07 Growth, Develop Young Athlet

8/3/2019 07 Growth, Develop Young Athlet

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GROWTH, DEVELOPMENTGROWTH, DEVELOPMENT

AND THE YOUNG ATHLETE AND THE YOUNG ATHLETEGrowthGrowth -- Increase in the size of the bodyIncrease in the size of the bodyHeight and Weight Height and Weight

Exercise, adequate diet Exercise, adequate diet - - essential for proper boneessential for proper bonegrowth. Exercise affects primarily bone width,growth. Exercise affects primarily bone width,density and strength, no effect on length.density and strength, no effect on length.BONES formed through ossificationBONES formed through ossification - - spread fromspread fromprimary (diaphysis) and secondary (epiphysis)primary (diaphysis) and secondary (epiphysis)ossification centers.ossification centers.INJURY at epiphysis could cause early terminationINJURY at epiphysis could cause early terminationof growth. Competitive sports (baseball, soccer)of growth. Competitive sports (baseball, soccer)

-- greatest risk for epiphyseal injury.greatest risk for epiphyseal injury.


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M USCLEM USCLE-- growth accomplished by hypertrophygrowth accomplished by hypertrophyof individual muscle fibers (of individual muscle fibers ( oo myofilaments,myofilaments,myofibrils) muscle lengthmyofibrils) muscle length - - addition of addition of sarcomeres and increase of length of existingsarcomeres and increase of length of existingsarcomers. M uscle mass peaks in femalessarcomers. M uscle mass peaks in femalesbetween 16between 16 - - 20 years, in males 1820 years, in males 18 - - 25 years.25 years.

FATFAT -- increase the size of existing fats cells, andincrease the size of existing fats cells, andincreasing the number of fat cells. A mount of fat increasing the number of fat cells. A mount of fat depends on: diet, exercise, heredity at birthdepends on: diet, exercise, heredity at birth-- 1010 12% total body weight is fat. A t maturity12% total body weight is fat. A t maturity

15% in men, 2515% in men, 25 in female.in female.NERVOUS SYST EMNERVOUS SYST EM -- myelination of the nervemyelination of the nervefibersfibers -- necessary for fast reaction and skillednecessary for fast reaction and skilledmovements.movements.


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PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE INPHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN

YOUNG ATHLETES YOUNG ATHLETESM otor A bilityM otor A bility -- INCRE A SES UNT IL 18 YE A RSINCRE A SES UNT IL 18 YE A RSof life, girls usually plateau around pubertyof life, girls usually plateau around puberty((oo estrogen levelsestrogen levels pp greater fat deposition,greater fat deposition,

more sedentary lifestyle).more sedentary lifestyle).StrengthStrength -- improvesimproves -- muscle mass increase withmuscle mass increase withage, dependence also on neural maturationage, dependence also on neural maturation(limited until myelinization completed)(limited until myelinization completed)

Pulmonary F unctionPulmonary F unction -- oo all lung volumes untilall lung volumes untilgrowth completed, PE F R also increases.growth completed, PE F R also increases. VE max VE max -- 4040 -- 60 l/min for 460 l/min for 4 -- 6 year6 year--old boysold boys

-- 110110 -- 140 l / min at full maturity140 l / min at full maturity


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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Blood PressureBlood Pressure-- directly related to body sizedirectly related to body size

DURING EXERCISEDURING EXERCISE Lower SVLower SV --compensation bycompensation by oo HR. aHR. a--v Ov O22 differencedifferenceincreases.increases.MA XIM UM HRMA XIM UM HR higherhigher -- decrease with agedecrease with age(210(210 -- 195 min from 10 to 20 years).195 min from 10 to 20 years).


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Aerobic CapacityAerobic Capacity

V VO2O2 max peaks between 17max peaks between 17 - - 21 in21 in

boys, 12boys, 12 -- 15 in girls.15 in girls. V VO2O2 max relative to body weight max relative to body weight -- no difference to adults (performanceno difference to adults (performance

is far inferior to adults, differenceis far inferior to adults, differencein economy of effort).in economy of effort).


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Anaerobic CapacityAnaerobic Capacity

Lower in childrenLower in children --qq

glycolytic capacityglycolytic capacitybecause of because of qq amount of amount of phosphorfuctokinase. A naerobic meanphosphorfuctokinase. A naerobic mean

and peak power outputs lower in childrenand peak power outputs lower in children


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Thermal StressThermal Stress

ChildrenChildren -- more susceptible to heat andmore susceptible to heat and

cold induced illnesses or injury lowercold induced illnesses or injury lowercapacity for evaporative heat loss, sweat capacity for evaporative heat loss, sweat less. Greater conductive heat lossless. Greater conductive heat losspp greater risk for hypothermia in cold.greater risk for hypothermia in cold.


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Training in Young AthleteTraining in Young Athlete

Resistance (Strength) T rainingResistance (Strength) T raining

Resistance trainingResistance training - - stronger, broader,stronger, broader,compact bones. T raining programscompact bones. T raining programssimilar to adults program. Gains of similar to adults program. Gains of strength by: improved motor skillstrength by: improved motor skillcoordination, increased motor unit coordination, increased motor unit activation, other neurological adaptationsactivation, other neurological adaptations


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Aerobic and AnaerobicAerobic and Anaerobic

TrainingTrainingA erobic training does not alter V A erobic training does not alter V O2O2 max asmax asmuch as would be expected (possibly becausemuch as would be expected (possibly becauseof small heart of small heart - - qq SV,SV, qq CO).CO). A naerobic capacity A naerobic capacity oo with anaerobic training.with anaerobic training.

REGUL A R T R A INING results in:REGUL A R T R A INING results in: qq total bodytotal bodyfat,fat, oo fat fat--free mass,free mass, oo total body mass.total body mass.GROWT H A ND MAT UR AT ION NOT GROWT H A ND MAT UR AT ION NOT SIGNIF IC A NT LY A LT ERED BY T R A INING.SIGNIF IC A NT LY A LT ERED BY T R A INING.


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AGING AND THE OLDERAGING AND THE OLDER

ATHLETEATHLETESport PerformanceSport Performance

Physical PrimePhysical Prime -- during 20 s or early 30 s.during 20 s or early 30 s.Running PerformanceRunning Performance

Decrease with age, not dependent of distance.Decrease with age, not dependent of distance.

Swimming PerformanceSwimming Performance affected by agingaffected by agingin much the same manner as running.in much the same manner as running.


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Peak PerformancesPeak Performances in both strength andin both strength and

endurance events decrease by about endurance events decrease by about 11 -- 22 per year, starting betweenper year, starting between2020 -- 35.35.

Cardiorespiratory Endurance A nd A gingCardiorespiratory Endurance A nd A ging V VO2O2 max decreases by about 10max decreases by about 10 perperdecade, starting in late teens in womendecade, starting in late teens in womenand midand mid--20s for men, associated with20s for men, associated withdecrease in cardiorespiratory endurancedecrease in cardiorespiratory enduranceactivity.activity.


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Decrease in VDecrease in V O2O2 max is not strictlymax is not strictlya function of agea function of age - - athletes continuingathletes continuingwith trainingwith training -- significantly less decreasesignificantly less decreasein Vin VO2O2 max. With agingmax. With aging - - more sedentarymore sedentarylife, gain weight.life, gain weight.

Respiratory Changes With A gingRespiratory Changes With A gingqq VC, VC,oo RV,RV, oo RV/T LCRV/T LC -- less air exchangeless air exchangewith each breath. VE max decreaseswith each breath. VE max decreases(loss of elasticity of lung tissue and chest (loss of elasticity of lung tissue and chest wall) awall) a--v Ov O22 diff decreaseddiff decreased - - qq OO22extraction by muscles (reduction of bloodextraction by muscles (reduction of blood

flow to muscle)flow to muscle)


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Cardiovascular Changes With A gingCardiovascular Changes With A gingM aximal HR decreasesM aximal HR decreases - - 1 beat per year1 beat per year

(HR max(HR max !! 220220 -- age)age)

SV and CO decrease with ageSV and CO decrease with ageqq HR maxHR max -- decrease in sympatheticdecrease in sympatheticnervous system activitynervous system activityqq SVSV -- oo T PR (reduced complianceT PR (reduced complianceof arteries,of arteries, qq EF of left ventricle)EF of left ventricle)


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A LL CH A NGESM INIM IZED BY T R A INING A LL CH A NGESM INIM IZED BY T R A INING

CONT INU AT IONCONT INU AT IONMA XIMA L ST RENGT HMA XIMA L ST RENGT H reduced with agingreduced with aging((qq physical activity,physical activity, qq muscle massmuscle mass - - reducedreducedprotein synthesis, loss of FT motor units).protein synthesis, loss of FT motor units).T rainingT raining -- lessen the impact of aging onlessen the impact of aging onperformance (canperformance (can t arrest the process of t arrest the process of biological aging).biological aging).

Older peopleOlder people LESST OLER A NT OFLESST OLER A NT OFENVIRONM ENTA L ST RESS.ENVIRONM ENTA L ST RESS. A ging reduces A ging reducesthermal tolerance (thermal tolerance ( qq sweat production).sweat production).


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Body CompositionBody Composition

With ageWith age --oo BODY FAT ,BODY FAT , FATFAT --F REEMA SSF REEMA SSpp reduction in general activity levels.reduction in general activity levels.

C A USES:C A USES: oo dietary intake,dietary intake, qq physical activity,physical activity,

reduced ability to mobilize fat. T R A INING canreduced ability to mobilize fat. T R A INING canheld these chances in body composition.held these chances in body composition.

ENDUR A NCET R A INING IN OLDERENDUR A NCET R A INING IN OLDERINDIVIDU A LSINDIVIDU A LSoo musclemuscle s oxidateve enzyme activities,s oxidateve enzyme activities,oo muscle strength, muscle hypertrophy.muscle strength, muscle hypertrophy.


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GENDER ISSUES, FEMALEGENDER ISSUES, FEMALE

ATHLETEATHLETEBody Size and CompositionBody Size and CompositionUntil PubertyUntil Puberty -- no differences in body size andno differences in body size andcomposition.composition.A t Puberty A t Puberty -- estrogenestrogen -- oo fat deposition (hips,fat deposition (hips,thighs,thighs, oo rate of bone growthrate of bone growth - - final length earlier)final length earlier)Responses to ExerciseResponses to ExerciseWomenWomen -- weaker (lower quantity of muscle,weaker (lower quantity of muscle,smaller muscle fiber crosssmaller muscle fiber cross - - sectional area).sectional area).Lower SV, Higher HRLower SV, Higher HR and SI M IL A R CO for theand SI M IL A R CO for the

S AM

E R AT

E OF

WORK.S AM

E R AT

E OF

WORK.


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Lower SVLower SV -- smaller LV and lower bloodsmaller LV and lower bloodvolume (smaller body size).volume (smaller body size).

VE max lower, mostly below VE max lower, mostly below

125 l/min (highly trained till 250 l/min).125 l/min (highly trained till 250 l/min). V VO2O2 maxmax -- lower when expressed inlower when expressed inml.kg.min. (extra body fat, lower HBml.kg.min. (extra body fat, lower HBleverlsleverls -- lower oxygen content inlower oxygen content inarterial blood)arterial blood)


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Highest VHighest VO2O2 max for femalemax for female-- 77 ml. kg. min and 94 ml. kg. min77 ml. kg. min and 94 ml. kg. minF OR M ENF OR M EN

aa--v Ov O22 diff.diff. -- less increaseless increase - - lower HBlower HBcontent, less Ocontent, less O 22 delivered to activedelivered to activemuscles anaerobic thresholdmuscles anaerobic threshold - - little or nolittle or nodifference.difference.


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Physiological AdaptationsPhysiological Adaptations

to Trainingto TrainingWomen gain LESS FAT F REEMA SS,Women gain LESS FAT F REEMA SS,INCRE A SE IN ST RENGT H (20INCRE A SE IN ST RENGT H (20 -- 4040 ))in resistance training (due more toin resistance training (due more toneural factorsneural factors - - increase in muscle massincrease in muscle mass

small). Cardiovascular and respiratorysmall). Cardiovascular and respiratorychanges accompanying ENDUR A NCEchanges accompanying ENDUR A NCET R A ININGT R A INING -- NOT SEX SPECIF IC.NOT SEX SPECIF IC.


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Athletic AbilityAthletic Ability

SPECI A L CONSIDER AT IONS unique toSPECI A L CONSIDER AT IONS unique tofemale: menstruation, pregnancy,female: menstruation, pregnancy,osteoporosis, eating disordersosteoporosis, eating disordersenvironmental factors.environmental factors.


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Menstruation andMenstruation and

PerformancePerformanceConsiderable INDIVIDU A L V A RI A BILIT Y Considerable INDIVIDU A L V A RI A BILIT Y in performance during different phasesin performance during different phases

of menstrual cycle (no change x noticeable),of menstrual cycle (no change x noticeable),no general pattern in achieving BES T no general pattern in achieving BES T PERF ORMA NCE during any specific phase.PERF ORMA NCE during any specific phase.Women experiencing PRE M ENST RU A LWomen experiencing PRE M ENST RU A LSYNDROM or DYSM ENORRHE A SYNDROM or DYSM ENORRHE A --performance decrease.performance decrease.

M EN A RCHEM EN A RCHE -- coming later in highly trainedcoming later in highly trainedathletesathletes -- not as a rulenot as a rule


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Menstrual DysfunctionMenstrual Dysfunction

Disruption of normal menstrual cycle.Disruption of normal menstrual cycle.

A high percentage of female athletes A high percentage of female athletesin endurance and appearance sportsin endurance and appearance sportsexperience SECOND A RY AM ENORRHE A experience SECOND A RY AM ENORRHE A --normal menstrual function lost for monthsnormal menstrual function lost for monthsor years.or years.

REVERSIBLEREVERSIBLE -- reduction in intensity andreduction in intensity andvolume of training, increase in caloric intakevolume of training, increase in caloric intake


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PregnancyPregnancy

During exerciseDuring exercise -- major concernsmajor concerns - - riskriskof F ETA L HYPOXI A (reduced blood flowof F ETA L HYPOXI A (reduced blood flow

to uterus),to uterus),F ETA L HYPERT HERM I A (F ETA L HYPERT HERM I A (oo of motherof motherss

internal body temperature),internal body temperature), qqC A RBOHYDR AT E SUPPLY T O T HE F ET US,C A RBOHYDR AT E SUPPLY T O T HE F ET US,

possibility of M ISC A RRI A GE PROPERLY possibility of M ISC A RRI A GE PROPERLY PRESCRIBED EXERCISE program outweighPRESCRIBED EXERCISE program outweighthe potential risks (coordination withthe potential risks (coordination withwomanwoman s obstetrician)s obstetrician)


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OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Decreased bone mineral content Decreased bone mineral content - -increased bone porosityincreased bone porosity - - greater riskgreater riskof fracturesof fractures -- increase 2increase 2 -- 5x starting5x startingwith onset of menopausewith onset of menopause

CONT RIBUT ING FA CT ORS inCONT RIBUT ING FA CT ORS inpostmenopausal women: Estrogenpostmenopausal women: Estrogendeficiency, inadequate calcium intake,deficiency, inadequate calcium intake,inadequate physical activity.inadequate physical activity.


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Eating DisordersEating Disorders

a)a) A norexia Nervosa A norexia NervosaF emales aged 12F emales aged 12 - - 21 are at greatest risk.21 are at greatest risk.

SY M PT OM SSY M PT OM SINT ENSEF E A R OF FAT NESS, DIST ORT EDINT ENSEF E A R OF FAT NESS, DIST ORT EDBODY IMA GE, REF US A L OF M E A LS,BODY IMA GE, REF US A L OF M E A LS, AM ENORRHE A AM ENORRHE A

Higher Risk SportsHigher Risk Sports -- appearance sports (figureappearance sports (figureskating, gymnastics, ballet), enduranceskating, gymnastics, ballet), endurancesports (distance running), weight sports (distance running), weight classification sports (horse racing)classification sports (horse racing)


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b)b) Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa

Episodes of binge eating (large amount Episodes of binge eating (large amount of food in a discrete period of time), feelingof food in a discrete period of time), feelinglack of control over eating, purging behaviorlack of control over eating, purging behavior(self (self--induced vomiting, laxative use, diureticinduced vomiting, laxative use, diureticuse)use)Persistent overconcern with body shape andPersistent overconcern with body shape andweight weight

PREV A LENCE in female athletes estimatedPREV A LENCE in female athletes estimatedas high as 50as high as 50 for elite athletes in certainfor elite athletes in certainsportssportsF emale T riadF emale T riad -- disordered eating, secondarydisordered eating, secondaryamenorrhea, bone mineral disorders.amenorrhea, bone mineral disorders.


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Sex testsSex tests feminity controlfeminity control

FFrom 1968 t o 2000rom 1968 t o 2000 womenwomenathletes undergoing genetic testingathletes undergoing genetic testingto prove their sex beto prove their sex bef fore they couldore they couldcompete.compete.


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Since 2000 sex testsSince 2000 sex tests

abandonedabandonedGender verification has not beenGender verification has not been

completely abandoned. Verificationcompletely abandoned. Verificationcan be arranged, if athletecan be arranged, if athlete s sexs sexis called into question.is called into question.


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T ranssexual athletesT ranssexual athletes

A Afte r pube r tyfte r pube r ty malemale--female, femalefemale, female- -malemale(1 in 12.000 men, 1 in 30.000 women). Criteria(1 in 12.000 men, 1 in 30.000 women). Criteria

for competition (Olympic committee, 2004)for competition (Olympic committee, 2004)1)1) Surgical anatomical changes completed,Surgical anatomical changes completed,

including external genitalia and gonectomyincluding external genitalia and gonectomy

2)2) Legal recognition of their assigned sex conferedLegal recognition of their assigned sex conferedby appropriate authoritiesby appropriate authorities3)3) Hormonal therapy administered for sufficient Hormonal therapy administered for sufficient

length of time to minimize genderlength of time to minimize gender- -relatedrelated

advantages in competitionsadvantages in competitions

07 Growth, Develop Young Athlet

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