06 toyota manufacturing, eko rudianto
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Transcript of 06 toyota manufacturing, eko rudianto
1
LOW LOW--VISCOSITY LUBRICANT VISCOSITY LUBRICANT FOR FOR
LOW LOW--FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL CONSUMPTION
AND AND
ZERO ZERO--EMISSION CAR EMISSION CAR
EKO RUDIANTO
PT. TOYOTA MOTOR MANUFACTURING INDONESIA
November,2007
2
OVERVIEW
1. BACKGROUNG
2. OBJECTIVES
3. EMISSION REGULATION MOVEMENT
4. ENGINE TECH. DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT
5. FUEL SPEC. QUALITY DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT
6. ENGINE OIL SPEC. DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT
7. DISCUSSION
8. CONCLUSION
4
ORGANIZATION OF UNWP29
G R P E
G R S G
G R B
G R R F
G R E
G R S P
WP29WP29
Inland transport
committee
Inland transport
committee
UN
Working Party on Noise
Working Party on Pollution and Energy
Working Party on Brakes and Running Gear
Working Party on General Safety Provisions
Working Party on Passive Safety
Working Party on Lighting and Light-signaling
Source : GAIKINDO
5
GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE MEGA MERGER
Suzuki
IsuzuSAAB
Fiat
Opel
Honda
PEUGEOT
Subaru
DaihatsuHino
TOYOTA
NissanNissanDiesel
RENAULT
Chrysler
Mitsubishi DAIMLER
GENERAL MOTOR
Mazda
VolvoFORD
VWAUDI
Roll Royce BMW
Source : GAIKINDO
6
GLOBAL PASSENGER CAR MARKET
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
Toyota
GM
Ford
R/N
VW
Hyundai
DCX
Un
its
i n M
il lio
ns
Sales S
hare
• Substantial contribution to growth emanating from eme rging auto markets:
China, India, Iran and Russia • Toyota projected to overtake GM as world’s largest seller of automobiles this year;
Hyundai and Renault/Nissan also on the rise
Source : GAIKINDO
7
ASEAN AUTOMOTIVE CONDITION
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
750
850
950
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Toyota Honda
Isuzu Mitsubishi
Nissan Perodua
Proton Suzuki
Ford Chevrolet
(1,000) 993,171
342,606
Production In Total of ASEAN4
310,910
255,981
216,385
2012YEAR
152,185
No.1
No.2
No.3
280,804No.4
No.5
No.6
No.7
Source : GAIKINDO
8
ASTRAGROUP
FiatPeugeot
Renault
Toyota
Jeep
BMW
NissanUD
Daihatsu Isuzu
INDOMOBILGROUP
VolvoVW
Hino
DatsunSuzukiMazda
Nissan
AudiSsangYong
KIA/Motor
Neoplan
LandRover
KTB
DAF IVECO
Mitsubishi
GMOpel Holden
GMBIChevrolet
China
StarsautoDinamika
Alun
BerlietCitroen
HondaProspek
MotorHonda
StarMotor
GermanMotor
DjakartaMotor
Bimantara
Hyundai
Ford
Mercedes B
Sources : GAIKINDO
INDONESIA AUTO INDUSTRY COMMUNITY
Source : GAIKINDO
9
72 103172
208152 162 170
211
750
58
700620
570534
450
103
189152 144 160 158
178275 261
322 341 332387
94
301 300318
354
483
88
800750
700
620
500
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
'76 '77 '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10
INDONESIA AUTOMOTIVE SALE & GOVERNMENT POLICY
Devaluasi Rp27.5%[83]
Devaluasi Rp31.0%[86]
Tight MoneyPolicy (TMP)
[87]
Peraturan BaruPerbankan
[89]
Tight MoneyPolicy (TMP)
[91]
Program MobilNasional
[96]
KrisisEkonomi
[98]
PemilihanUmum
[99]
PemilihanUmum
[04]
Kenaikan BBM[05]
KEPPRES 20/9819/MPP/KEP/98
PP. 145/00569/KMK.04/00 PP. 43/03
586/PJ/01460/KMK.03/01
307/M/SK/8/76
97/KMK.05/00231/M/SK/11/78
168/M/SK/9/79
349/M/SK/8/80
117/M/SK/4/86
371/M/SK/9/83
PP. 36/1996
KEPPRES 42/96
111/M/SK/10/90
PAKJUN’93
PAKMEI’95
INPRES NO.2 ‘96PP. 60/01
172/MPP/KEP/5/0120/MPP/KEP/98
49/MPP/KEP/2/00
PAKJUN’99PP. 59/99
PAKJUN ‘96411/MPP/KEP/06/03
756/MPP/KEP/11/02
458/MPP/KEP/07/03
201/KPB/VII/92107/M/SK/VII/92
Source : GAIKINDO
11
LOW VISCOSITY LUBRICANT FOR LOW FUEL CONSUMPTION & ZERO EMISSION CAR
EmissionCO, HC, NOx, PM.
Emission(g/km)
Fuel Efficiency(km/liter)
Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Zero (Emission & CO2)
Emission
LUBRICANT GRADE
Fuel Efficiency
(20. gr/km)
(9. gr/km)
(3. gr/km)(0.3 gr/km) (0.0 gr/km)
[10. km/liter]
[15. km/liter][20. km/liter]
[50. km/liter]
SE SF SJ ~ SL SJ ~ SL SL
HYBRID TECHNOLOGY
CAR
13
EMISSION REGULATION CONTROLGasoline and Diesel - Low Duty Car
(g/km)
Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4
Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4
CO
HC+
NOx
20
10
56
4
32
1
(g/km)
HYBRID CAR FUEL CELL
HYBRID CAR FUEL CELL
14
GLOBAL EMISSION REGULATION FORGASOLINE AND DIESEL LOW DUTY VEHICLE
EuroEuro -- 11
Test Test Mode:Mode:
New EC New EC ModeMode
EuroEuro-- 22
( UDC + ( UDC + EUDC )EUDC )
EuroEuro --3 & 43 & 4
UNECEUNECEGlobalGlobal
EC (EEC) EC (EEC) EUROPEEUROPEUNIONUNION
EXHAUST EMISSION EXHAUST EMISSION MODE TESTMODE TEST
88 / 76 / EEC88 / 76 / EEC
PassengerPassengerVehiclesVehicles
Commercial Commercial VehiclesVehicles
91 / 441 / EEC91 / 441 / EEC
93 / 59 / EEC93 / 59 / EEC
94 / 12 / EC94 / 12 / EC
96 / 69 / EC96 / 69 / EC
98 / 69 / EC98 / 69 / EC
ECE 15 ECE 15 -- 0404
ECE 82 / 00 ( A )ECE 82 / 00 ( A )
ECE 82 / 00 ( B )ECE 82 / 00 ( B )
ECE 82 / 01ECE 82 / 01
ECE 82 / 02ECE 82 / 02
ECE 82 / 03ECE 82 / 03
( ECE 82 / 04 )( ECE 82 / 04 )
( ECE 82 / 05 )( ECE 82 / 05 )
Test Test Mode :Mode :
New EC New EC ModeMode
( UDC + ( UDC + EUDC )EUDC )
( Euro( Euro -- 0 )0 ) ( Euro( Euro -- 0 )0 )
EuroEuro -- 11
EuroEuro -- 22
EuroEuro --3 & 43 & 4
15
Gasoline & Diesel Passenger Vehicle among ASEAN countries and Asia countries.
Euro 3 Euro 4
Euro 4Euro 2 Euro 3
Euro 2
Euro 3 Euro 4Euro 2
Euro 2 Euro 3
Euro 4Euro 3
Euro 4Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 3
US Tier1
Euro 2
Euro 2
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
US Tier 2 Euro 4
Euro 4Euro 3
Euro 4 Euro 5
Euro3
Euro 4Euro 3
Euro 1
Euro 2
Categorized required
ECE15/04
Euro 1CHINA
BEIJING
TAIWAN
HONGKONG
PHILIPINE
INDONESIA
MALAYSIA
THAILAND
BRUNEIVIETNAM
SINGAPORE
AUSTRALIANEW ZEALAND
Source : AAF/TC3
16
E S C( Europe Stationer
Cycle )
ETC(Europe Transient
Cycle)
E S CE T C
E S C
E T C
TEST MODETEST MODEEC ( EEC )EC ( EEC )
REGULATIONREGULATIONECEECE
REGULATIONREGULATIONEXHAUST EXHAUST EMISSIONEMISSION
LEVELLEVEL
88 / 77 / EEC ECE 49 / 01
96 / 1 / EC ECE 49 / 03 ?
91 / 542 / EEC ( B ) ECE 49 / 02 ( B )
91 / 542 / EEC ( A ) ECE 49 / 02 ( A )
UNDER STUDY
EURO 2
PREVIOUSEURO 2
EURO 1
EURO 3
1999 / 96 / EC ( B2 )
1999 / 96 / EC ( B1 )
1999 / 96 / EC ( A )
UNDER STUDY
UNDER STUDY
EURO 4
( EURO 5 )
0
GLOBAL EMISSION REGULATION FORDIESEL HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE
17
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 4
Euro 4Euro 3
Euro 3
Euro 4Euro 2
Euro 1 Euro 2
Euro 4Euro 3
Euro 4Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 3
US 94HDE
Euro 2
US 04HDE Euro 4
Euro 3
Euro3
Euro 3
Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro 4
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Euro 5
Diesel Commercial Vehicle (Heavy Duty) among ASEAN countries and Asia countries.
CHINA
BEUJING
TAIWAN
HONGKONG
PHILIPINE
INDONESIA
MALAYSIATHAILAND
BRUNEI
VIETNAM
SINGAPOREAUSTRALIA
NEW ZEALAND
Source : AAF/TC3
18
China, Beijing, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Philippines , Indonesia , Malaysia ,,,,Thailand , Vietnam ,,,,Singapore , Australia, New Zealand, India, 11
major cities in India
0000
2222
4444
6666
8888
10101010
12121212
14141414
2004200420042004 2005200520052005 2006200620062006 2007200720072007 2008200820082008 2009200920092009 2010201020102010 2011201120112011
Euro 4 or
Equivalent
Euro3
Euro2Euro1
Gasoline & Diesel of Passenger Vehicle
ASEAN countriesintently direct to Euro4
in year 2010.
EMISSION REGULATION MOVEMENT TREND AMONG ASEAN & ASIAN COUNTRIES
Source : AAF/TC3
19
Enforce to Enforce to Existing ModelExisting Model
YearYearEnforce to Enforce to New ModelNew Model
20032003 20042004 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012
ECE 83ECE 83--04 (Euro04 (Euro --2) 2)
ECE 83ECE 83--04 (Euro04 (Euro --2)2)
IdleIdle
IdleIdle
Petrol Light Duty and Diesel light Duty (GVW<3.5 ton ; Category : M1 MINISTRY DECREE NO : 141 , IN SEPT. 23-2003.
YearYearEnforce to Enforce to New ModelNew Model
Enforce to Enforce to Existing ModelExisting Model
20032003 20042004 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012
Diesel Heavy Duty (GVW>3.5 ton ; Category : M2,M3,N2 ,N3,O3, & O4)
ECE 49ECE 49--02 (Euro02 (Euro --2)2)
ECE 49ECE 49--02 (Euro02 (Euro --2)2)
IdleIdle
IdleIdle
INDONESIA EMISSION REGULATION
EURO-4 ?
EURO-4 ?
21
GASOLINE ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW < 3.5 TON)GASOLINE ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW < 3.5 TON)
CARBUCARBU --
RATERRATER
VVTVVT--i i (Variable Valve (Variable Valve
Timing Timing Intelligent )Intelligent ) Full TransistorFull Transistor
ESA (Electronic ESA (Electronic Spark Advance) Spark Advance)
ACISACIS & EGR & EGR (Acoustic Control(Acoustic Control
Induction)Induction)Three Way Catalyst + Three Way Catalyst +
O2 SensorO2 Sensor
SLLC (Super SLLC (Super Long Life Long Life Coolant) Coolant)
Fuel SupplyFuel Supply Valve TimingValve Timing IgnitionIgnition Air ControlAir Control Cooling SystemCooling System
Fixed (FIX)Fixed (FIX)Contact Contact
Point Point SystemSystem
Single Throttle Single Throttle System System
LLC LLC (Long Life Coolant) (Long Life Coolant)
ECU (ELECTRONIC COMPUTER UNIT)ECU (ELECTRONIC COMPUTER UNIT)
Fuel SupplyFuel Supply Valve TimingValve Timing IgnitionIgnition Air ControlAir Control Cooling SystemCooling SystemECU. AND OBD (ON BOARD DIAGNOSTIC)ECU. AND OBD (ON BOARD DIAGNOSTIC)
EURO-2Engine
Technology
EURO-1Engine
Technology
EFI EFI (Electronic (Electronic
Fuel Fuel Injection)Injection)
Reduction Catalyst Oxidation CatalystThree wayCatalystEuro-2 Engine
Technology schema
ECU
Fuel Tank
Muffler
Three way CatalystO2
sensorExhaust Manifold
Lambda
22
GASOLINE ENGINE TECH. VS EMISSION REG.
Euro1
Euro2
Euro3Euro4
HC
NOxCO123
0.5
0.5
1.0
0 1.0
EM
TWC(13R)
1O2SEM
OBD2O2S
TWC = Three Way Catalyst
EM
S/C(7R) TWC(9R)
OBD2O2S
EM
TYPICAL SYSTEM
g/km
S<50 ppm
S<150 ppm
S<500 ppm
S/C = Swirl Control
OBD= On Board Diagnostic
TWC(13R)
O2S = O2 Sensor
Source : JAMA
23
DIESEL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW < 3.5 TON)
Injection Pump, Exhaust Gas Re-Circulating,
Diesel PM Reduction :Black Smoke Reduction : Micro Grain Injection Fuel. And Multi-Valve System.
Soluble Organic Fraction : Oxidation Catalyst & Diesel Particulate Filter System .
Diesel NOx Reduction :Pilot Injection by Common Rail System, Cooled Exhau st Gas Re-Circulating, Super Charger with Inter-Cooler, Nox Reduction Catalyst S ystem.
EURO-1
EURO-2
Euro-2 Engine Technology schema
24
Euro1
Euro2
Euro3Euro4
HC
NOxCO 123
0.5
0.5
1.0
0 1.0
PM
0.05
0.10
0.15
TYPICAL SYSTEM
IPEGR
OC
EM
IP
EM
OC
CREGR
EM
CR
OC
EGREM
g/km
S<50 ppm
S<350 ppm
S<500 ppm
DIESEL ENGINE PASSENGER TECH. VS EMISSION REGULATION
VE =INJECTION PUMP CR =COMMON RAIL
EM =EXHAUST MANIFOLD
EGR =EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATING
IP= Injection PumpSource : JAMA
25
DIESEL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW > 3.5 TON)
Injection Pump, Exhaust Gas Re-Circulating, EURO-1
EURO-2
EGR Cooler
EGR ValveIntake Throttle Valve
Air Intake
PPPP
Exhaust
Urea Injection Controller
Oxidation Catalyst for Ammonia
Common Rail System for Ultra-High-Pressure Fuel Injectors
Selective Catalytic Reduction Device for NOx
Intercooler
Oxidation Catalyst for NO
Urea Tank
Urea-Based Selective Catalytic Reduction and Ultra- High-Pressure Fuel Injection
Euro-2 Engine Technology schema
26
DIESEL ENGINE HEAVY DUTY TECH. VS EMISSION REGULATION
Euro1
Euro2
Euro3
Euro4
HC
NOxCO 246
0.5
5
1.0
0 10
PM
0.10.2
0.4
TYPICAL SYSTEM
OC
CREGR
CR
OC
(Diesel Particulate NOx Reduction)
EGR
ESCESC
g/kWh
0.3
S<50 ppm
S<350 ppm
Euro4
ETCETCEuro3
EGRS<500 ppm
IP
IP
Source : JAMA
31
FUEL EFFICIENCY TECNOLOGY DEVELOMENT
1900190019001900 2000200020002000
Veh
icle
Effi
cien
cy (
Km
/ lite
r)
20
10
30
LEXUS 2003
PRIUS 1997
PRIUS 2001
40
50
2002002002005
HINO BUS 2004
CAMRY 2006HIGHLINDER
2003
Conventional C
ar
INNOVATIO
N TECHNOLOGY
Hybrid C
ar
Source : TMC
33
RELATION BETWEEN RELATION BETWEEN GASOLINE PROPERTIES AND VEHICLE PERFORMANCEGASOLINE PROPERTIES AND VEHICLE PERFORMANCE
Properties Vehicle Performance
Sulfur
T50
T90
Aromatics
Olefins
Unwashed Gum
RVP / T10
Octane Number
Alcohol
Di-Olefins
FBP
Detergent
Startability
Driveability
Fuel economy
Evaporative emission
Power/Acceleration
Exhaust emission
Material compatibility
Engine Reliability
deposit
Knocking
Catalyst poisoning
Oxidized fuels
Engine oil degradation
Washed Gum
Metals Spark plug fouling
Source : JAMA
34
WWFC GASOLINE FUEL SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENT
FUEL SPEC. ITEMS
NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Current Fuel
98 RON-Research's
88 MON-Motor O.N
Lead Content gr/l
Metalic Oct. buster (MMT,FERRO)
Sulfur % m/m
Aromatic % v/v
Benzene % v/v
Olefin % v/v
Detergent
98
88
EURO-0
Phase-out
Run-Out
Phase-out
Run-Out
Phase-out0.5% Keep going
Reduction60% Keep going
Keep going
35% Keep going
Reduction7% Keep going
Reduction50% Keep going
1% Keep going
10% Keep going
Generation Level-up
Run-Out
EURO- 1 EURO- 2 EURO- 3 EURO- 4
98
88
FUEL SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
35
Engine oil degradation
Deposit
Knocking
Catalyst poisoning
Cold startability
Fuel Economy
Wear in injection pump
Power/Acceleration
Exhaust emissions
Noise/Vibration
Fuel filter plugging
Seal
Material compatibility
Engine Reliability
Sulfur
Sediment
T90
Aromatics/PAH
Viscosity
CFPP/PP
Density
Cetane Number
Lubricity
Oxidation stability
Water
Properties Vehicle Performance
RELATION BETWEEN RELATION BETWEEN DIESEL FUEL PROPERTIES AND VEHICLE PERFORMANCEDIESEL FUEL PROPERTIES AND VEHICLE PERFORMANCE
Source : JAMA
36
FUEL SPEC. ITEMS
NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Current Solar
CETANE NUMBER
CETANE INDEX
SULFUR CONTENT (ppm)
WATER CONTENT (mg/Kg)
CARBON RESIDU (% m/m)
PARTICULATES (mg/l)
LUBRICITY HFRR (micron)
AROMATIC (% m/m)
DETERGENT INJEC. CLEANNESS
45
EURO-0
Free
500
0.30
Keep going
25
Generation Level-up
5000
EURO- 1 EURO- 2 EURO- 3 EURO- 4
WWFC DIESEL FUEL SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENT
5548 5345 55
45 5245 5045 52
3000 300 30
200
24No standard
200400
22 15
0.25
DIESEL FUEL SPEC. REQUIREMENTS
0.20
38
VEHCLE LIQUID MATERIAL CONSUMPTION
Vehicle Liquids Material
Consumption
Fuels
Oil
Grease
Fluid
Refrigerant
Water
Gasoline
Diesel
CNG - LPG
Engine - Oil
Gear - Oil
Bearing Grease
Bolt Joint Grease
Brake Fluid
Radiator Fluid
Air Condition
Heater
Wiper Washing
Hydrogen Liquid
Methanol Reforming
39
OIL FLOW WORK IN ENGINE
OIL FUNCTION REQUIREMENT OIL PROPERTIES PERFORMANCE
OIL WORK PERFORMANCE
PEFORMANCE TARGET OF ENGINE OIL ACTIVITIES
40
LUB BASE SPEC. OF PERTAMINA PRODUCTSFROM CILACAP REFINERY
Source : PERTAMINA
PROPERTYNO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
HVI HVI -- 6060
10.
11.
Appearance
Total Acidity(mg KOH/g)
Ash Content (%wt)
Cloud Test (hours)(No Cloud at 0 °C )
Color ASTM
Color stability, (48 hours at 100 °C)
Flash Point PMcc. (°C)
Pour Point (°C)
Specific Gravity(at 60 / 60 °F)
Viscosity, Kinematics(100 °C, cSt.)
7.
Viscosity Index
METHOD
VISUAL
ASTM D-482
ASTM D-1500
ASTM D-93
ASTM D-974
ASTM D-97
ASTM D-1298
ASTM D-445
ASTM D-2270
SMS-2556
SMS-260
HVI HVI -- 9595 HVIHVI--160S160S HVIHVI--160B160B HVIHVI--650650
Clear & Bright
To be reported
Constant max. 0.01
Constant Min. 7.0
Constant max. 1.00
Max. 1.5Max. 2.0 Max. 3.0 Max. 4.0
Min. 3.0
Min. 204 Min. 210Constant Min. 228 Min. 267
Constant max. 0.05Max. -15.
Constant Max. -9.
Constant Min. 95.
Min. 4.4
Max. 4.9Max. 7.4
Max. 11.8Max. 33.5
Min. 6.7Min. 10.7
Min. 30.5
41
READ ACROSS TEST ITEMS
ITEM TEST METHOD
NO
Name of refinery
Location of refinery
Neutral number of base oil (mixing ratio)
Refining process
Flash point ( oC)
Pour point ( oC)
Kinematics viscosity (mm2/s ; 40 o ; 100oC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Viscosity index
Aniline Point
Element content (mass %) (S/N)
Structural group analysis (mass %) (Paraffin's ; Naphthenes ; Aromatics)
12. Boiling range distribution ( oC)
ASTM D92
ASTM D97
ASTM D445ASTMD46
ASTM D2270
ASTM D611
ASTMD3121ASTMD3431
ASTM D3238
ASTM D2887
CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENT OF OIL TEST METHOD
CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTIONNO
Element content in Oil Test
Cooper Strip Corrosion test
Rust prevention characteristic test
Oxidation Stability (ISOT)
Miscibility Test
Compatibility with Oil Seal
Rubber
Wear Prevention
characteristic
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The element contents in oil are analyzed using the most accurate and precise methods currently available
The Copper Strip corrosion is evaluated at 120oC for 3 hours using a glass tube as specified in ASTM D1300
It is evaluated at 165,5oC for 72 hours in accordance with TSK1000G and n-pentane in soluble by ASTM D893
Follow Federal Test Method 791B and Method 3470
It is evaluated in accordance with ASTM D471 (Sect 12) at 120oC for 70 hours
It shall be evaluated in accordance with ASTM D655 using 10 volt % of distilled water
The wear preventive characteristic are evaluated in accordance with ASTM D4172 under of RPM 1800 rpm load of 392N (40 kef), t 90oC and time duration 30 minutes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PROPERTIES REQUIREMENTS STD. OF ENGINE OIL
42
ENGINE OIL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
1. CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENT OF OIL TEST METHOD
2. READ ACROSS TEST ITEMS
3. QUALITY STD. REQUIREMENTS
Engine Dynamometer Test
45
LOW VISCOSITY LUBRICANT FOR LOW FUEL CONSUMPTION & ZERO EMISSION CAR
EmissionCO, HC, NOx, PM.
Emission(g/km)
Fuel Efficiency(km/liter)
Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Zero (Emission & CO2)
Emission
LUBRICANT GRADE
Fuel Efficiency
(20. gr/km)
(9. gr/km)
(3. gr/km)(0.3 gr/km) (0.0 gr/km)
[10. km/liter]
[15. km/liter][20. km/liter]
[50. km/liter]
SE SF SJ ~ SL SJ ~ SL SL
46
COST COMPARATIONCOST COMPARATION
High
Low
Pric
eEV
HEV
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
Vehicle
Hybrid Electrical Vehicle
ICE
Electrical Vehicle
Source:Toyota data
48
TOYOTA eco-car
Diesel Engine
Gasoline Engine
Electric Vehicle
Hybrid Technology
Approaches to Reduces CO2 andZero Emissions
No control CO2Euro-5 Euro 4, Euro 3 Euro 2,Euro 1.
Fuel Cell Vehicle
BIOFUEL
LPG CNG
UNDER STUDY
UNDER STUDY