09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt)...

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Rhythm Changes From Fundamentals of Jazz Improvisation: What Everybody Thinks You Already Know Dr. Mark Watkins Director of Jazz Studies Brigham Young University–Idaho ©2010 by Mark Watkins Materials herein are provided for personal use. No part may be reproduced without written permission from the author.

Transcript of 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt)...

Page 1: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

RhythmChanges

FromFundamentalsofJazzImprovisation:WhatEverybodyThinksYouAlreadyKnow

Dr.MarkWatkins

DirectorofJazzStudiesBrighamYoungUniversity–Idaho

©2010byMarkWatkinsMaterialshereinareprovidedforpersonaluse.Nopartmaybereproduced

withoutwrittenpermissionfromtheauthor.

Page 2: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

OriginalRhythmMusicianscompositingandperforminginjazz,musicaltheater,R&B,pop,andotheridiomswereinfluencebyGershwin’stuneIGotRhythm.However,itshouldbenotedthattheI(oriii),vi,ii,V,IcommontotheAsectionsofrhythmtunesandthedominantcycleofthebridgeareprogressionsasoldastheadventofourdiatonicsystem.Regardlessoftheinfluence,RhythmChangesareacommoncontrafactinjazz.(Acontrafactisanewmelodywrittenonapre‐existingchordprogression.Sincechordprogressionscannotbecopyrighted,performersoftenwritenewmelodiesoverprogressionsonwhichtheyenjoyimprovising.)TuneswrittenoverRhythmChangesareverycommon;theywereespeciallysointheSwingandBeboperas.CharlieParkerhasstatedthatlearningblues,rhythmchanges,andCherokeein12keyswellprepareoneforalmostanything.OriginalRhythmisa32barform,AABA.Fundamentally,atwobarIvi|iiVsequenceplayedfourtimesconstitutestheAsections.Bars5‐6inGershwin’stuneareII7|IViv.Thissetofchords,withGershwin’s5thand6thbarsarethefoundationforsucceedingcontrafacts.Asection:

Thebsectionorbridgeisadominantsequencestartingonthemediantcyclingeverytwobars.Bsection:

Gershwin’stunecarriesatwobarextensionnotoftenplayedwithRhythmChangescontrafacts.

Page 3: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

OriginalRhythm:IGotRhythm(GeorgeGershwin)

Page 4: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

OptionsOneoftheadvantagestoRhythmChangesisitsflexibility,similartotheblues.Possibilitiesareextensive.Optionsforbars1‐2canbepairedwithbars3‐4options,likewisewithbar5,6,and7‐8.Allexampleswithmajor7chordscouldusemajor6chordsandviceversa.Oneortheotherisusuallyusedconsistentlythroughouttheprogression.Set1:mm.1‐2options:FundamentalIviiiV

MinorvichangedtoVI7

VIandValtered

VI,V,andIIalteredtocreateacycleofdominants

DiminishedpassingchordssubstitutedforviandVtocreateachromaticbassline

TheaboveprogressionisusuallyfollowedbyiiisubstituteforIinbar3,thuscompletingthebassline.

Page 5: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Set2:mm.3‐4options:FundamentalIviiiV

MinorvichangedtoVI7

iiisubstitutedforI,creatingacycleofiiVs

Dominantsaltered

Set3:m.5options:FundamentalmajorIfollowedbyI7

MinorvsubstitutingforI,creatingaiiV(bluessoundonm.5)

I7substitutingformajorI(bluessoundonm.5)

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Set4:m.6options:FundamentalIVVII7,resolvescommonlytoI(TheIVVIIIprogressionisfrequentinmanytunes.MovingtoIVinm.6isreminiscentoftheItoIVprogressionfoundintheblues.)

IV7substitutingformajorIV,creatingcyclemotion

MinorivonbeatthreesubstitutesforVII7,IVismajor

samesubstitutionwithIV7substitutingformajorIV

Raised4throotonbeat3,createsachromaticrootprogression;whenothernotes(3,5,7)remainconstantthroughthemeasureadiminishedchordresults.

Set5:mm.7‐8options:Tonic6/4(B‐flatoverF)completeseitheradescendingorascendingbasslinedependingontheprecedingchords

SameprinciplewithiiisubstitutingforI

Page 7: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Possiblebassline1,descending:(Inversionsarenotusuallyindicatingasbelow.)

Possiblebassline2,ascending:(Likewise,inversionsnotalwaysgiven.)

FundamentalIviiiVreturntotopofAsection

iiimaybesubstitutedforIinallmm.7‐8examples

VI7substitutesforvi

iiisubstitutesforI,creatingacycleofiiVs

Dominantsaltered

II7substitutesforii,creatingacycleofdominants

Page 8: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Tonic6/4,V7Icanconclude1stor2ndAsection

iiV7Icanconclude1stor2ndAsection

Set6:mm.15‐16options:m.16ormm.15‐16usuallyendontonic.Thisfinalcadencehelpsconclude2ndAsectionmelodicmaterialandfacilitatesacolorfulchromaticmediantcontrasttothebridge.Asabove,tonic6/4,V7Icanconclude1stor2ndAsection

Asabove,iiV7Icanconclude1stor2ndAsection

Tonicisoftenheldforbothmm.15and16

AllexamplesofBsection(bridge)harmonicsequencescanutilizealtereddominants.

Page 9: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Bridge1:Fundamentalcycleofdominantharmoniesstartingonthechromaticmediant(dominantchordbuilton3rdscaledegreeoftonic)

Bridge2:iiV7substitutedforV7

Bridge3:iiV7substitutedforV7inmm.17‐18and21‐22,creatingasequenceofiiV7Isinmm.17‐20and21‐24

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Bridge4:Tritonesubstitutionsinmm.19‐20and23‐24createadescendingchromaticsequence

ThelastAsectionofRhythmChangesisusuallyidenticaltothe1stAsection.Finalchorusesoftenusethe2ndAsectiontoend.Thefollowinggriddemonstratesthepossibilitiesoftheaboveexamples,whicharenotallinclusive;manymorepossibilitiesexist.PracticallyanygroupfromSet1canbecombinedwithanygroupfromSet2.AnygroupfromSet2canbecombinedwithanygroupfromSet3,Set3to4,and4to5.FirstAsection: Set1:mm.1‐2 Set2:mm.3‐4 Set3:m.5 Set4:m.6 Set5:mm.7‐81 2 3 4 5 6 7 SecondAsection: Set1:mm.1‐2 Set2:mm.3‐4 Set3:m.5 Set4:m.6 Set5:mm.7‐81 2 3 4 5

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AnyBridgesetcanbecombinedwithanyAsection.Bridge:

LastAsection:SameasFirstAsectionwhenrepeatingtotopofform.SameasSecondAsectionwhenending.

ExamplesOriginalRhythm:IGotRhythm(GeorgeGershwin)Swing:LesterLeapsIn(LesterYoung)Swing:Cottontail[progression1](DukeEllington)Swing:Cottontail[progression2](DukeEllington)Bebop:Anthropology(CharlieParker)Bebop:Wee/Allen’sAlley(DenzilBest)SongBook:BlueMoon(RichardRodgersandLorenzHart)HardBop:Oleo[progression1](SonnyRollins)HardBop:Oleo[progression2](SonnyRollins)HardBop:TheTheme(MilesDavis)Hardbop/Contemporary:TheEternalTriangle(SonnyStitt)Contemporary:ThirdRail(MichaelBrecker)

Page 12: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

OriginalRhythm:IGotRhythm(GeorgeGershwin)

Page 13: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Swing:Cottontail[progression1](DukeEllington)

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Swing:Cottontail[progression2](DukeEllington)

Page 15: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Swing:LesterleapsIn(LesterYoung)

Page 16: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Bebop:Anthropology(CharlieParker)

Page 17: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Bebop:Wee/Allen’sAlley(DenzilBest)

Page 18: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

SongBook:BlueMoon(RichardRodgersandLorenzHart)

Page 19: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

HardBop:Oleo[progression1](SonnyRollins)

Page 20: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

HardBop:Oleo[progression2](SonnyRollins)

Page 21: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

HardBop:TheTheme(MilesDavis)

Page 22: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

HardBop/Contemporary:TheEternalTriangle(SonnyStitt)

Page 23: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Contemporary:ThirdRail(MichaelBrecker)

Page 24: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

ImprovisingonRhythmChangesTherearetwocontrastingwaystoimproviseontheAsectionsofRhythmChanges:changerunningandblanketing.Thesewaysareoftencombinedinasingleimprovisedsolo.Thebridgecanbeplayeddiatonicallybutlendsitselftoalterations.ChangeRunning1. Patternsstandardtoone‐measureiiVprogressionsworkwellwhenthevichordismadeVI7

thusformingaiiiVI7iiV7cycle(cycleofiiV7s:D‐G7|C‐F7).iiV7CycleExample1:

iiV7CycleExample2:

2. Onecangivetheimpressionofchordspecificitybyemphasizingthenotesthataremost

different.AlleightmeasurescanalternatebetweenDandE‐flatasguidetones.

BlanketingTherearetwowaystothinkaboutblanketing:alleightbarsoftheAsectionorinvariousparts,asbelow.

Page 25: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Example1:Blanketingalleightwithmajororpentatonics.

Example2:Blanketingalleightwithblues.

Example3:Split,fourbarsofMajor,fourbarsofBlues.

CombinationsExample1:Blanketing,changerunninginto2ndA.

Page 26: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

Example2:Blanketing,changerunningintom.5.

Example3:ChangeRunning2ndA,mm.1‐2overJazzRhythm,Blanketingmm.3‐4,Runningm.6

intotonicB‐flatbeforebridge.

BridgeBlanketingisgenerallynotappropriateforthebridgeofRhythmChanges,althoughsomeexamplesdoexist.Oneshouldimproviseinachordspecificmanner.Simplemixolydianscaleswork,asdoalteredchords/scales.Alteredscalescanbesuccessfulwhetherornottheharmonyincludesthem.Thefollowingchartshowsafewpossibilities:

Page 27: 09 Rhythm Changes Rhythm Changes.pdfSolid Potato Salad (DePaul/Prince/Raye) Sonnyside (Sonny Stitt) Squatty Roo (Johnny Hodges) Stay On It (Tadd Dameron) Steeplechase (Charlie Parker)

RhythmChangesBridgeToneColorChoices

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RhythmChangesTuneList

RhythmTunes RhythmTunes(cont.)OneBassHit(DizzyGillespie)Opp‐Bop‐Sha‐Bam(DizzyGillespie)OscarforTreadwell,An(DizzyGillespie)Ow(CharlieGreenlea)Passport(CharlieParker)PogoStickBounce(EdenAhbez)RaidtheJoint(ErskineHawkins)RedCross(CharlieParker)RhythminaRiff(BillyEckstine)RhythmSam(NatKingCole)Rhythm‐a‐ning(TheloniusMonk)SaltPeanuts(DizzyGillespie)SevenComeEleven(CharlieChristian)Shag(SidneyBechet)Shaw‘Nuff(DizzyGillespie)ShooShooBaby(PhilMoore)SolidPotatoSalad(DePaul/Prince/Raye)Sonnyside(SonnyStitt)SquattyRoo(JohnnyHodges)StayOnIt(TaddDameron)Steeplechase(CharlieParker)StraightenUpandFlyRight(NatKingCole)StreetBeat,The(C.Thompson/Robert

Mellin)StrictlyConfidential(BudPowell)SwedishSchnapps(CharlieShavers)SwingSpring(J.J.Johnson)Swingin'withDiane(ArtPepper)Syntax(J.J.Johnson)Ta‐de‐ah(NatKingCole)Theme,The(MilesDavis)ThrivingfromaRiff/Anthropology(Charlie

Parker)Tiptoe(ThadJones)Turnpike(J.J.Johnson)Wail(BudPowell)WebbCity(BudPowell)Wee/Allen'sAlley(DizzyGillespie)Who'sWho(ArtFarmer)WireBrushStomp(GeneKrupa)XYZ(BuddJohnson)YeahMan(J.RusselRobinson)

AlteredRhythmChanges

52ndStreetTheme(TheloniusMonk)Ah‐Leu‐Cha(MilesDavis)Almost(DavidBaker)Anthropology/Thrivin'FromaRiff(Charlie

Parker/DizzyGillespie)AppleHoney(WoodyHerman)BopKick(NatKingCole)Boppin'aRiff(SonnyStitt)BrownGold(ArtPepper)Bud'sBubble(BudPowell)CallthePolice(NatKingCole)CallingDr.Jazz(Eddie"Lockjaw"Davis)Celerity(CharlieParker)ChantoftheGroove(ColemanHawkins)Chasin'theBird(CharlieParker)Cheers(CharlieParker)Constellation(CharlieParker)CoolieRini(HowardMcGhee)Coppin'theBop(J.J.Johnson)Cottontail(DukeEllington)Delerium(TaddDameron)Dexter'sDeck(DexterGordon)Dexterity(CharlieParker)Don'tBeThatWay(EdgarSampson)Dorothy(HowardMcGhee)Dot’sGroovy(JackMontrose)DownfortheDouble(FreddieGreen)Duel,The(DexterGordon)EbPob(FatsNavarro/LeoParker)Everything’sCool(BudPowell)FatGirl(FatsNavarro)FatherStepsIn(Dixon/Randall/Hines/Fox)Flintstones,The(HoytCurtain)FoxHunt(J.J.Johnson)Goin’toMinton’s(FatsNavarro)GoodQueenBess(DukeEllington)GoofandI,The(AlCohn)Hamp'sPaws(HamptonHawes)HarlemSwing(NatKingCole)Hollerin'andScreamin'(EddieDavis)IGotRhythm(GeorgeGershwin)I'manErrandBoyforRhythm(NatKingCole)InWalkedHorace(J.J.Johnson)JayJay(J.J.Johnson)Jaybird(J.J.Johnson)JeepisJumpin',The(DukeEllington)JugHandle(GeneAmmons)Juggernaut(GeneAmmons)Juggin'Around(FrankFoster)Jumpin'attheWoodside(CountBasie)LemonDrop(GeorgeWallington)LesterLeapsIn(LesterYoung)LilaMae(NatKingCole)LittleManontheWhiteKeys,The(NatCole)LoveYouMadly(DukeEllington)MissThing(CountBasie)MoodySpeaks(JamesMoody/DaveBurns)Moody'sGotRhythm(JamesMoody)MoosetheMooche(CharlieParker)Mop,Mop(Gaillard/Stewert/Tatum)Newk'sFadeway(SonnyRollins)NoMoe(differentbridge)(SonnyRollins)NorthwestPassage(Herman/Jackson/Burns)OGoMo(SonnyRollins)Oleo(SonnyRollins)OntheScene(Gillespie/Fuller/Roberts)

AirMailSpecial[differentbridge](BennyGoodman,/JimmyMundy/CharlieChristian)

BopCity[differentbridge](KaiWinding)Boperation[differentbridge](Fats

Navarro/HowardMcGhee)BrownieSpeaks[Asectionaltered](CliffordBrown)

Chase,The[differentbridge](DexterGordon)ChristmasEve[differentbridge](Slide

Hampton)Compulsion[differentbridge](MilesDavis)CouldJa[differentbridge](Carey/Fischer)Crazyology[Asectionsaltered](Benny

Harris)CTA[Asectionsaltered,differentbridge]

(JimmyHeath)DexterDigsIn[differentbridge](Dexter

Gordon)Dexter’sCuttin’Out[differentbridge](Dexter

Gordon)DixieJamboree[differentbridge](perf.byNat

KingColeTrio)

DizzyAtmosphere[differentbridge](DizzyGillespie)

Doin’theBowWow[differentbridge](perf.byNatKingColeTrio)

Eb[differentbridge](perf.byNatColeTrio)EternalTriangle[differentbridge](Sonny

Stitt)FatherKnickerbopper[differentbridge](Tiny

Kahn)FiveBrothers[differentbridge](Gerry

Mulligan)FlyingHome[differentbridge](Lionel

HamptonandBennyGoodman)ForHecklersOnly[differentbridge](Ray

Brown/GilFuller)GoodBait[differentbridge](TaddDameron)HipHipHooray[differentbridge](perf.by

NatKingColeTrio)HitThatJivejack[differentbridge](Skeets

Tolbert)HoySoy[differentbridge](perf.byNatKing

Cole)IWasDoin’Alright[differentbridge](George

Gershwin)I’mBoppin’Too[differentbridge](Lorraine

Gillespie)JamMan[Asectionaltered](MartyGreene)Jumpin’withtheMop[differentbridge](perf.

byNatKingCole)Kim[Asectionaltered](CharlieParker)Lollypop[differentbridge](Shorty

Rogers/TerryGibbs)Manteca,solochanges[differentbridge]Dizzy

Gillespie)Merry‐Go‐Round[differentbridge](Charlie

Parker)Move[differentbridge](DenzilBest)ProfessorBop(BabsGonzales)Room608[differentbridge](HoraceSilver)Scotchin’withtheSoda[differentbridge](W.

JackRiley)Serpent’sTooth,The[differentbridge](Miles

Davis)Settin’thePace[differentbridge](Dexter

Gordon)SmokeyJoe[differentbridge](Van

Phillips/EmilAscherSoSorryPlease[differentbridge](Bud

Powell)StoptheRedLight’sOn[differentbridge]

(TapsMiller)Swingin’forBusy[differentbridge](Sonny

Rollins)Symphonette[differentbridge](Tad

Dameron)T’ain’tWhatChaDo[differentbridge](Sy

Oliver)Take‘em[differentbridge](perf.byNatKing

ColeTrio)ThirdRail[differentbridge](Michael

Brecker)TuxedoJunction[differentbridge](Erskine

Hawkins/BuddyFeyne/WilliamJohnson/JulianDash)

WigglyWalk[differentbridge](Jacobs/Oppenheim/Palmer)


Rhythm Programming I - xa.yimg.comxa.yimg.com/.../name/Rhythm+Programming+1.pdf · Today’s Topics •Understanding Rhythm and the Rhythm Section (25 mins) •Hands On: Understanding

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