1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides...
-
Upload
tracey-lynch -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides...
![Page 1: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1-1
Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction
• Class organization§ Outcomes§ Grading
• Chart of the nuclides§ Description and use of chart§ Data
• Radiochemistry introduction§ Atomic properties§ Nuclear nomenclature§ X-rays§ Types of decays§ Forces
![Page 2: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1-2
RDCH 702: Introduction• Outcomes for RDCH 702
§ Understand chemical properties in radiation and radiochemistry
§ Use and application of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics to evaluate radionuclide speciation
§ Understand the influence of radiolysis on the chemistry of radioisotopes
§ Understand and evaluate radioisotope production§ Evaluate and compare radiochemical separations§ Utilization of radioisotope nuclear properties in
evaluating chemical behavior§ Use and explain the application of radionuclides in
research§ Discuss and understand ongoing radiochemistry
research
![Page 3: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1-3
Grading• Homework (25 %)
§ Weekly homework questions§ Develop tools for research (spreadsheets)
• Two exams (30 % each)§ Oral exam§ 30 minutes each
à 1st exam on question from course informationà 2nd exam on literature
• Classroom participation (15 %)§ Bring chart of the nuclides!
• Class developed to assist and compliment research activities
![Page 4: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1-4
Chart of the Nuclides
• Presentation of data on nuclides§ Information on chemical element§ Nuclide information
à Spin and parity (0+ for even-even nuclides)à Fission yield
§ Stable isotopeà Isotopic abundanceà Reaction cross sectionsà Mass
• Radioactive isotope§ Half-life§ Modes of decay and energies§ Beta disintegration energies§ Isomeric states§ Natural decay series§ Reaction cross sections
![Page 5: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1-5
Chart of Nuclides
• Decay modes§ Alpha§ Beta§ Positron § Photon§ Electron capture§ Isomeric transition§ Internal conversion§ Spontaneous fission§ Cluster decay
![Page 6: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1-6
Introduction
• Radiochemistry§ Chemistry of the radioactive isotopes and elements§ Utilization of nuclear properties in evaluating and understanding chemistry§ Intersection of chart of the nuclides and periodic table
• Atom§ Z and N in nucleus (10-14 m)§ Electron interaction with nucleus basis of chemical properties (10-10 m)
à Electrons can be excited* Higher energy orbitals* Ionization
Ø Binding energy of electron effects ionization§ Isotopes
à Same Z different N§ Isobar
à Same A (sum of Z and N)§ Isotone
à Same N, different Z§ Isomer
à Nuclide in excited state à 99mTc
![Page 7: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1-7
X-rays
• Electron from a lower level is removed§ electrons of the higher levels can come to occupy
resulting vacancy§ energy is returned to the external medium as
electromagnetic radiation• radiation called an X-ray
§ discovered by Roentgen in 1895§ In studying x-rays radiation emitted by uranium
ores Becquerel et. al. (P. and M. Curie) discovered radioactivity in 1896
![Page 8: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1-8
X-rays• Removal of K shell electrons
§ Electrons coming from the higher levels will emit photons while falling to this K shellà series of rays (frequency n
or wavelength l) are noted as Ka, Kb, Kg
à If the removed electrons are from the L shell, noted as La, Lb, Lg
• In 1913 Moseley studied these frequencies n, showing that:
• where Z is the atomic number and, A and Z0 are constants depending on the observed transition.
• K series, Z0 = 1, L series, Z0 = 7.4.
L L
K L
K
(a)
l
2 2 1 1 0
2 2 1 1 0
1 1 0
0
j
5/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 1/2
5/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 1/2
3/2 1/2 1/2
1/2
E(keV)
0,077 0,079 0,151 0,164 0,231
0,728 0,741 0,990 1,056 1,215
5,014 5,360 5,706
35,974
(b)
valeurs de (A;°
) valeurs de (A;°
) valeurs de ( A;°
) L1 2,34723 L2 2,90145 K1 0,35434
L4 2,66587 L1 2,89193 K2 0,40482
L3 2,63521 L 2,98932 K1 0,40026
L2 2,51146 Ll 3,26618
L1 2,68321 K2 0,34608
O
N
M
L
K
)ZZ(A o
![Page 9: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1-9
![Page 10: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1-10
Absorption Spectra
• Edge keV A • K 115.6061 0.1072 • L-I 21.7574 0.5698 • L-II 20.9476 0.5919 • L-III 17.1663 0.7223 • M1 5.5480 2.2348 • M2 5.1822 2.3925 • M3 4.3034 2.8811 • M4 3.7276 3.3261 • M5 3.5517 3.4908 • N1 1.4408 8.6052 • N2 1.2726 9.7426 • N3 1.0449 11.8657 U absorption edges and scattering coefficients
![Page 11: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1-11
Fundamentals of x-rays
• X-rays§ X-ray wavelengths from 1E-5 angstrom to
100 angstromà De-acceleration of high energy electronsà Electron transitions from inner orbitals
* Bombardment of metal with high energy electrons
* Secondary x-ray fluorescence by primary x-rays
* Radioactive sources* Synchrotron sources
![Page 12: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1-12
1. decay (occurs among the heavier elements)
2. decay
3. Positron emission
4. Electron capture
5. Spontaneous fission
Types of Decay
EnergyRnRa 42
22286
22688
EnergyXeI 13154
13153
EnergyNeNa 2210
2211
EnergyMgAl 2612
2613
EnergynRuXeCf 10
10844
14054
25298 4
![Page 13: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1-13
Half Lives
for the condition: N/No=1/2=e-t
N=Noe- t
=(ln 2)/t1/2
Rate of decay of 131I as a function of time.
http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/sstutorial/FunChem.htm
![Page 14: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1-14
Forces in nature
• Four fundamental forces in nature § All interactions in the universe are the result of these forces
• Gravity§ Weakest force§ most significant when the interacting objects are massive,
such as planets, stars, etc. • Weak interaction
§ Beta decay• Electromagnetic force
§ Most observable interactions• Strong interaction
§ Nuclear properties
![Page 15: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1-15
Fundamental Forces
![Page 16: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1-16
Classic and relativistic
![Page 17: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1-17
Use of relativistic terms
• relativistic expressions• photons, neutrinos• Electrons > 50 keV• nucleons when the
kinetic energy/nucleon exceeds 100 MeV
![Page 18: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1-18
Wavelengths and energy
• Planck evaluated minimum from DExDt when he studied the radiation emitted by a black body at a given temperature
• Quantum called Planck’s constant h (h = 6.6 10-34 J.s). § radiation conveys energy E in the form of quanta E = hn
à n the frequency of the emitted radiation • Based on the wave mechanics worked out by de Broglie • l = h/p
§ l is the wavelength associated with any moving particle with the momentum p
2
h
p/
![Page 19: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1-19
Wavelengths
• Photon relationships
![Page 20: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
1-20
Particle Physics
• fundamental particles of nature and interaction symmetries
• Particles classified as fermions or bosons§ Fermions obey the Pauli principle
à antisymmetric wave functions à half-integer spins
* Neutrons, protons and electrons à Bosons do not obey Pauli principle
* symmetric wave functions and integer spinsØ Photons
![Page 21: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
1-21
![Page 22: 1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649f0b5503460f94c1ebcd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1-22
Particle physics
• Particle groups divided § leptons (electron) § hadrons (neutron and
proton)à hadrons can
interact via the strong interaction
à Both can interact with other forces
à Fermionic Hadrons comprised of quarks