SUMBER ENERGI UNTUK

PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK

Permasalahan GHG (Gas Rumah

Kaca) serta Solusi dengan

ENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Worldwide Geothermal Energy Distribution

1949

1. RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION

Areas where Geothermal Projects are in Operation or Planned

Geothermal areas where ORMAT plants are in operation

Geothermal areas where ORMAT plants are planned

ד"תשע/ניסן/'ל 3

Biomass - Energy

Forestry Energy Crops

22000

Average Capital and Delivered Costs

Capital Cost

(US$/kW)

Cost of delivered

energy (US$/kWh)

Hydro Power

Land-based Wind Energy

Biomass - Landfill

Gas from Wastes

Coal

Gas

Wind

Nuclear

0

1000

2000

3000

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.16

Active Solar Air

& Water Heating

Solar Thermal Power

Solar Photovoltaic

0.12

4000

0.86 0.880.18 0.20

Geothermal

SOURCE: SHELL and DOE

3. COSTS

Waste Heat

1587

Consumes Water:

Aquifer Depletion, Power reduction

Effluents or Expensive Abatement

Plume

Visual Impact

Water Treatment Needed:

Use and Disposal of Chemicals

All Fluids Reinjected:Sustainable, No Power Reduction

No Emissions (No Abatement Needed)

No Plume (Air Cooled Condensers)

Low Profile

Not Sensitive to Quality of Brine & Steam

Conventional Geothermal

Steam Power Plant

ORMAT Geothermal

Power Plant

2. TECHNOLOGY

1391

700 MW of ORMAT Power Plants in operation in 20 countries

Geothermal, Heat Recovery, Biomass, and Solar1470

During the last decade, ORMAT’s power plants have already avoided the emission of

12 million tons of CO2 and saved 4 million tons of fuel

5. ORMAT EXPERIENCE: A MATURE TECHNOLOGYDistributed Renewable Energy and Resource Recovery

THAILAND, since 1989

Applications of

ORMAT Energy Conversion Technology

GEOTHERMAL SOLAR

BIOMASS WASTE HEAT

Wabuska, USA 1987

Minakami, JAPAN 1998

Ein Boqeq, ISRAEL 1979

Lengfurt, GERMANY 1999

1953

New Zealand

ORMAT Geothermal Power Plants

In Developed Countries

Bay of Plenty Power Plant

Svartsengi Power Plant

Iceland1989

3.9 MW

2.6 MW

Wabuska Power Plant

600 kW

1984

1989

USA

Phase I: 5.5 MW

Phase II: 8.5 MW

1994-1998

Azores Islands

Sao Miguel Power Plant

1955

Private Geothermal Power Generation

Makes Good Business Sense:

• Large Scale Projects are supplying commercial electricity to national power grids.

• The technology is Field Proven in industrial and less developed countries

• Geothermal is competitive with fossil fuels

• The projects work economically with private financing in the industrial countries

• Private/Public partnership in developing countries

• Work with governmental and multilateral agency support

• Smaller scale plants are providing power to national and local, as well as to rural “mini-Grids

1759

Financing: Equity ORMAT 80% ,

EPDCI (Japan) 10% & Itochu 10%

Term Loan: US Exim Bank

ORMAT Modular Geothermal Power PlantsIn Developing Countries

Financing: all equity by ORMAT

Insurance: MIGA

49 MW

Leyte Optimization,

The PhilippinesOlkaria, KENYA

1st phase: 8 MW

1997

2000

1957

1933

CASE HISTORY: Financial Structure of the ZUNIL Project

24 MW 1999

LESSONS FROM PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARNERSHIP PROJECTS

In Developing Countries

Project Hurdles

• Commercial and financial barriers

• Credit issue barriers

• Institutional barriers

• Power legislation barriers: changes after contract signature such as

dispatchability

• Standards, specifications and lengthy and costly reviews:

• Fixed soft costs disproportionate to small project size

• Micro-management of the project rather than

enforcement of specifications

1959

Project OpportunitiesAccelerating renewable energy deployment by public-private partnership

Public Sector Role:

Now: 1. Subscribe to political risks, streamline and unify procedures2. Assure correct and stable institutional framework3. Assist developing countries in assessing local & rural needs4. Provide performance specification

Future: 1. Reduce subsidies for fuel and unnecessary grid2. Level the playing field: internalize renewable external

benefits or use market mechanism for carbon trading

Private Sector Role:

1. Provide all or part of equity investment

2. Provide the construction loans

3. Guaranty specifications performance and electricity prices

4. Provide technology transfer, O&M training and supervision

1960

13

Wind

• As warm air becomes less dense and rises,

cooler, denser, air flows in to take its place.

• U.S. Department of Energy has stated the

Great Plains could supply 48 states with 75%

of their electricity.

– Cost becoming very competitive with

various fossil fuel sources.

Currently 3-6 cents per kilowatt hour.

14

Wind

• Potential Problems

– Steady,dependable wind source is critical.

Wide open areas are most desirable.

– Can be hazardous to birds.

– Produce noise and visual pollution.

– Vibrations can cause structural damage.

15

Solar

• Daily energy from the sun is six hundred

times greater than energy produced each

day by all other energy sources combined.

– Major problem as an energy source is its

intermittent nature.

16

Three Major Use Categories

• Passive Heating - Sun’s energy is converted

directly to heat and used at collection site.

– South-Facing Windows.

• Active Heating - Sun’s energy converted into

heat, but transported elsewhere to be used.

– Domestic Water Heating

• Electrical Generation - Solar energy is

transformed into electrical energy.

– Photovoltaic Science

17

18

Photovoltaic Cells

• Solid-state semiconductors that allow direct

conversion of sunlight to electricity.

– Developed in 1954 by Bell Laboratories

essentially as a novelty.

Amount of PV power installed worldwide

has increased from 100 megawatts in

1992 to 1,200 megawatts in 2002.

Film technology has made it possible

to build solar cells into roof tiles,

skylights, and building facades.

19

Photovoltaic Cells

• Photovoltaics will be the most practical

choice for generation of electricity in rural

areas and less developed countries.

– In place of generators that require fuel and

centralized power plants that require

distribution lines.

20

Biomass Conversion

• Biomass is still the predominant form of

energy used by people in less-developed

countries.

– Account for 14% of world energy use.

• Three Distinct Sources:

– Municipal and Industrial Wastes

– Agricultural Crop Residue

– Energy Plantations

21

Biomass Conversion

• Releasing chemical energy stored in biomass.

– Burned directly for heat.

– Burned to produce electricity.

– Converted to alcohol or used to generate methane.

• Costs depends on type of technology used, size of the power plant, and the cost of biomass supply.

– Currently as low as 9 cents per kilowatt hour.

22

Fuelwood

• In less-developed countries, fuelwood has

been major energy source for centuries.

• Fuelwood is primary energy source for nearly

half world’s population.

• Due to intense population growth, an

estimated 1.3 billion people cannot get

enough feulwood, or are using it faster than

rate of regeneration.

• Source of air pollution and fly ash.

23

Solid Waste

• Using municipal waste as a source of energy:

– Reduces landfill volume.

Not economically profitable.

Must be sorted.

Requires large, sustainable volume.

– Produces air pollution.

Chlorine-containing organic compounds.

24

Hydrogen Economy

• Hydrogen is abundant and generates heat and pure water when it reacts with air.

– Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Self-Sustaining

Low Operating Temperature

No Pollution

Successor to internal combustion engine.

25

Simple Fuel Cell

26

Energy Conservation

• Conservation is not a way of generating

electricity, but a way of reducing need for

additional energy production/consumption

and saving money for the consumer.

– Lighting and air conditioning account for

25% of U.S. electricity consumption.

Widespread use of energy-efficient

lighting could significantly reduce energy

consumption.

27

Energy Conservation

• Energy-inefficient machines can be produced

very cheaply.

– Long-term vs. short-term costs.

• Electrical utilities will lead energy

conservation charge.

– Conservation is cheaper than building more

power plants to meet increased demands.

28