0The effects on physical and emotional health of people who have lost their employment at the...

AUTHORS:

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

DR. XIOMARA B. SANTIAGO RODRGUEZ

CO-INVESTIGATORS:

PAOLA MICHELLE CRIADO OLIVIERI

MICHELLE PAOLA CRIADO OLIVIERI

MYLIAN SANTIAGO-CRUZ

Topic

0 The effects on physical and emotional health of people who have lost their employment at the municipality of Cayey.

Problem Definition

0 On August 2012 the unemployment rate in Puerto Rico was 13.5%.

0 This represent a decrease of 0.2 percentage points compared with July 2012.

0 The estimated labor force for August 2012 was 1.268 million people and the estimated employment of the island was 1.096 million, creating a difference of 171 thousand persons unemployed.

0 At Cayey the unemployment rate is 14.4% (March 2013).

Problem Statement

0 Which are the effects on physical and mental health of those who have lost their employment at the municipality of Cayey?

Purposes of Research

0 Identify the socio-demographic characteristics of the unemployed.

0 Identify the causes whereby they lost their employment.

0 The effects on the physical health of an individual as a result of unemployment, such as: heart attack, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, anemia and stomach ulcer.

0 The effects on the mental health of an individual as a result of unemployment, such as: any disorder related to anxiety, insomnia, depression, stress, use of legal and illegal substances and suicidal tendencies.

Investigation Questions: 0 What is the most affected gender due to

unemployment?

0 Is hypertension the most common physical consequence as a result of losing the employment?

0 Does depression is the main result in unemployment individuals?

Research Hypothesis:

0 H0: Unemployment affects more men than women.

0 H1: Unemployment does not affect more men than women.

0 H0: The most common physical consequence as a result of losing employment is hypertension.

0 H2: The most common physical consequence as a result of losing employment is not hypertension.

0 H0: Depression is the main mental result of unemployment.

0 H3: Depression is not the main mental result of unemployment

Variables 0 During this research there are some variables that are

going to be evaluated, among which are: Socio-demographic variables

0 Gender

0 Age

0 Type of company where worked

0 Years of service in the company

0 Schooling

0 Income

Independent Variable

0Unemployed

Dependent Variable

0Hypertension

0Depression

0Use of legal and illegal substances

0Drinking alcoholic beverages

Population description and selection of sample

0 The population of study consisted of Cayey population.

0 The sample was selected using the telephone directory.

0 All members of the population where identified with a code number with the purpose to select the sample at random.

0 Minitab statistical package was used to random numbers.

0 Two hundred and two was the require d sample size.

0 The sample size was estimate using the proportion formula (Black, 2012):

Selection of the sample (Continuation)

0 where,

0 p = population proportion

0 q = 1 - p

0 E = error of estimation

0 n = sample size

Selection of the sample (Continuation)

Response Rate

0 The selection of the sample was 202. But only response 112. And our response rate was

112

202= 55.45%

Corroboration of Hypothesis Testing

and

Corroboration of Hypothesis Testing

=

Where p = sample proportion

n= sample size

p= population proportion

q= 1 - p

Instrument Design

0 A questionnaire was design to collect data.

0 The instrument was administered by phone calls.

Tabulation

The data will be tabulated using the statistical program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), MINITAB and Excel.

Statistical Analysis of Data

0 The analysis of data results was performed using graphs and frequency tables.

Results and Analysis of Data

21-30 30%

31-40 10%

41-50 18%

51-60 20%

61-70 16%

71-80 6%

80 o ms 0%

Edad


Masculino 41%

Femenino 59%

Gnero


Soltero 35%

Casado 49%

Divorciado 10%

Separado 3%

Viudo 3% Estado civil


S 68%

No 32%

Tienes hijos?


3%

8%

16%

8%

3%

11%

41%

8%

2%

Escolaridad

Escuela Elemental

Escuela Intermedia

Escuela Superior

Universidad

Carrera Corta

Grado Asociado

Bachillerato

Maestra

Doctorado


S 37%

No 63%

Est actualmente desempleado?


46%

24%

14%

0% 8%

5%

3%

Si contest que si en la pregunta 1? Cul era el tipo de empresa para la que trabajaba?

Manufactura

Servicio

Gobierno

Militar

Ventas/Distribucin

Negocio Propio

Construccin


S 7%

No 93%

Actualmente, recibe seguro por desempleo?


S 0%

No 100%

Es suficiente la cantidad de seguro por desempleo para cubrir sus gastos?


11 meses o menos 31%

1 ao 15%

2 aos 26%

3 aos o ms 28%

Cunto tiempo hace que est desempleado?


34.3%

0.0%

17.1%

22.9%

11.4%

2.9%

11.4%

0.0%

Cul es la razn por la cual est desempleado?


S 50%

No 50%

Desarroll alguna enfermedad luego de quedarse sin empleo?


Enfermedad fsica 14%

Enfermedad mental 33%

Ambas 53%

Si contest s a la pregunta 7 Qu tipo de enfermedad desarroll?


42.9%

19.0%

9.5%

4.8%

0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

4.8%

0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

19.0%

1 mes 2 meses 3 meses 4 meses 5 meses 6 meses 7 meses 8 meses 9 meses 10 meses 11 meses 1 ao oms

Cunto tiempo pas en quedar desempleado y el desarrollo de la enfermedad?


0%

6.25%

31.25%

0% 0%

62.50%

Ataque al corazn Arritmia cardiaca Hipertensin Anemia Ulceras estomacales Otros

Si desarroll una enfermedad fsica? Cul de las siguientes es la que aplica?


26.10%

17.40%

21.70% 23.90%

2.20% 0% 0% 0%

6.50%

Ansiedad Insomnio Depresin Stress Abuso dealcohol

Abuso desustancias

legales(entindaseproductos

recetados ycon receta).

Abuso desustancias

ilegales(drogas de

venta ilegal)

Pensamientossuicidas

Si desarroll una enfermedad mental? Cul de las siguientes es la que aplica?


S 36%

No 64%

Actualmente est buscando trabajo?

Results and Analysis of Data Comparative

S 26%

No 74%

ComparativoHa desarrollado alguna enfermedad durante su trabajo?


Enfermedad fsica 33%

Enfermedad Mental

45%

Ambas 22%

Comparativo Qu tipo de enfermedad desarroll?


30.77%

0.00%

7.69%

30.77%

7.69% 7.69%

0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Ansiedad Insomnio Depresin Stress Abuso dealcohol

Abuso desustancias

legales(entindaseproductos

recetados y conreceta).

Abuso desustancias

ilegales (drogasde venta ilegal)

Pensamientossuicidas

ComparativoSi desarroll una enfermedad mental? Cul de las siguientes es la que aplica?


0.0% 0.0%

100.0%

0.0% 0.0%

Ataque al corazn Arritmia Cardiaca Hipertensin Anemia lceras estomacales

ComparativoSi desarroll una enfermedad fsica? Cul de las siguientes es la que aplica?

Hypothesis Analysis The first hypothesis raises:

H0: Unemployment affects more men than women.

H1: Unemployment does not affect more men than women.

Using a z population proportion formula is represented the difference between gender and unemployment.

To determinate if the hypothesis is sufficient evidence to reject, was used an alpha of 0.05. The value of z is 3.43. That means that the null hypothesis is rejected.

Hypothesis Analysis Cont. The second hypothesis raises:

H0: The most common physical consequence as a result of losing employment is hypertension.

H2: The most common physical consequence as a result of losing employment is not hypertension.

Using a z population proportion formula is represented the difference between hypertension and unemployment.

According to the results of the equation, Z = -6.17. In the statistical table of Z this value is equal to -.9998. The boundary of the confidence intervals is +/- 1.96, therefore -6.17 < -1.96. This means that the results are in the rejection region. In other words, there is sufficient evidence to reject H0, proving the H2 that establish that the hypertension is not the main physical result of unemployment.

Hypothesis Analysis Cont. The third hypothesis raises:

H0: Depression is the main mental result of unemployment.

H3: Depression is not the main mental result of unemployment

Using a z population proportion formula is represented the difference between depression and unemployment.

According to the results of the equation, Z = -6.24. In the statistical table of Z this value is equal to .9998. The boundary of the confidence intervals is +/- 1.96, therefore -6.24 < -1.96. This means that the results are in the rejection region. In other words, there is sufficient evidence to reject H0, proving the H3 that establish that the depression is not the main mental result of unemployment.

Conclusions

References

A., P. (2003). Unemployment and suicide. Journal Epidemiol Community Health, 557-558

Absjornsen, T., Mohiesen, Sig; Stokka, Burt y Eide, Ralf. (1985). Unemployment and Health the Effects of Psychosocial Stressors on Psychic and Somatic Health Among Unemployed Young People. Tidsskiff for Norsk Psykolog Forening, 22, (1), pp. 3-13

Abrams, D. & Sheeran, P. (1995). Unemployment, self-esteem and depression: A social comparison theory approach. Basic and applied social psychology. Vol. 17. (pp. 65-82).

Athanasou, J.& Murphy, G. (1999). The effect of unemployment on mental health Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.Vol. 72.

Anderson, D., Sweeny, D. & Williams, T. (2008).Estadstica para la administracin y economa. Mxico.: Cengage Learning.

References (cont.)

Baker, Dean; Hassett, Kevin. New York Times. 13 May 2012

Black, K.(2008). Business Statistics. (5th.ed). New Jersey, EE.UU.: Wiley

Bungum, T., Moonie, S. & Pharr, J. (2012). T. The impact of unemployment on mental and physical health, access to health care and health risk behaviors. International Scholarly Research Network.ISRN Public Health. Article ID: 483432.

Brink, S. (2008, Sep 09). Bad economic times actually can be good for health. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/420777020?accountid=44829

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