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BIOENERGETICS Part 1HOW THE BODY CONVERTS FOOD TO ENERGY

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METABOLISM

Is the sum total of all the chemicalreactions involved in maintaining thedynamic state of the cell

Metabolic Reactions Those in which molecules are broken

down to provide the energy neededby cells catabolism

Those that synthesize thecompounds needed by cells anabolism

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METABOLISM

Biochemical Pathway Is a series of consecutive biochemical

reactions Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

Common Catabolic Pathway To convert the chemical energy in food to

molecules of ATP

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METABOLISM

Principal Compounds of theCommon Catabolic Pathway Common Catabolic Pathway

Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathway Electron Transport Chain Phosphorylation

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METABOLISM

Principal Compounds of theCommon Catabolic Pathway Agents for Storage of Energy and

Transfer of Phosphate Groups

Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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METABOLISM

Principal Compounds of theCommon Catabolic Pathway Agents for Transfer of Electrons in

Biological Oxidation-ReductionReactions Coenzymes

NAD+ (nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide)

FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) Contain and ADP core

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METABOLISM

Principal Compounds of theCommon Catabolic Pathway Agent for Transfer of Acetyl Groups

Coenzyme A Final principal compound Acetyl (CCH3CO)-transporting molecule

Contains ADP

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CATABOLISM

Stage I: Hydrolysis of DietaryMacromolecules into Small Subunits

To degrade large food molecules intotheir component subunits Simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and

glycerol

Digestive processes

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CATABOLISM

Stage II: Conversion of Monomersinto a Form that can be CompletelyOxidized Monosaccharides, amino acids, and

glycerol are assimilated into thepathways of energy metabolism

Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or

Krebs Cycle)

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CATABOLISM

Stage II: Conversion of Monomersinto a Form that can be CompletelyOxidized Sugars usually enter the glycolysis

pathway in the form of glucose orfructose

Eventually converted to acetyl-CoA,

which can be completely oxidized in thecitric acid cycle

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CATABOLISM

Stage II: Conversion of Monomersinto a Form that can be CompletelyOxidized Amino groups are removed from

amino acids Remaining carbon skeletons enter the

catabolic processes at many steps of

the citric acid cycle

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CATABOLISM

Stage II: Conversion of Monomersinto a Form that can be CompletelyOxidized

Fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA and enter the citric acid cycle inthat form

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CATABOLISM

Stage II: Conversion of Monomersinto a Form that can be CompletelyOxidized Glycerol produced by the hydrolysis

of fats Converted to glyceraldehyde-3-

phosphate (one of the intermediates of

glycolysis) Enters energy metabolism

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CATABOLISM

Stage III: The Complete Oxidation ofNutrients and the Production of ATP Acetyl CoA carries 2-carbon remnants

of the nutrients, acetyl groups, to the

citric acid cycle Electrons and hydrogen atoms are

harvested during the completeoxidation of the acetyl group to CO2 Used in the process of oxidative

phosphorylation to produce ATP

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(1) GLYCOLYSIS

Also known as the Embden-MeyerhofPathway

A pathway for carbohydrate catabolismthat begins with the substrate D-glucose

Anaerobic process 10 steps

3 Major Products ATP chemical energy NADH chemical energy 2 three-carbon pyruvate

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Goodness Gracious,Franklin Did Go By PickingPumpkins (to) Prepare Pies

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ENZYME MNEMONICS

High Profile People Act Too Glamorous, Picture PosingEvery Place

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PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY

An alternative pathway for glucoseoxidation

It provides the cell with energy in the formof reducing power for biosynthesis

NADPH is produced in the oxidative stage Reducing agent required for many biosynthetic

pathways

Provides sugar phosphates that are required for

biosynthesis Most active in tissues involved in cholesterol and

fatty acid biosynthesis

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