GOOS Regional alliances

NEAR - North-East Asian Regional-GOOS

Japan – Seto Inland Sea – several HAB species

Korea – blooms of Cochlodinium polykrikoides

GOOS-AfricaBenguela area

EuroGOOS

BOOS - Baltic Sea Operational Oceanographic System examples:a) blooms of HAB-cyanobacteria

NOOS - North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic Systemexamples:a) Skagerrak-Kattegat blooms of fish killing flagellates, e.g. Pseudochattonella farcimen.b) UK waters with blooms of the fish killing dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi

IBI-ROOS - Iberia-Biscay-Ireland Regional Operational Oceanographic Systemexamples:a) Blooms of Dinophysis spp. in Galician Rias, Irish waters and in the Bay of Biscay.b) Blooms of Karenia mikimotoi in the Bay of Biscay and in Irish waters US-GOOS

IOC-IPHAB recommended procedures for automated and

semi-automated HAB-monitoring and forecasting within

the Global Ocean Observing System

Table of content

Operational requirements

Acronyms and definitions

1. Harmful Algal Blooms

2. Automated HAB-observations

3. In situ systems

4. Optical techniques for observing HABs

5. Other methods for automated in situ

identification of HAB-species

6. In situ sensors for detecting algal bloom

physiological processes

7. Remote sensing systems

8. HAB-forecasting systems

9. HAB-warnings

10. GOOS Regional alliances identified for the

first HAB observation and forecasting

systems

Automated HAB-observations

Only some HABs can be monitored using automated techniques

There is value in monitoring for HAB species occurrence as well as for HAB-

toxins/metabolites.

The observing system should be designed to detect the HAB species that occur

within a given region. No single system will work in all areas.

Optical in situ techniques for observing HABs

Absorbtion and scatterring

Fluorescence – photoquenching is an issue – use night-time measurements if possible

Chlorophyll

Phycocyanin

Phycoerythrin

ALEC

Chelsea

Wetlabs

TriOS

Turner Designs

HOBI labs

In situ systems continued

Important issues

Bio fouling protection and short service intervals

Depth resolution hiigh enough to detect HABs in

thin layers - use profiling systems

Minimum set of parameters

Phytoplankton biomass proxy , i.e. night-time

chlorophyll fluorescence

Turbidity

Salinity

Temperature

Specific HAB sensor if available (based on e.g.

specific optical signature, molecular

techniques or in situ flow cytometers with

optical image analysis)

Other methods for automated in situ

identification of HAB-species

Molecular biological techniques Automated image analysis in flow cytometers

Sosik & Olson 2007

Environmental SamplePprocessorhttp://www.mbari.org/ESP/default.htm

Remote sensing systems

Systems mainly aimed at estimating chlorophyll (a proxy for total phytoplankton)

near surface

Only a few HABs can be identified using remote sensing techniques

Remote sensing is useful for tracking advection of water masses

MERIS image processed by SMHI (Envisat, European Space Agency)

Bloom of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Proper 2008

MERIS image processed by Norwegian Institute for Water Research

Chlorophyll a in the Skagerrak

Observation data ordered from high detail to

high spatial and temporal coverage

Water samples

Microscopic analyses

Cell counts

Biovolume meaurements – biomass in carbon

Species identification using molecular techniqus

Chlorophyll a – a proxy for total phytoplankton biomass

Sensors on CTD:s, buoys, gliders, in FerryBox systems etc.

Chlorophyll a fluorescence – another proxy for phytoplankton

biomass

Phycocyanin fluorescence – a proxy for some cyanobacteria

Phycoerythrin fluorescence - a proxy for some HABs

Remote sensing

Chlorophyll a near surface

Detection of a few HAB-organisms, e.g. accumulations of

cyanobacteria

Members

IPHAB Task Team on HAB Observations and Forecasting Systems

Task Team members as decided by IPHAB

XIII

Bengt Karlson, Sweden

Patrick Gentien, France

Robin Raine, Ireland

(Chair of the IOC/SCOR Programme GEOHAB)

Members who have joined during the

intersessional period

Stewart Bernard, South Africa

Milton Campbell, Brazil

Steve Groom, United Kingdom

Liam Fernand, United Kingdom

Seppo Kaitala, Finland

Raphe Kudela, USA

Thomas C. Malone, USA

Tetsuo Yanagi, Japan

Proposed members

Susan Blackburn, Australia

Joji Ishizaka, Japan

Gemita Pizarro, Chile