08 environment life
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Transcript of 08 environment life
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Chapter 4
Environments
and Life
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What is your current classification?
A. Freshman
B. Sophomore
C. Junior
D. Senior
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Guiding Questions
• What factors determine the ecological niches of species, and by what means do species obtain nutrition?
• What factors govern the geographic distribution of species?
• What factors govern the distribution of aquatic life?
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Environmental Differences
• Tropical vs Polar - Terrestrial and Marine
• Low vs High Elevation
• Shallow vs Deep
• Wet vs Dry
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Hypsometric Curve
• Curve showing the proportions of the Earth’s surface above and below sea level
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Hypsometric Curve
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Climate
• Climate– Controls distribution of species globally– Has changed through time
• Plate tectonics and other changes affect climate
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Ecology
• Ecology– Study of the factors that govern the distribution and
abundance of organisms in natural environments
• Habitats– Environments on or close to Earth’s surface inhabited
by life• Terrestrial• Aquatic
– Marine– Freshwater
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Ecology• Ecologic niche
– The way a species relates to its environment, including food, nutrients, physical and chemical conditions
• Life habit– The way a species lives within its niche
• Limiting factors– Naturally occurring, restricting condition (physical and chemical)– Competition
• Shared drive for limited resources– Predation
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CompetitionArises because organisms share space
Predation also comes in here by possibly limiting or preventing another species from inhabiting a particular environment.
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Ecosystem
• Ecosystem– Organisms of a community and the physical
environment they occupy
• Population– Group of individuals that belong to a single
species and live together in a particular area
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Ecosystem
• Ecologic community– Populations of several species living in a habitat
• Producers– Photosynthesizing organisms; foundation of community
• Consumers– Herbivores: feed on producers– Carnivores: feed on other consumers
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Ecosystem• Biota
– Fauna: animals and protozoans of an ecosystem– Flora: plants and plantlike protists
• Food chain– Sequence of consumption for producers to consumers
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Food Web
• Food web– More complex than simple food chain
• More common
– Several species occupy each level
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Ecosystem
• Parasites– Feed on living
organisms
• Scavengers– Feed on organisms that
are already dead
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Ecology
The movement of materials through an ecosystem. Components within ovals are consumers.
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Figure 4-35 (p. 134)
Interdependence of photosynthesis and respiration.
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Figure 4-38 (p. 136)Simple pyramid of ocean life.
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Biogeography
The distribution and abundance of organisms on a broad geographic scale.
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Biogeography
• Temperature
• Moisture
• Nutrients
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Ecosystem• Diversity
– The variety of species that live together within a community
• Lower in more difficult habitats• Predation influences diversity
– Heavy can reduce diversity– Moderate can increase diversity by reducing competition
• Opportunistic species– Species that specialize in invading newly vacated
habitats
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Biogeography
• Distribution and abundance of organisms on a broad geographic scale
• Limiting factors– Diversity increases
toward equator– Barriers can affect
dispersal
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Life Habitats
The mode by which an organism lives, feeds in an environment
1. Tropical vs. Polar
2. Low vs high altitude
3. Shallow vs deep
4. Benthic vs. Planktonic
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Atmosphere• Regulates Earth’s
temperature (-18°C w/o atmosphere)
• Composition– N2, O2, CO2
• Tilt of the Earth affects solar insulation, temperature, and climate
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In our present atmosphere, concentrations of O2 and CO2 are:
A. O2 > CO2
B. O2 < CO2
C. O2 = CO2
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The Atmosphere
• Nitrogen -78%
• Oxygen - 21%
• Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) - 0.037% or 370 ppm
• Methane (CH4) - 0.00018% or 1800 ppb
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Solar Radiation
Daylight
Which receives more hours of daylight?
Equator vs Poles
The amount of daylight (# of hours) averaged over a year is the same at the poles as at the equator
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Solar Radiation
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Solar Radiation
• Temperature difference is due to the angle of the sunlight and the albedo
• In the high latitudes, the sun hits at a low angle and therefore the unit energy of sunlight is spread over a large cross-sectional area of the earth’s surface. In the tropics, the sun hits directly and therefore is much more concentrated
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Solar Radiation
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Solar Radiation
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Albedo refers to the reflectivity of the Earth’s surface
1. Snow and ice is very reflective - much of the solar radiation is reflected by to the solar system
2. Water has a low albedo and absorbs a lot of the solar radiation
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Solar Radiation
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Solar Radiation
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Solar Radiation
• When do we have summers?
• True or False
• Summers on Earth occur when it passes closest to the Sun
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Solar Radiation
• Obliquity or Tilt (23.5°) of the to Earth’s rotational axis
• This tilt gives us seasons. Summer is when the northern or southern hemisphere is point towards the Sun
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Atmosphere• Regulates Earth’s
temperature• Composition
– N2, O2, CO2
• Tilt of the Earth affects solar insulation, temperature, and climate
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Solar RadiationHeat Capacity
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Movement of Air mass
• Rises at Eq. and sinks near Poles
• The high solar radiation at the equator heats the air masses, causing them to rise (buoyant).
• As the air rises, the temperature of the air mass decreases
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Atmospheric Circulation
• Net transport– Air sinks at the poles,
rises at the equator
– Simplified model• No tilt• No Coriolis effect
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Rising Air QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
As the air rises, the temperature of the air mass decreases (adiabatic lapse rate 5°C/km)
Cold air holds less water vapor. Voila, rain and the tropical rainforest. Low pressure systems usually have rain because the rising air drop water as the air ascends and cools
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Rising Air
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Atmospheric Circulation
• Coriolis effect • Earth’s rotation causes
air and water masses to be defected to the right (clockwise) in the northern hemisphere – Counterclockwise for
southern hemisphere
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Atmospheric Circulation
• If we reverse the direction and launch a rocket from Panama towards Washington DC, which way will it curve?
• A = Right• B = Left• C = Not at all because
Panama is close to the Eq.
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Coriolis force
• Deflection of moving objects to the right in the No. Hemisphere and left in the So. Hemisphere
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Coriolis Force
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Atmospheric Circulation
• Actual pattern is more complex– Three circulation cells– Trade winds, westerlies,
easterlies
• Intertropical convergence zone– Northern, southern trade
winds converge near equator
• Changes seasonally
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Temperature Variations
• Atmosphere retains heat
• Solar radiation– Absorbed and turned
into heat energy– Reflected
• 6-10% ocean• 5-30% forest• 45-95% ice and snow
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Trade winds
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• As the dry air descending around 30° begins to flow back towards the Eq. it is deflected to the right.
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Trade windsAs the dry air descending around 30° begins to flow back
towards the Eq. it is deflected to the right.
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Trade windsThe NE and SE trades converge on the
latitude where the maximum in convection (rising air) is occurring. This is the warmest location. Today, this is between 4 and 10°N and is termed the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ)
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The Terrestrial Realm
• Latitudinal Zones and Vegetation• Rain forests • Deserts • Savannah Grasslands • Temperate Forest • Conifer or Evergreen Forest• Tundra
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Terrestrial Realm
• Vegetation follows climatic zone– Tropical rain forest – Desert savannahs– Temperate forests– Polar tundra
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Terrestrial Realm
• Tropical Climates– 18–20° C (64–68° F)– 0–30° latitude
• Tropical Rain Forest– Dense vegetation
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Rain forests
• develop under the tropical low pressure systems. Rising air dumps lots of rain. Found within a few degrees near the equator
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Terrestrial Realm
• Deserts– Dry trade winds
remove moisture– 20–30° north and south
of the equator– < 25 cm rain/year– Little vegetation
• Savannah, grasslands– Too dry to support
forests
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Deserts• (<10 inches of water per year) develop under the sinking dry air masses and under the dry Trade Winds. Usually found around 30° latitude.
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Savannah Grasslands
• found between Rain forest and Desert and receive seasonal rain falls. Not enough rain throughout the year to support woodland
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Tundra
- Arctic ecosystem where layer beneath soil remains frozen throughout the year.
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Terrestrial Realm
• Poles– Defined by ice sheets
and glaciers today– Absent or reduced at
times in the past
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Terrestrial Realm
• Glaciers– Ice in motion– Glide and spread– Present at high
latitudes and high elevations near equator
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Terrestrial Realm
• Tundra– Limited water– Grasses, sedges, lichens,
shrubs dominate– Cannot support tall trees
• Evergreen coniferous forests– South of tundra– Spruce, pine, fir
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Terrestrial Realm
• Temperate forests– Longer summers, slightly warmer– Deciduous trees
• Maples, oaks, beeches
• Mediterranean climate– Dry summers, wet winters– Common 40° N and S of equator
• Californian, Mediterranean region
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Climate
• Altitude– Similar to latitudinal
gradient– At base
• Deciduous forest
– On slopes• Evergreen forest• Tundra above tree-line
– At top• Glaciers
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Climate
• Mountains• Rain shadow
– Prevailing winds bring moisture
• Precipitation on windward side
• Aridity on leeward side
– Rain shadows common on east side of North American mountain chains
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Climate
• Seasonal Change– High heat capacity of
water• Less change in ocean
temperatures than on land
• Monsoon Circulation– Summer winds flow
onshore; bring rain– Winter winds offshore
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Plants as Climate Indicators
• Sensitive indicators of change– Cycads
• Tropics and subtropics today
• Fossil distribution allows reconstruction of climate patterns
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Plants as Climate Indicators
• Leaf Margins– Tropics
• Smooth, waxy margins
– Temperate climates• Jagged margins
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Marine Realm• Ocean currents
– Wind driven– Follow atmospheric patterns
• Trade winds– Push waters west; form
equatorial currents– Equatorial countercurrents
• Return flow
• Gyres– Clockwise in Northern
Hemisphere– Gulf Stream
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Marine Realm
• Circumpolar current– Circles Antarctica– Very cold
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Marine Realm
• Polar circulation– Sea ice leads to more
saline water– Cold, dense waters
sink– Antarctic waters
• Flow north at depth
– Arctic waters• Flow south at depth
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Marine Realm
• Ocean circulation– Waves
• Surface waves– Wind driven– Break when seafloor interacts at shallow depths
– Tides• Cause major movement of water in oceans• Due to rotation of solid Earth beneath bulges of
water produced by gravitational attraction of the moon
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Marine Realm
• Continental Shelf– Submarine extension of
continental landmass
• Shelf break– Edge of shelf
• ~200 m w.d.
• Continental Slope• Continental Rise• Abyssal Plain
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Figure 4-31 (p. 131)Classification of marine environments.
(After Hedgspeth, UJ. W., ed. 1957. Treatise of Marine Ecology and Paleoecology. Geological Society of America Memoirs 67(1): 18.)
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The Marine Realm• The depth of the Sea • Moving from the beach seaward, one crosses a
consistent pattern of water depth changes. The continental shelf extends from the shoreline to the continental shelf break. Water depths over the shelf vary from 0 to ~200 m. This environment is very important for benthic communities because the photic zone in the ocean extends only down to 200m. Consider the implications for primary production
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The Marine Realm
• The Shelf break marks the distal edge of the shelf where seaward of this point, water depths increase at a greater rate (3 to 5°slope) compared with the shelf (1 to 2°slope).
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The Marine Realm
• Continental Slope. • Typically, the slope extends down to 3000
to 3500 m. Near the base of the slope is the transition from continental to oceanic crust.
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The Marine Realm
• The Slope gives way to the Continental Rise. This is a less steep surface that segways to the Abyssal Plain (the ocean floor). The Rise is created as sediments are transported down the slope in turbidity currents.
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The Marine Realm
• At the base of the slope and out on the abyssal plain, the slope decreases significantly and the sediments are dropped, forming the Rise
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Figure 4-31 (p. 131)Classification of marine environments.
(After Hedgspeth, UJ. W., ed. 1957. Treatise of Marine Ecology and Paleoecology. Geological Society of America Memoirs 67(1): 18.)
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Marine Realm
• Near shore– Barrier islands– Marshes– Epicontinental seas
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Marine Realm
• Photic Zone– Region of ocean where enough
light penetrates to permit photosynthesis
• Pelagic life– Plankton
• Phytoplankton• Zooplankton
– Nekton• Benthic life
– Suspension feeders– Deposit feeders
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Marine Realm
• Marine Biogeography– Tropical– Subtropical– Transitional– Subarctic
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Figure 4-36 (p. 135)Major ocean surface currents.
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Marine Realm
• Corals– Most require warm water– Common in tropics
• Reef builders– Coral polyp– Builds coral cup– Connected to other polyps
• Symbiotic relationship with algae
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Marine Realm• Salinity
– Limiting factor near shore– Oceanic
• 35 ppt
– Brackish• Lower than marine• Bays, lagoons
– Hypersaline• Higher than marine• Hot arid climates
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The portion of the temperature-depth curve in the ocean that shows maximum change is the thermocline.
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Deep Water Circulation
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Atmospheric Circulation
• If we reverse the direction and launch a rocket from Panama towards Washington DC, which way will it curve?
• A = Right• B = Left• C = Not at all because
Panama is close to the Eq.