Y X�< �@0 �<0(Oner, &
Adadan, 2011) 60� ( mcF���Â60 ����?��A26�/�� � ( m��w��} K��@ ���/�F�� f��@ ]��E���� ���/�D�� H @�M��&
�� L�M& ( m�6��0 ���FG�� w�@ �?�E��� �?� ��?�&�F� >��?k�2 XY Z[���F*�� B���ckY C��^ ,���?�&�F�� ���56C��0
��?��A26�/��� =� f�@ s�n�� ( �/�D�� @�5 v0G� m����F^ .� �2 ( m @�50 ,m¦C@N ��'���� ��8\F��
m��56��0J c����N :f+�����+ �g��? �:
9*?�9 � X�� BC��&���?��A26�/�� � K�& ��`�BC����� B�/��D�� ] �^6�_��0 .@�AF��, hG�*�� ���
=� .G_�� m?��2 (0 �?�E��� �?�� ( Kc[��Y f@ i��s�AdN� J
���/��D�� �1 �Y ����¡����?��A26�/�� � �6����& { BÃ0 ,¥T?�&; b�& ��%*�� B�M��' sT�} H��O^ B��A�� V�F�Â6 sT�} K�& ¥�w} B��;0 �O^Y ��@Y
¥T?��&; b��'�6Y BÃ0 ,����?��A26�/�� � i !���y�¥T?��&; b��& ~��<6�+Y0, XY �����Y 9��*^ ����?��A26�/�� �
N ¥T?&; 34 � rY0 ���D2 34 �'�W i !�y� �& §6 XQ�0 K��A�Y �XY ' b�[�6 �?��A26� .E�� H6 %�� �
`?EF&0 J �/��D���2 � 9�'�6 �& *@��?��A26�/�� � !�y�
0 i��?��A26�/�� � VA�& XY §6Y Bà ¥T?&` !�y�
x+�<; VD�2 VF��0 .[�5���0 u���N�0 B�+�D/�� .O& ¾ .��E��� ����� ( ,���O^Y t���� ���?��A26�/��Y ���26
��?��A26�/�� � ?�� .G_��, b�& 9<0��2 �& *@ KG�0 ( 9� @ �*_+�*20 ¥T?&;��?��A26�/��� 0Y ��O^Y ©/�e
t��0 �*² J�*& �I�0 .�^ )/^ KW< ��%��D ��GA� �Q� K@ >�F� Á+��*F<0 ¥T?&;0 �<Y X0��F< �& *@0 �}
(��?��A26�/��� H6�F^ ��� b&, a�E@Y ��<�GA2 ©/n�� �*� � ©/n�0 .�:Y s�Ad�� �*E?��2 �?��5Y04 ( ��
s�Ad�� j/¡0 m?��F��, �*� 30N� ���F�� ��Y �e�}0 s�AdN� m?��2 ( J
�/��D���6 � �_+�*&�/���?��A26� � V&��&Y 9WF: ,��O^Y Kc*�& 9��%2 ¥T?�&; �GA2 >?^ �:��� L�:Q�
XY B���¸ ,��/��� �*��� b�& B�wy� s��/2 �*<�G& �� �' ���e s��AdN� m?��2 V�Y� X0���2 34 g��Fª0
��r �*� �?��A2w�� �M�' 9I�2Y +0 �^6�_&0 J �O��N :hI(/� ��>:
B6��Y�8 � �XY 34 BC��&� �/���?��A26 � b�5�� �c@Td� ��50 �cF:��& K& �`�0 �E���� �/��D�� a:Y K& ��I�& ( �e�}0 ,m?��F�� s�� ( � ' � �& .^ f@
H�G/�� ���AD��; r4 ������ �%/M& H �& Z �*& '�� t 6�d=�0 ��� u�N� ( �E���� �/��D�� Y�%F: s�AdN�
V��F�� ���?E?��F�� B� ��I��� s���I ���S*�� �c��56 F5 ����r � ��@ ,���%E�F�� H�����%�� ����DF� �8�� 0 s���Ad��
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 445 –
XY 34 B���/��D�� B6����Y����?��A26�/�� � ���/��D�� ����%� �E���� 34 ( ~��¡�� �� ' �� ��& .�^ K�@ ��W/��
��?��A26�/�� ��� ?A��0 B�@�5���0 xn%�� .O&B� �%��F���?E?��F�� B� I��� J |� �� ��?F*�� 78 wF�20 pY f@ �?��?��A26�/�� � B��/��D�� ���&Y L��:Q� ©F: (
� s��AdN� m?���2 s�� ( � ' .^ K@ �W/�� BC��� ( �c�¡00 ����2 a[�o0 f@ s�nW�����?��A26�/���,
0 ��6« b�& ���?F*�� 78� L0�M�F2(Attinello, Lare &
Waters, 2006) =� >��& ��?pY s�I;���<, 76��/F@� b?5�F� �� ?��2 �?�E@ 6�G:Y ��� h?�0 m��F�� a?E�20
j��2 X0� ��E�, �XY V*�� �8 0 =� >�& @�M�� ;���<~2T&�2 ��F^0 ~2�r mc: f@ �& y� ./+ m���� J
�.�2 �+ ��� � �����!� ��L��� �.����� :
���/��D���3�: v @���5 �����?��A26�/� �f��@ XY ( �c��¡Y ��FI H �� ' 6�G:Y0 B�@�5�& K@ �WY
��?��A26�/�� � ,¥T?�&; b�& �%*�� �M�' ( �c_+�<Y0 B�����A��0 .�W*�� K�@ ��cFE�@ V�F�� H �I��� 9<�^
��¡��� K@ ��O^ 9OW0, K�& B6�e0 �O^Y BY�+0 ���Y 9�E@0 B�@�5����H�O^ J
�/��D���2 �N �T:Y K@ 9OW �X ��<��^ s�AdN� |��O^ �T:N� X�/ª6�?D�� K@ V@0)& X�^0 B`^60
B�@�5�& K@ 9OW ,6�e K@ 9OW ,$00�D�� f@ BY�+0�c?: ¾ w�^Y .G_ $00�D��0 ¦� K@ Y K�^
XY b+�2YY ���AE �8 .^ .�: J08�^ K�@ 9�OW ��s��AdN� B��&CF � �MI �D_<N�, BÃ0 m¦��?&0
��r ( ��F& 'Y J ( ~F��¡0 �8 .^0���?��A26�/��� ��'��& ( ��F�� 'Y BÃ0 �FI ~nWA20 9�¡0 �&
H�& K& �O^Y ����� BY�+ V*<YJ ���/��D���6 �=� ( 9��OW�T��:Y K��@ 9��<<,
s���AdN� �����6 ( BC����& { B���/��+ 34 9��/ r0, ( �c��¡N ,V@0)� 6�G:Y K@ KcF��50 Kc?�4 9/ r
����� K& �OG�� b¡0 34 9� F �0 VA�&J �/��D���8 � K@ V@0)& X�^u�/��,Y��+0 B
�O^ |� �0)�& ( �D_�<Y j?�D�0 s��AdN� m?���2 K@ @��<Y BÄIY ,u�/���s��Ad�� u�/�� K& H � @ ,
9%/d0Y K�@ ��OG�� ��@Y BÃ0 ��?�0 H�O^ �D_< V�A�& ( ~�F<0� �8� .�^0 ,B��2�/*��0 u��/�� �@�6; �D_�<N�0 6�n��� K�& �OG VA�& ��*²4 XQ� v�G&¸0
@�6; s�AdN� m?��2 s�Iu�/�� � J c��.�� :`�F � ��!���:
X�� ��*OF5� X0� BC���� B�/��D�� b?� 9��Y��?��A26�/�� � ��E���� ��/��D�� V�*c�� 6��DF�� ( mcM�
sT} K& ��r04 ( �cFAM�: ��FG� �c&�&Y �e�A�� �I�2��T&�2 H���+0 �cFD_<Y0 �cFDD} ��'��&0 ,m?��F�� J
V*c�� 6�DF�� XY 7��A&0 m����� V�� �& *@ �2�F� V�F�� ����GA�� �n�*�� �M��' w@ ��r0 ,~F?pY0 760�
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 446 –
K �@�_�&0 K 6��G:Y BC����� B��/��D�� ��c?: ��D2 6��D2 34 ���%� �+ ��� ,KcI���< xn+0 Kc:0�º0
V*c&, ���d b�& ���r L0�MF�0 , 2007) (Ouellett r4 XY 9*?�� [��: �?��A2�/��,8�� m��%F�� ;`�� �?I ¥�
¯���� a�%ª ~�<Y C�^ ,]�E���� § � �&�F�� �GAF��0 w�: ,���N� KMª0 1P_����?��A26�/�� � ]�Gq mF��
m ���D20 ]E����; �?�0�M��� .EU f@ mc��_� ~<N �^6�_�E�� �e�A�� mc?D��0 ,X0��F�� f@ mc��_� C^
�?��A2�/�� �e�y� ���GA�� �n*�� �M�' w@ X0��F��0, 0 f�@ X�� w��0 .?� �� �:��0 ��'���� ��8\F�� m E�
76�D20 ���N� �?A?^ J b�& a�AF� C�^X�E?�50 ]/F?��
�Chitpin & Simon, 2009� ��?pN 6�S<N� 9A� 8��=� >�& ( mcM� 8�� ;��<4 B�6��c��0 �6����� ;���
m��w��} a��?o�2 sT��} K��& ]��E���� § ��� H����'���04m��;��<~<Y C^ ,mcF�� � ª J
�/��d�1 � ] X6�+Y �& *@Ys0��?��A2�� ~F�E@ (Y ¾ ��<Y0 ~� 9�E+ H6�F^ ��� b& { L�M& s0Y ���@
�*�&��?��A26�/���, ���O^ ���@Y Bà ���?�� KG�0 �*�&��?��A26�/��� �cF?pY04 .�E@ V�*& �IY ��d �r
��?��A26�/��� N ���e 'Y K�:~� ��?%�� b?DF5Y V*<, Ã0 �O^Y B0~F?pN �?@ J m?���F�� �?���5N �/M�*��0
V/?��5Y �²Y BÃ, �� ��& $6� .�^ ���@Y Bà �/M�*��0 ,~�� ��E[T�� B�d�_*��0 ~� h�6 F�� u��5Y
s��AdN� j/�¡ �?���5Y ��@Y Bà s�AdN� j/�� 6�����0 ������ sT�} K&0 �@�*F& �?��5Y sT} K&
s�AdN� �^6�_&0 J 1�P_�� ?�e f@0 H��S< ��S<Y 9W/�eY
( ���Y �oY0 , %*�� �8 f@ ��* ¥�r 6�dY0 ¥�8� �� %< ( j��%: K��G� ¾ .��&�F�� ?���e f��@ TO��E: ¥���?I
��?��A26�/��� ,��?&�?�� ¥�?I ( .&�2Y Bà �D_<N�00Y m?�S*20 �D_�<N� m?S*2 �&���?��A26�/��� 34 v���%:
¥���?I ( ~��c'�0Y C?��: ���GA2 ���%��d m?�S*2 J �8���0 9W/��eY40 ¥�r ��%<Y ���?�&�2 ���� %< �<�M��<YbM��2(
�GA2, b50Y XY 9�DF5� Y K�& ��OG� ¥��S<0 V�%:����%��0 6�&N� J
���/��d�10 � XY K��kY 9��*^����?��A26�/��� ��� XY bE5Y 9*^ BT&�2��?��A26�/�� � f�@ m���� @�M�
K�& ~� ���+Y �& �E?% B��� ~F�' �& *@ KG� 6�DF��C@Y 9*G: ,s�Ad�� i�+ K&0 m?��F�� V/I K& ��;0 ,s
( Å�A< .�?�Y0 ~� ���+Y ±�_< .^ K@ ¥T&�2 �F^Y K�& ?AF�5Y >�?^0 ~��:��5 8�� �& ,aIT�� ±�_*��
9�/F^ ?��E@ 6��dY >?^0 �D_<N� ( VF��Y ��l�5� s0��IY 9*^0 H�O^=�|?�E@ ��c*@ ���' sT�} K�& �
F^� ,�� ��+Y VF�� �D_<N�_9AXY B�6 �+ � H��/^ s�AdN� m?��F� �O^Y �W0 �PA�� VF56 & V*2���Y0
�+�_F& �<Y m^ 6��� VA}Y t0Q� ��E��& ©/�eN X
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 447 –
VAe ( �G�&0 s�Ad�� J �/��D���7 � ;m?��F�� �*c& �IY K^Y ¾ �%?%�� (
9�*^0 H��& 9*^ ��&��� ( { 30N� �*M�� (Y ��G: KG� ,1n� �?\F 1n� ( �%Y XY B6�+ H: �
m?���F�� XY bE5Y C[� : ,~/IY t ÅA< H6��+ ( V*<Y b& .�/%2Y BY � H: �0 ,s�AdN� m?��2 �e�}0 ��e 34 9��/ r �& ��*@ �������� �*M���� (0 xn��PF�� �8�� s��AdN� 7��'0 34 ��S<Y0 VGY 9*^ v� ?�� ��6 F��
BY 0 mcE�@Y >?^ ÅA< s�5Y0Y0�I ���c' .^ smc�/%F� J
¾0 9�?G s�AdN� ��&Y 9A+0 H�& s0Y �^82Y0 K�G�0 ,~� ��+Y C VF%o � @0 (�} K& Vd�_< .E^Y b�& ��%*�� B�M��' ��0 { ¥r�F�5Y H @�M�& � ���?��A26�/�� V��F�Â60 mc:0���P� V@CF��5�0 ¥T?��&;
.E@ 9�:6 V*<Y b& m� !�y���?��A26�/�� � ��� (��6 F�� ��/FG�� 34 9�/ r0 ¥�r K�& ��²Y XY B6�+ ,
|�A�& 9���0�/^ |� ( 9�/F^ ¥T&��2 ~?: b¡Y BY 0 ,m?��F�� K& (�}0 V@�&� K@ .&�2 s0Y ~?: 9�¡00
B���%� �SF<Y Bà ,VFD}��?��A26�/�� �§��2 ��FI mF�� �& �*@ H��/G�� H���M��� ���Y0 9��: �& ¥T?&;
F�� >n�� �E��& �FI ,VI & 96 2 V� �*@ 9�<�^ |��O^ V*I q� �' H�� + �E��& ��Y b& .�:Y C ?_20 J
Q�0 s�Ad�� �E��& v�G� �PF:Y �<Y X9A_F^� ¥�6 �+
(4 H����+ ( .�?E�� ¥�n��0 s��Ad�� u����N� g�F< ,�n%��9A_F^�0 ~� ��%< .E@ .�Y s�AdN� m?��2 XY
XY0 ,�*2�?I (���?��A26�/��� ��FG��0 ��e�: ��?�&�F�� � 6��D20 ��<6�D2 §��*�0 �?MA*�� �*2�d�\¡ K& >AP*� s��AdY ��¡06 ( .�E@Y XY V�'�� �� �*qY0 �*�E@
~FE��2 �& .^ �c?: a/dY0 H ?'J �/��D��� :5 �Q� �S*� >?^ §6Y �& *@ 34 X0��}
X����D� �� ÅA< ( s�+Y0 u��\F5t� ���Y �*nn� f@���?��A26�/��� �5 ��*2T&�20 xn�� m�^ X�^6 ?
���c' 34 ��*& g��Fª0 ,a� �&0 ��e H�G/�� ���AD�� >�?k�20 v� ?�� ��6 F�� H: sT} ,��20 B�+�d0
0 BT&�F����?��A26�/��� ,���O^ ��<6�D20 �OG�� �*E��2 H`?EF& �E��& ��DF� ~*G� � ' bF� s�AdN� b& �� ��mc&����I�0 s���AdN� ����+ 34 s���e��� b?DFM��2
F?� 9�*^ ,� ��/%Y H`�?� ��%��D s��AdN� j/�� ��G: ��� ���+Y V�F�� .[��5���0 ¥��e0 i��5Y X� B�G:
X�D/�*� �8�0 ]�@�AF& mc���0 m�8�F5J ZQQ��O�� '�_:QQ�� : �QQ� �� �QQ��QQ���������� � �
�������� �������� ��� � �����!�� i�:�g�?
»� s�I ���O�� �5�6 �� s��5 K@ ��'�?�@�:� ��?��A26�/�� � (u�MF^�BC���� B�/��D�� � B����AG�
� � �@0 �?An��� B��SIT�� ��OI�/�� 9��I �?E?��F���30 �0 �?�/+ �SIT&�30 � s ��E ��� � �SIT&�6 �
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 448 –
|T?��U B��<�?/�� 9��I0 ,�E��& �/��d .G� B�SIT& |�?A��e0 u�M��W B�D��5�F��0 B�����AG�� B�6���GF��
� B���AG�� �?�M�� >�& �OI�/�� 9��I ��8^ ,�M?[������?��A26�/�� � �0)���� ���D}0 BC������ B���/��D��
�� �_�& m�2 V�F�� $06 �� �?&�?�� jDy�0, ���r0 j?DPF�� ���AG� B�6�GF�� g��PF5� � � J �cF��¡00
s0 �� ( �cS� C^ .?�WF�� H��Y (�1J�
'+-j��1� �H=I �G�!.��!� �������� ����������� � ���@
�:�,#�� ������� �� #��� ������� ����#����−l�G #����� ���−m-�.
VE��F�� §�FW�� b& j/2�2 �D_<Y jD� 15 28 �c�� b& �:���� s�%I j�2 �?�&�G2 �D_<Y jD���/�� {�E_�� Zc*�� a:0 ¼ ,B�?¡��6 ,���@
�&�6� ,K: ,�\�½ 12 27
0 �:� Y �FG2$�?%�� ���+ �W¡� 17 28 �?���� �GAF�� B�6�c& VE*2 �:� Y �FG2 12 27
�?^�I hA<0 �?<� '00 �?:��& �� Y ] �� N� ( ��*2 8 27
j?DPF��
h��� � 64 137 ±�_*�� ?cEF�� sT} K& m��F�� 34 s�AdN� L�_2 10 29
�MF2M~2��D}0 ±�_*�� 6�G:Y ��@ ( . 16 29 �%�M�� s�AdN� B�w} ( ±�_*�� j�2 17 28
m?��F�� �?��5Y ( ��*2 20 30 �GAF�� �O2 �I�FA& ��l5Y ��D2 15 28
h�6 F��
h��� � 78 143 mc*? C?: .@�AF�� f@ s�AdN� b�_2 18 27
m �S< B�c'0 6 %20 s�Ad�� V\n2 21 29 N� B���F5� ;`�2 s�Ad 17 27
s�AdN� b?� f@ �c&CF � �;�2 15 28 ±�_*�� b& �5�*F� C >n�� �l? mS*2 14 30
�l?/�� m?En2�?E��F��
h��� � 85 141 ±�_*�� ��¡�E j/2�2 �?E?��2 .[�50 ZF*2 20 30
�GAF�� B�6�c& VE*2 �?E?��2 .[�50 ZF*2 21 29 .[�5��� �� PF5� ( ��*2 �����0 u���N� ] �?E?��F�� 19 28
���Y ZF*2�.@�AF�� ( s�Ad�� ©EM2 �?E?��2 23 29 �A�Fº ���& K& xn%�� .[�50 ZF*2 12 27
4g�F< �?E?��F�� .[�5���
h��� � 95 143
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 449 –
n.�� '+-j��1�@
�:�,#�� ������� �� #��� ������� ����#����−l�G #����� ���−m-�.
� m??%F�� j/2�� ±�_*�� �� 10 25 �@�*F& m??%2 B�0�Y � PFM2¼ �A� m??%2 ,.E@ L�60Y ,BT�5½ 17 27
�?<� '���0 �?^�WMA*��0 �?:���� �<���� b?� m??%F�� .E_� 9 21 mc[��Y m??%F� s�AdN� >�& � PFM2 − 21
s�AdN� ���Y m??%F� .E@ L�60Y mEn2 20 28
m??%F��
h��� � 56 122 �D_<N� j?D� ./+ ��T&�2 �FG2 9 30
�D_<N� 8?A*2 � ��T&�2 �FG2 15 30 �0 2�c[��N ¥�8�� �cE??%2 X 15 28 �0 2 �_+�*& s�I ��T&�2 X��?��A26�/�� � ��T?&; b& − 29 �0 2 ��T?&`� ��'���� ��8\F�� K@ �c�&�2 X − 24
�DF��V*c�� 6
h��� � 49 141
s0 ���� K��& ���cS��1 � ( j?��DPF�� �����A^ XY f@ B;�I �?�/%�� B�SIT���64 � B;��I C*? |�6��G2
f�@ �� �/�� B�SIT�� (�127 � XY V�*�� ��� |�6���G2A26�/���60� �?�� ����A^ K& BC���� B�/��D�� ]Gq (
K�& ��cS� ��?@�A�� B����AG�� ?��e f@0 ,j?DPF��� ( �*MU s0 ���?@�A�� B���AG�,����A^ B;��I %:
$��?%�� ����+ �W�¡�0 �:� Y �FG2, �D_�<Y j�D�0 j�2 �?�&�G2 �D_<Y jD� ,VE��F�� §�FW�� b& j/2�2
�c�� b& �:���� s�%I��/�� {�E_��� Zc*��� a�:0 ¼��&�6� ,K�: ,�\� ,B�?¡��6 ,���@½, 0 �:� � Y ��FG2
�?���� �GAF�� B�6�c& VE*2J ?��e f@0 Z[��F*�� B��ckY h�6 �F�� ����A^
h�6 F�� ���A^ ( |�*MU,�?I h�6 �F�� ���A^ B6�G2
�78 �0 �?�/%�� �SIT�� ( H�&�143 � �SIT�� ( |�6��G2�� �/�� J ����AG�� ?��e f�@ �*M�U Z[��F*�� B�ckY0
���AG a��F� C?: �?@�A��: ��_2 K& m��F�� 34 s�AdN� L,±�_��*�� ��?cEF�� sT��} 0 ����*2 ,m?����F�� �?����5Y ( �
20F�M ÆM±�_*�� 6�G:Y ��@ ( . B;�I VF�� ~2��D}0 f��@�29 � |�6����G2B�����AG�� C*��? ,: ( ±�_��*�� j���2
��O2 ��I�FA& ��l�5Y ���D20 ,�%�M�� s�AdN� B�w} f@ B;�I �GAF���28 � |�6��G2 J
BC���� § � m��F�� �l? m?En2 ���A^ B6�D20�?I mS*2 ±�_�*�� b�& ��5�*F� C >n�� �l?�30� ,
0 m �S< B�c'0 6 %20 s�Ad�� V\n2�29�, �;��20 s�AdN� b?� f@ �c&CF ��28�, f�@ s�AdN� b�_20
s�AdN� B���F5� ;`�20 mc*? C?: .@�AF���27�J
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 450 –
�cS�0 ����A^ 6�D2 s0 �� K&4 .[��5��� g��F<f�@ B;�I VF�� �?E?��F�� �95 � �6���G2 B��SIT�� (
0 �?�/%���143 ��� �/�� B�SIT�� ( �6��G2,�/2 �&0 c ���?@�A�� B���AG�� ( 6�D2 K&, ����A^ B6��G2 ��?I
±�_*�� ��¡�E j/2�2 �?E?��2 .[�50 ZF*2�30 � �c?�� ZF*20 ,�GAF�� B�6�c& VE*2 �?E?��2 .[�50 ZF*2 ���A^
���Y�.@�AF�� ( s�Ad�� ©EM2 �?E?��2 �29�, ����A^0 ��*2 �����0 u���N� ] �?E?��F�� .[�5��� �� PF5� ( �
�28 � �A�Fº ���& K& xn%�� .[�50 ZF*2 mo�27J� ��?I m?�?%F�� ���A^ ( 6�DF�� Z[�F*�� B�ckY0
�?�/%�� �SIT�� ( B6�G2�56 � �SIT�� ( C*? �6��G2 B6�G2 �� �/���122�@�A�� B���AG�� ?�e f@0 , ��?
B��/��D�� § �� .�e��� ��?\F�� Z[��F*�� B�ckY %:m?�?%F�� ?��e f@ BC����; r4 mEn�2 ����A^ B;��I
s�AdN� ���Y m??%F� .E@ L�60Y�28�,���A^0 � PFM�2
��@�*F& m??%2 B�0�Y¼ m?�?%2 ,.�E@ L�60Y ,BT��5 �A�½ �27�, ±�_*�� �� � m??%F�� j/2�� ���A^ �c?��
�25 �.E_���0 ,H���& ���?:���� ���<���� b��?� m?��?%F�� ,��?<� '���0 �?^�WMA*��0 s��AdN� >��& � PFM�20
mc[��Y m??%F��21 ��6��G2J �%: �*M�U V�*c�� 6��DF�� ����A^ .?�U �ckY0
��?�/%�� B�SIT�� ( V*c�� 6�DF�� ���A^ B6�G2�49 � �� �/�� B�SIT�� (0�141� ��?@�A�� B����AG�� (0 ,
����A^ B6���G2 ,�D_��<N� 8��?A*2 ��� ����T&�2 ���FG2 � �D_�<N� j?�D� .��/+ ���T&�2 ��FG20�30 � ,�6����G2
�_+�*& s�I ��T&�2 X0 20��?��A26�/�� ���T?&; b& �29�, ��c[��N ¥�8�� �cE??%2 X0 2 �c?�� �28�, X0 �20
��T?&`� ��'���� ��8\F�� K@ �c�&�2�24 J� ��GF�� ��OI�/�� 9'�PF5�0�0 B�6 B�D�5�F��
s0 �� ( �cS� C^ �M?[��� B���AG�� �?�M���2J�
'+-j��2 �#������:�,#�� ������� ��.�:o� ��!>�� �+ ���@
�:�,#�� ������� ����#���� p>�� �
'�� � l�G m-�. l�G m-�.
s0N� j?DPF�� 64 137 12.8 27.4
v�O�� h�6 F�� 78 143 15.6 28.6
O����� �?E��F�� �l?/�� m?En2 85 141 17 28.2
b���� 4 �?E?��F�� .[�5��� g�F< 95 143 19 28.6
h&�y� m??%F�� 56 122 11.2 24.4
$��M�� V*c�� 6�DF�� 49 141 9.8 28.2
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 451 –
s0 �� K& �cS��2 � XYY f�@ B;�I ���A^ f@ g��F<4 ����A^0 ,h�6 �F�� ���A^ V KMU0 6��G2 f@Y
� 6����GF ���?E?��F�� .[���5���143 � i�M��I j��5�F&0�28.6�, ���A^0 �?E��F�� �l?/�� m?En2 ���A^ �c?�� 6�DF��
V*c���141 �i�MI j5�F&0 �28.6�,m�o K&0 ����A^
j?DPF���137 � i�MI j5�F&0�27.4� 6���G2 .�+Y0 m��%F���122 � i�MI j5�FE0�24.4J�
D�5�F&0 B���AG�� �OI�/�� 9/260 �?�M��� ��� .G_�� ( �cS� C^�1�J
0
10
20
30
40
قبل
بعد
قبل 12.8 17 19 11.2 9.8
بعد 27.4 28.2 28.6 24.4 28.2
التخطيط تصميم البيئة إنتاج الوسائل التقييم التطور المھني
J�?���1 � ��q�� -�.+ J�G �������� ��!>�� S. X#����������������
��?pY K�@ ��?F*�� 78 Ç/*20���?��A26�/��� ( BC���� B�/��D�� ]Gq K& ��?I ,�?E?��F�� B���AG��
� Kc&��&Y ��e�A�� 9W?2Y m�2 V�F�� Kc�506� ���'�� >��& ( X�& !�+ f@ �c�¡00 �� ?A�� f@ �®6�n2
��?��A26�/��� ,���/20K� �?��A26�/��� ©E50 ,Kc*? C?: a��[��d0 B�w��y� s����/F BC������ B���/��D�� �8��
h�6 F��, �?�«0 4�?E?��F�� .[�5��� g�F< J 9�nI VF�� ��'���� ��8\F�� B @�5 ��r � @
�c?�@��D� ��@ ��*oY BC���� B�/���?��A26�/�� � f@��E[T& h�6 �2 a�[��d 6��?F}� ( K�c[��Y ���D2, (0
(0 ,��@�*F& ��?E?��2 �?���5Y ���24 .[��5��� g��F<
����DF� B��/��D�� ]� h:��*2 34 §�Y �8 0 ,�?E?��F�� ( �c¡�@0 b�<Y H6�n K¦C@Y�/���6�?��A2�; ���+ ��
AG�� ( ]GEF�� 34 h�6 �F�� ( ��%��F�� �?E?��F�� B���04j?DPF��0 �?E?��F�� .[�5��� g�F< J
���?%�� f�@ ��E���� ��/��D�� �?��A20w�� @�50 H �I��� �?E?��F�� H���� K@ �W/2 9<�G: �OI�/�� 60
>�& ( �c��F� �c56 F5 VF�����?��A26�/��� ��8�^ ,� �/��D�� H @�M& ( �?�&�F�� ��FG�� 9p�5 f�@ ��E���
K�& KGEF��� 34 ���r �� ��+0 ���56��0 ���r ��'��&V*c�� 6�DF�� ���A^ J
@�50��?��A26�/�� � ����2 f@ �E���� �/��D��
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 452 –
s�Ad�� ©EM2 VF�� �?E��F�� �l?/�� m?En2 B�?�« ���W B�w�y� s��/2 w@ ��r0 ,�����0 ��_F^t�0 �^���
� �l?/�� m?En2 �?A?^ ( Kc*? 60 �?: ,±�_< .G� �/5�*� ���@ ���*oY BC����� ] 6��I���?��A26�/��� s��I
/�� m?En2? ���F^ �?A?^0 j?DPF��0 m��%F��0 �?E��F�� �l ( �c�¡�� �Dy���?��A26�/��� XY ~<��� K�& �8� .^ ,
m?��F�� �?�E�� BC���� B�/��D�� mc: aE��, K& ;`��0 ��56��K=� � ( Kc*GE�0 �?���?E?��F�� B���AG� J
b& ��?F*�� 78 aAF20�, 2007 Ouellett� 8���]� ��oY ����?��A26�/��� ���/�D�� ���Y §�FM�& ���A26� (
���?�E��� ���?�� ���W< m����c�� f��@0 ]��E����,0 «��6 �Attinello, Lare & Waters, 2006� s�����I ��?��A26�/��� u6 F�� ���D�� ¥�r m?�?%2 K& ~%%ª C?:
0 ~��C@Y ( ~���&�2 K�& ��`�04 ,~��2�;��<0 K��& �T�@=�~2�e J
�>��-�� ���Y��:
�� C �OI�/�� È�2 �5�6 �� 78 Z[�F< ��¡ (: - =� >�& s�I B�5�6 �� K& �`& ���'4 ;��<
��?��A26�/��J�
- =� >��& >?k�2 ����S*�� B�+�M��� ( ;���<V�&��� m?��F�� ���DF� �?�E���0J
- �� 60 %@ s��I ]?�&���� H82�5�� .E� >?k�2 �?pY��?��A26�/��� m?��F�� ( J
- f�@ mcO�� ]�E��E�� ��?/�6 2 B����%� %@ >?k�2��?��A26�/���J
* * *
+ �4�% � ��,�Gn3�# �
c/+D :��.#��� n3�# �:
��Ez ,���<0��D��J� 2015 J� ���cG�FE� V��F�� �?M���6 F�� B�����AG��F�� X�E���� �/�D�� ��c'0 K& �<0��F�� $6� �� ( X�6
]<0���F�� ]E���� �S<J ,������ ������� B��5�6�42 �3� ,807 – 819 J
,.?%@ �Y4m? ��J� 2014 J�=� >��& �� PF�5� B��+��&;���<
,.��?�y� ����&�� ���?�E��� ���?�� L�M��& ���/�d § ���7�W< m�� ���0J m?���F�� H���' XC��� ��?���� ������
�� ,V�&�7 �16� ,85− 107 J ��� ,x��y��2010 J� ( ,g�c*�� ( �[�\�� �/�� �&�F�� �GAF��
h�6 �F��0 Z ��*�� ( B����+J XC�@ : )�*�� .�[�0 6��b�;�F��0J
�?*?DM��A�� m?��F��0 �?�� H6�;0�2008 J� �?�?2��5t� ��Dy�]E���� .? �F�J ]DM�: :?��F��0 �?�� H6�;0mJ
�?*?DM��A�� m?��F��0 �?�� H6�;0�2013 J� �?�?2��5t� ��Dy�H�G/�� ���AD��J]DM�: :m?��F��0 �?�� H6�;0J
c����N :����3)� n3�# �: Abu Akeel , I. (2014). The Importance of Using Portfolio:
Obstacles and Attitudes towards It in/by Educational Practice Course Students at Hebron University. (in Arabic). Arab journal for Quality Assurance in Higher Education, 7 (16), 85-107.
Altarawneh, M. (2015). Instructional Competences Possessed by Student-Teachers Trainees in Cooperative Schools from the Perspective of Cooperative Teachers. (in Arabic). Derasat
Educational Science, 42(3), 807-819.
�� �������� ���� ���� ,28 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2016��1438� �
– 453 –
Agbenyega, J., & Deku, P. (2011). Building New Identities in Teacher Preparation for Inclusive Education in Ghana. Current Issues in Education, 14(1), 166-203.
Alwraikat, M. (2012). Graduate Students’ Attitudes towards the Use of Electronic-Portfolios in the College of Educational Sciences at the University of Jordan. International Journal of Humanities and Social
Science, 2(12(,154-163.
Attinello, j., Lare, D; & Waters, F. (2006). The Value of Teacher Portfolios for Evaluation and Professional Growth. NASSP Bulletin, 90 (2), 132-152.
Chien, C. (2013). Pre-Service English Teachers’ Perceptions and Practice of Electronic Portfolios. CALL-EJ, 14(1), 1-15.
Cohen , L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2004). Research method in education. London. New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
Eric, W. (2005). Teacher Empowerment Concept Strategies and Implication for School in Hong Kong. Teacher College Record, 107 (4), 842-861.
Gelfer, Y., Xu, Y., & Perkins, P. (2004). Developing Portfolios to Evaluate Teacher Performance in Early Childhood Education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 32 (2), 127-132.
Janina, S., & Christop, M. (2016). Does Early Childhood Teacher Education Foster Professional Competencies? Professional Competencies of Beginners and Graduates in Different Education Tracks in Germany. Early Childhood Development and Care, 186 (1), 42-60.
Jones, E. (2010). A Professional Practice Portfolio for Quality Learning. Higher Education Quarterly, 64, (3), 226–350.
Karacaoğlu, Ö. (2008) Determining the Teacher Competencies Required in Turkey in the European Union Harmonization Process. World Applied Sciences Journal, 4 (1), 86-94.
LaBoskey, V. (2000). Portfolios here, portfolios there y: Searching for the essence of ‘educational portfolios’. Phi Delta Kappan, 81(8), 590–595.
Ljubetić, M. (2012). New Competences for the Pre-school: Teacher A Successful Response to the Challenges of the 21st Century. World Journal of Education, 2(1), 82-90.
Oner, D., & Adadan, E. (2011). Use of web-based portfolios as tools for reflection in preservice teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 62(5) 477–492.
Ouellett, W. (2007). Your Teaching Portfolio: Strategies for Initiating and Documenting Growth and Development. Journal of Management Education, 31 (3), 421-433.
Saluja, G., Early, D. & Clifford, M. (2002). Demographic characteristics of early childhood teachers and structural element of early care in the United State. Early childhood research and practice,.4(7).
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Wise, A., & Leibbrand, J. (2000). Standards and Teacher Quality: Entering the New Millennium. Phi Delta Kappan, 81(8), 612-621.
* * *
x��y� g�: Ez 9* ���: ;��<=� >�& �?�@�:��?��A26�/�� ��?E*2 (B���AG�� JJJ
– 454 –