06_TM51176EN02GLA01_Transport Channel Processing

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Transport Channel Processing Transport Channel Processing Contents 1 General Model 3 2 CRC Coding and Segmentation 7 3 Turbo Coding 9 4 Data Modulation 15 5 Resource Mapping 17 6 Antenna Mapping 20 7 Examples of Processing 24 7.1 DL-SCH 25 7.2 BCH 27 7.3 PCH 29 7.4 MCH 31 7.5 UL-SCH 33 TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks 1

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Transcript of 06_TM51176EN02GLA01_Transport Channel Processing

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Transport Channel Processing

Transport Channel Processing

Contents 1 General Model 3 2 CRC Coding and Segmentation 7 3 Turbo Coding 9 4 Data Modulation 15 5 Resource Mapping 17 6 Antenna Mapping 20 7 Examples of Processing 24 7.1 DL-SCH 25 7.2 BCH 27 7.3 PCH 29 7.4 MCH 31 7.5 UL-SCH 33

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1 General Model

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FDD | TDD - Layer 1( DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA )

FDD | TDD - Layer 1( DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA )

Medium Access Control (MAC)Medium Access Control (MAC)

Physical Channels

Transport Channels

RLC(Radio Link

Control)

RLC(Radio Link

Control)

PDCP’(Packet Data

Convergence Protocol)

PDCP’(Packet Data

Convergence Protocol)

RLC(Radio Link

Control)

RLC(Radio Link

Control)

PDCP’(Packet Data

Convergence Protocol)

PDCP’(Packet Data

Convergence Protocol)

RLC(Radio Link

Control)

RLC(Radio Link

Control)

PDCP(Packet Data

Convergence Protocol)

PDCP(Packet Data

Convergence Protocol)

RLC(Radio Link

Control)

RLC(Radio Link

Control)

PDCP(Packet Data

Convergence Protocol)

PDCP(Packet Data

Convergence Protocol)

RLC(Radio Link

Control)

RLC(Radio Link

Control)

PDCP(Packet Data

Convergence Protocol)

PDCP(Packet Data

Convergence Protocol)

Logical Channel

(E-)RRC(Radio Resource Control)

(E-)RRC(Radio Resource Control)

IP / TCP | UDP | …IP / TCP | UDP | …

Application LayerApplication Layer

Radio Bearer

ROHC (RFC 3095)

Security

Segment./Reassembly

ARQ

Scheduling /Priority Handling

HARQ

De/Multiplexing

NAS Protocol(s)(Attach/TA Update/…)

NAS Protocol(s)(Attach/TA Update/…)

This part will be discussed

Fig. 1 1 General Model

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The following figures show the principles how layer 1 processes transport channel data to bring them on air. Transport channels are block oriented transmission services and transmit one or more transport blocks per transmission time interval (TTI). The TTI is 1 ms (e.g. one sub-frame). Transport blocks may in general have variable size. Typically the number of transport blocks that can be transmitted in a TTI depends on whether spatial multiplexing is done (one transport block is transmitted in the single antenna case and up to two transport blocks simultaneous could be transmitted if MIMO is used) The physical layer now encodes the transport block via a series of coding units which are the following: CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check): Each transport block is protected with checksum calculated as cyclic redundancy check. The checksum is a 24 bit long CRC. The block error rate that is measured from this checksum will be a criteria of the system. Turbo Coding and Rate Matching: The forward error check that is applied to the transport block with its CRC is based on three available coding algorithms: turbo coding rate 1/3, convolutional coding rate 1/3 or a 32-to-2 block coding. UL-DSCH, DL-DSCH, MCH and PCH will always use turbo coding, only the BCH uses convolutional coding. The block coder is not for transport channels, it is used by PFCICH for example. Rate matching is done directly after coding, it can puncture or repeat bits. . Data Modulation: Finally the binary data must be brought in the form suitable for the complex arithmetics of OFDMA/SC-FDMA. Therefore always 1, 2, 4 or 6 bits are taken together to build an OOK, BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM symbol. Resource Mapping: One of the key features of EUTRAN is the completely dynamic implemented resource handling. So instead of having a fixed subcarrier/time index for each OFDM symbol generated before, the MAC scheduler assigns subcarrier/time index dynamically for each symbol. Antenna Mapping: The last part is to bring the symbols for one antenna together and modulate the signal (via IFFT, or SC-FDMA) to the RF modulator. This process might include to apply additional phase factors and weighting matrices to optimize MIMO.

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General Model for DL-SCH

CRCCRC

CodingCoding + Rate Matching

CodingData Modulation

CodingResource Mapping

Antenna Mapping

MAC

sch

edul

erM

AC s

ched

uler

HARQ

ModulationScheme

Resource/Power AssignmentAntennaAssignment

RedundancyVersion

. . .

. . .

TBTB

Transport Blocks(variable sizes)

ACK | NACK

HARQ Info

Evolved Node B

QPSK,16QAM,64QAM

3GPP TS 36.302 v8.1.0

Fig. 2General Model for DL-SCH

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2 CRC Coding and Segmentation

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CRC Coding

MACHeader

MACHeader

MAC SDU MAC SDU

Transport block Transport block24 bit CRC

24 bit CRC

MACmultiplexing

Layer1CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Coding) insertion

Medium Access Control (MAC)Delivers the Transport Block including the

MAC header MAC PDU = MAC SDU + Header

Medium Access Control (MAC)Delivers the Transport Block including the

MAC header MAC PDU = MAC SDU + Header

Transport Channels

FDD | TDD - Layer 1( DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA )

FDD | TDD - Layer 1( DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA )

CRC used for error detection on TB !Transmitter: the CRC is calculated on the transport block recieved from MACCRC is appended to the transport blockReceiver: CRC is also calculated on the received bitsCalculated CRC bits are compared with the received CRC bitsIf not equal -> retransmission of the transport block required

CRC used for error detection on TB !Transmitter: the CRC is calculated on the transport block recieved from MACCRC is appended to the transport blockReceiver: CRC is also calculated on the received bitsCalculated CRC bits are compared with the received CRC bitsIf not equal -> retransmission of the transport block required

Fig. 3CRC Coding

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3 Turbo Coding

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The coding structure is based on a combination of two convolutional coders(first and second constituent encoder in the figure). The convolutional codes have a simple hardware implementation, using shift registers. The information bits are interleaved between two encoders. The whole process results in a code that has powerful error correction properties. For the LTE, the same like in UMTS, the scheme of Turbo coder is a Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code (PCCC) with two 8-state (3 shift registers) constituent coders and one Turbo code internal interleaver. The coding rate of the Turbo coder is 1/3. The input of the Turbo encoder is on transport block, assumed to be of size k in the example shown The output of the turbo encoder is having 3 types of bits: systematic bits, first parity bits and the second parity bits. Thus, it can be seen that the size of the output of the turbo encoder is having 3 times the size of the input. The difference between the 3 types of generated bits is their importance in case of retransmission (with HARQ in this case). The systematic bits are of higher importance than the parity bits. The usage of systematic and parity bits is useful in the case of incremental redundancy mode of HARQ

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D D D

D D D

Turbo coderInternal

interleaver

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First constituent encoder

Second constituent encoder

INPUT :One transport block + CRCof size k bits First parity bits

Second parity bits

3GPP TS 36.212 v8.6.0

d1(1), d2

(1), …, dk(1)

d1(2), d2

(2), …, dk(2)

Systematic bits

d1(0), d2

(0), …, dk(0)

OUTPUT :3k bits

(systematic, first parity and

second parity bits)

Shift registers (convolutiona

l coding)

Fig. 4Turbo Coding

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The task of the rate-matching functionality is to extract via puncturing and/or repetition, from the blocks of coded bits delivered by the channel encoder of the turbo coding, the exact set of bits to be transmitted within a given TTI. That is, to match the number of bits of the transport block with the number of bits which could be mapped on the physical resources. Whether the systematic or if the parity bits will be transmitted is dependent on the redundancy version RV. The RV is received as feedback from the HARQ receiver. For the first transmission (RV=0) as many systematic bits as possible are transmitted. If there is still room (depending on the physical resources availability) also some parity bits are transmitted. For the retransmission (e.g. RV =1) parity bits not included in the first transmission could be included. However what is exactly will be retransmitted is dependent on the redundancy version signaled by the HARQ. Process description The outputs of the Turbo encoder (systematic bits, first parity bits, and second parity bits) are first separately interleaved. The interleaved bits are then inserted into a circular buffer with the systematic bits inserted first, followed by alternating insertion of the first and second parity bits. The bit selection then extracts consecutive bits from the circular buffer to the extent that fits into the assigned resource, wrapping around to the beginning of the buffer if the end of the buffer is reached. The set of bits to extract depends on the redundancy version corresponding to different starting points for the extraction of coded bits from the circular buffer. As can be seen, there are four different alternatives for the redundancy version. – A Redundancy Version (RV) specifies a starting point in the circular buffer to start reading out bits. Different RVs are specified by defining different starting points to enable HARQ operation. Usually RV = 0 is selected for the initial transmission to send as many systematic bits as possible. The scheduler can choose different RVs on transmissions of the same packet to support both IR and Chase combining HARQ.

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Rate Matching Process

Code Block (k bits)

Coded Bits (3K+12 bits)

Rate Matching:It is used for bit rate adaptation The number of bits after the transport channel processing must be adapted for the underlying physical channels capabilities (Modulation and Coding Scheme, Number of Resource Blocks)Technically the rate matching is realised through puncturing or repetition of bits

Rate Matching:It is used for bit rate adaptation The number of bits after the transport channel processing must be adapted for the underlying physical channels capabilities (Modulation and Coding Scheme, Number of Resource Blocks)Technically the rate matching is realised through puncturing or repetition of bits

Channel Coding –Turbo Coding 1/3

Rate Matching : 3k +12 = e.g. 336 bits ?If No then Puncturing or Repetition

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Number of resource blocks (with 20 MHz channelbandwith):2 / 4 / ... / 100 resource blocksNumber of bits (assuming QPSK):168/ 336/ .../8400 bits

Number of resource blocks (with 20 MHz channelbandwith):2 / 4 / ... / 100 resource blocksNumber of bits (assuming QPSK):168/ 336/ .../8400 bits

Fig. 5Rate Matching Process

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Systematicbits

FirstParitybits

Secondparitybits

Sub-blockinterleaving

Sub-blockinterleaving

Circular buffer

Sub-blockinterleaving

V1(0), v2

(0), …,vk(0)

Bit selection

RV

d1(1), d2

(1), …, dk(1)

d1(2), d2

(2), …, dk(2)

V1(1), v2

(1), …,vk(1)

V1(2), v2

(2), …,vk(2)

d1(0), d2

(0), …, dk(0)

Circular buffer

v1(0)v2

(0)

v1(1)v1

(2)v2(1

)

v2(2)

vk(1)vk

(2)

RV=0

RV=2

RV=3

vk(0)

RV=1

3GPP TS 36.212 v8.6.0

RV= Redundancy Version (for HARQ retransmission )

Fig. 6Rate Matching

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Transport Channel Processing

4 Data Modulation

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Presentation / Author / Date

b0 b1

QPSK

Im

Re10

11

00

01

b0 b1b2b3

16QAM

Im

Re

0000

1111

Im

Re

64QAM

b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5

• 3GPP standard defines the following options: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM in both directions ( UL and DL)- UL 64QAM not supported in RL10

• Not every physical channel is allowed to use any modulation scheme:

• Scheduler decides which form to use depending on carrier quality feedback information from the UE

Modulation Schemes

QPSK:

2 bits/symbol

16QAM:

4 bits/symbol

64QAM:

6 bits/symbol

Physical channel

Modulation

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

PDSCH

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

PMCH

QPSKPBCH

QPSKPDCCH (PCFICH, PHICH)

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

PUSCH

BPSK and/or QPSK

PUCCH

Fig. 7Modulation Schemes

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5 Resource Mapping

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The resource mapping is a physical layer issue which will be explained in detail in chapter 7.

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Transport Channel Processing

Resource Mapping

CRCCRC

CodingCoding + Rate Matching

CodingData Modulation

CodingResource Mapping

Antenna Mapping

MAC

sch

edul

erM

AC s

ched

uler

HARQ

ModulationScheme

Resource/Power AssignmentAntennaAssignment

RedundancyVersion

. . .

. . .

TBTB

Transport Blocks(variable sizes)

ACK | NACK

HARQ Info

Evolved Node B

QPSK,16QAM,64QAM

Physical Layer issueExplained in

chapter 7

Fig. 8Resource Mapping

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6 Antenna Mapping

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Transport Channel Processing

Antenna Mapping

CRCCRC

CodingCoding + Rate Matching

CodingData Modulation

CodingResource Mapping

Antenna Mapping

MAC

sch

edul

erM

AC s

ched

uler

HARQ

ModulationScheme

Resource/Power AssignmentAntennaAssignment

RedundancyVersion

. . .

. . .

TBTB

Transport Blocks(variable sizes)

ACK | NACK

HARQ Info

Evolved Node B

QPSK,16QAM,64QAM

MIMO(Chapter 9)

Fig. 9Antenna Mapping

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Various multiplexing methods are based on different grades of freedom as there are time (TDMA) frequency (FDMA) and code (CDMA). Multi antenna technology additionally may deploy space (SDMA). So in addition to OFDM a set of technologies using multiple transmitter and receiver antennas are used. In particular MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is a main contribution to the high spectral efficiency of an LTE system. The physical layer of LTE supports several variants which are used to increase the channel’s capacity or to improve coverage and channel quality. In a broader sense any transmission with multiple transmit and multiple reception antennas could be considered to be MIMO. The propagation channel is hereby considered as the transmitting system, so that transmission antennas are handled as input to the channel, whereas receiver antennas are the output of it. However to describe the different multiple antenna modes in a more narrow sense only spatial multiplexing is considered "true" MIMO.

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Transport Channel Processing

MIMO TypesMIMOMIMO

Data TransmissionData Transmission Number of AntennasNumber of Antennas Number of UsersNumber of Users

Pre-Coding(beamforming)

Spatial Multiplexing

Diversity Coding

single data stream sent overmultiple input antennas

…X

pre-

codi

ng

…X1

pre-

codi

ng

multiple data stream sent overmultiple input antennas

Xn

single data stream sent overmultiple input antennas

with different codinge.g. CDMA soft handover

SISO(Single Input Single Output)

MISO(Multiple Input Single Output)

SIMO(Single Input Multiple Output)

MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output)

……

SU-MIMO(Single User MIMO)

MU-MIMO

Fig. 10MIMO Types

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7 Examples of Processing

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7.1 DL-SCH

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Transport Channel Processing

DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel

CRCCRC+Segmentation

CodingTurbo coding + Rate Matching

CodingData Modulation

CodingResource Mapping

Antenna Mapping

MAC

sch

edul

erM

AC s

ched

uler

HARQ

ModulationScheme

Resource/Power AssignmentAntennaAssignment

RedundancyVersion

. . .

. . .

TBTB

Transport Blocks(variable sizes)

ACK | NACK

HARQ Info

Evolved Node B

QPSK,16QAM,64QAM

CRCCRC+Concatenation

CodingDecoding + Rate Matching

CodingData Demodulation

CodingResource Demapping

Antenna Demapping

HARQ

. . .

. . .

TBTBACK | NACK

HARQ Info

UE

Redundancy for error detection

Redundancy for data detection

Error indications

Fig. 11DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel

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7.2 BCH

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16 bit CRC+Segmentation

Coding + Rate Matching

Data Modulation

Resource Mapping

Antenna Mapping

. . .

. . .

TB

One BCH transport block(fixed sizes)

Evolved Node B

QPSK only

R=1/3 tail bittingConvolutional code 16 bit CRC+Concatenation

Decoding + Rate Matching

Data demodulation

Resource Demapping

Antenna Demapping

. . .

. . .

TB Error indication

UE

BCH – Broadcast Channel

Fig. 12BCH – Broadcast Channel

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7.3 PCH

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CRC+Segmentation

Coding + Rate Matching

Data Modulation

Resource Mapping

MAC

sch

edul

erM

AC s

ched

uler

ModulationScheme

Resource/Power Assignment

TB

Transport Blocks(variable sizes)

eNodeB

QPSK,16QAM,[64QAM]

CRC+Concatenation

Decoding

Data Demodulation

Resource Demapping

TB

UE

Error indication

Antenna Mapping Antenna DemappingAntennaAssignment

PCH – Paging Channel

Fig. 13PCH – Paging Channel

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7.4 MCH

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eNodeB UE

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semi-staticconfiguration

CRC

Coding + Rate Matching

Interleaving

Data Modulation

Resource Mapping

Antenna Mapping

. . .

. . .

Transport Blocks(variable sizes)

Error indication

MCH – Multicast Channel

TB

QPSK,16QAM,[64QAM]

MAC

sch

edul

er

TB

MAC

sch

edul

er

ModulationScheme

Resource/PowerAssignment

AntennaAssignment

TB

CRC

Coding + Rate Matching

Interleaving

Data Modulation

Resource Mapping

. . .

CRC

Decoding

De-interleaving

Data Demodulation

Resource De-mapping

Antenna De-mapping

. . .

. . .

CRC

Decoding

De-interleaving

Data Demodulation

Resource De-mapping

TB

Fig. 14MCH – Multicast Channel

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24 bit CRC+Segmentation

Turbo coding + Rate Matching

Interleaving

Data Modulation

Resource Mapping

MAC

sch

edul

erM

AC s

ched

uler

HARQ

ModulationScheme

Resource/Power Assignment

RedundancyVersion

TB

Transport Blocks delivered from MAC layer(variable sizes)

HARQ Info

UE

QPSK,16QAM,[64QAM]

UL assignment

24 bit CRC+Concatenation

Decoding

De-Interleaving

Data Demodulation

Resource Demapping

MAC

sch

edul

erM

AC s

ched

uler

HARQ

ModulationScheme

Resource/Power Assignment

RedundancyVersion

TB

Transport Blocks delivered from MAC layer(variable sizes)

ACK | NACK

HARQ Info

eNodeB

Channel state information

Antenna Mapping Antenna DemappingAntennaAssignment

AntennaAssignment

UL-SCH UL Shared Channel

Fig. 15UL-SCH UL Shared Channel

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