06 Shakespeare's Life
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Shakespeare's life
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
William Shakespeare (National Portrait Gallery), in the famous Chandos portrait, artist
and authenticity unconfirmed.
There are few facts known with certainty about William Shakespeare's life. The best-documented facts are that Shakespeare wasbaptisedin Stratford-upon-Avon in
Warwickshire, England, 26 April 1564, at age 18 marriedAnne Hathaway, had three
children, and died on 23 April 1616 at the age of 52. Shakespeare is one of the first
playwrights known to have retired before he died.
Contents
1 Early life 2 London and theatrical career 3 Later years 4 Authorship 5 Shakespeare's family tree 6 See also 7 References and notes 8 External links
Early life
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William Shakespeare[1]
was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, a small country town, the son
ofJohn Shakespeare, a successful glover and alderman from Snitterfield, and ofMaryArden, a daughter of the gentry. They lived on Henley Street, having married around
1557. The date of his birth is not known, but his baptismal record was dated 26 April
1564. This is the first official record of Shakespeare, as birth certificates were not issued
in the time ofQueen Elizabeth. Because baptisms were normally performed within a fewdays of birth, a tradition arose that he was born on 23 April, but this has no historical
basis. This date would provide a convenient symmetry because Shakespeare died on the
same day in 1616. It is also the Feast Day ofSaint George, thepatron saint of England,
which might seem appropriate forEngland's greatest playwright.
Shakespeare's parents had eight children: Joan (1558-1635), Margaret (1562-63),
William, Gilbert (1566-1612), Joan (1569-1646), Anne (1571-79), Richard (1574-1613),
and Edmund (1580-1607).[2]
The house in Stratford known as 'Shakespeare's Birthplace (although this status isuncertain).
Shakespeare's father, prosperous at the time of William's birth, was prosecuted for
participating in theblack market in wool, and later lost his position as an alderman. Some
evidence pointed to possible Roman Catholic sympathies on both sides of the family.[3]
It is theorized that Shakespeare attended King Edward VI Grammar School in central
Stratford.[4]
The King honored in the school's name (Edward VI) had nothing to do withthe original founding of the school, which had Roman Catholic origins. It had been
established in the early 15th century, far before Edward's time.[5]
While the quality of
Elizabethan eragrammar schools was uneven, the school probably would have provided
an intensive education in Latingrammarand literature. As a part of this education, the
students would likely have been exposed to Latin plays, in which students performed tobetter understand the language. One of Shakespeare's earliest plays, The Comedy of
Errors, bears similarity to Plautus The Two Menaechmuses, which could well have beenperformed at the school.
[6]It is presumed that the young Shakespeare attended this
school,[7]
although his attendance cannot be confirmed because the school's records have
not survived. This school, which made frequent use ofcorporal punishment, was free tomale children in Stratford dating from an endowment by a Catholic chaplain in 1482.
[8]
There is no evidence that he received a university education.
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On 29 November 1582, at Temple Grafton, near Stratford, the 18 year old Shakespeare
marriedAnne Hathaway who was 26. Two neighbours of Hathaway, Fulk Sandalls andJohn Richardson, posted bond that there were no impediments to the marriage. There
appears to have been some haste in arranging the ceremony: Hathaway was three months
pregnant.
On 26 May 1583, Shakespeare's first child, Susanna, was baptised at Stratford. Twinchildren, a son, Hamnet, and a daughter, Judith, were baptised on 2 February 1585.
Hamnet died in 1596, Susanna in 1649 and Judith in 1662.
After his marriage, Shakespeare left few traces in the historical record until he appearedon the London theatrical scene. Indeed, the period from 1585 (when his twin children
were born) until 1592 (when Robert Greene called him an "upstart crow") is known as
Shakespeare's "lost years" because no evidence has survived to show exactly where hewas or why he left Stratford for London.
[9]A number of stories are given to account for
his life during this time, including that Shakespeare got in trouble forpoachingdeer, that
he worked as a country school teacher, and that he minded the horses of theatre patrons inLondon. There is no direct evidence to support any of these stories and they all appeared
to have started after Shakespeare's death.[10]
The theory that Shakespeare acted as a schoolmaster in Lancashire was proposed by E. A.
J. Honigmann in 1985, founded on evidence in the will of a member of the Hoghton
family, referring to plays and play-clothes and asking his kinsman to take care of
"...William Shakeshaft, now dwelling with me...".[11]
The asserted nexus was JohnCottom, Shakespeare's reputed last schoolmaster, who was purported to have
recommended the Bard.[12][13]
Michael Woodpoints out that Thomas Savage,
Shakespeare's trustee at the Globe some twenty years later, was related by marriage to a
neighbour to whom the will was also addressed. He allows, however, that Shakeshaftwasa common name in Lancashire at the time.[14]
Ackroydadds that study of the marginalnotes in the Hoghton family copy ofEdward Hall's Chronicles, an important source for
Shakespeare's early histories, shows that they were in "probability" in Shakespeare's
writing.[15]
London and theatrical career
By 1592, Shakespeare was a playwright in London; he had enough of a reputation for
Robert Greene to denounce him as "an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that
with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a
blanke verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his owneconceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies the phrase,
"Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" which Shakespeare wrote in Henry VI, part
3.)
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Shakespeare's signature, from his will
By late 1594, Shakespeare was an actor, writer and part-owner of aplaying company,known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men like others of the period, the company took its
name from its aristocratic sponsor, in this case the Lord Chamberlain. The group becamepopular enough that after the death ofElizabeth I and the coronation ofJames I (1603),the new monarch adopted the company and it became known as the King's Men.
Shakespeare's writing shows him to indeed be an actor, with many phrases, words, and
references to acting, but there isn't an academic approach to the art of theatre that might
be expected.[16]
Shakespeare's Coat of Arms
Despite this lack of academia, Shakespeare long sought the status of a gentleman. His
father John, a bailiff of Stratford with a wife of good birth, was eligible for a coat of arms
and applied to the College of Heralds for one. But his worsening financial status
prevented him from obtaining it. The application was successfully renewed in 1596, mostprobably at the instigation of William himself, as he was the more prosperous at the time.
However as an actor he was not eligible and the application still relied on his father'squalifications. The motto on the coat of arms was "Non sanz droit", or "Not without
right", showing a certain defensiveness and insecurity on the part of its author; most
likely William. The theme of social status and restoration runs deep through the plots ofmany of his plays, and Shakespeare seems to mock his own longing.
[17]
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Nash's House, Stratford-on-Avon, standing adjacent to the site ofNew Place,
Shakespeare's home
By 1596, Shakespeare had moved to the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, and by 1598he appeared at the top of a list of actors in Every Man in His Humourwritten by Ben
Jonson. He is also listed among the actors in Jonson's Sejanus: His Fall. Also by 1598,his name began to appear on the title pages of his plays, presumably as a selling point.
There is a tradition that Shakespeare, in addition to writing many of the plays hiscompany enacted, and being concerned as part-owner of the company with business and
financial details, continued to act in various parts, such as the ghost of Hamlet's father,
Adam inAs You Like It, and the Chorus inHenry V.[18]
He appears to have moved across the River Thames to Southwarksometime around 1599.In 1604, Shakespeare acted as a matchmaker for his landlord's daughter. Legal
documents from 1612, when the case was brought to trial, show that in 1604,
Shakespeare was a tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker ofornamental headdresses) in the northwest of London. Mountjoy's apprentice Stephen
Belott wanted to marry Mountjoy's daughter. Shakespeare was enlisted as a go-between,
to help negotiate the details of the dowry. On Shakespeare's assurances, the couplemarried. Eight years later, Belott sued his father-in-law for delivering only part of the
dowry. Shakespeare was called to testify, but remembered little of the circumstances. On
this case see article 'Bellott v. Mountjoy'.
Various documents recording legal affairs and commercial transactions show thatShakespeare grew rich enough during his stay in London years to buy a property in
Blackfriars, London and own the second-largest house in Stratford,New Place.
Later years
Shakespeare's funerary monument
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Shakespeare's House in Stratford-Upon-Avon. Now home of the Shakespeare's
Birthplace Trust
Shakespeare appears to have retired to Stratford in 1613.
In the last few weeks of Shakespeare's life, the man who was to marry his youngerdaughter Judith a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney was charged in the local
church court with "fornication." A woman named Margaret Wheeler had given birth to a
child and claimed it was Quiney's; she and the child both died soon after. Quiney was
thereafter disgraced, and Shakespeare revised his will to ensure that Judith's interest inhis estate was protected from possible malfeasance on Quiney's part.
He died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52. He was married to Anne Hathaway until his
death and was survived by two daughters, Susanna and Judith. His son Hamnet had diedin 1596. Susanna marriedDr John Hall, and his last surviving descendant was their
daughter Elizabeth Hall. There are no direct descendants of the poet and playwright alive
today, but the diarist John Aubrey recalls in hisBrief Lives that Shakespeare was the realfather of the poet William Davenant, his godson. Davenant was brought up as the son of a
vintnerat the Crown Tavern in Oxford, on the road between London and Stratford, where
Shakespeare would stay when travelling between his home and the capital.[19]
Shakespeare is buried in the chancel ofHoly Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. Hewas granted the honour of burial in the chancel not on account of his fame as a
playwright but for purchasing a share of the tithe of the church for 440 (a considerable
sum of money at the time). A monument on the wall nearest his grave, probably placedby his family,
[20]features abust showing Shakespeare posed in the act of writing. Each
year on his claimed birthday, a new quill pen is placed in the writing hand of the bust. He
is believed to have written the epitaph on his tombstone.[21]
Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig the dust enclosed here.
Blest be the man that spares these stones,
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And cursed be he that moves my bones.
Authorship
Main article: Shakespearean authorship question
Around one hundred and fifty years after Shakespeare's death, doubts began to beexpressed about the authorship of the plays and poetry attributed to him. Researchers who
believe the works to have been written by another playwright, or group of playwrights,
have since then proposed many candidates for alternative authorship, including Francis
Bacon,[22]
Christopher Marlowe,[23]
andEdward de Vere, the Earl of Oxford.[24]
While itis generally accepted in academic circles that Shakespeare's plays were written by
Shakespeare of Stratford and not another author, popular interest in the subject,
particularly the Oxfordian theory,[25][26]
has continued into the 21st century.[27]
[edit] Shakespeare's family tree
Richard
Shakespeare
John
Shakespeare
Mary
Arden
William
Shakespeare
Anne
Hathaway
Joan
Shakespeare
William
Hart
JohnHall
SusannaShakespeare
Hamnet
Shakespear
e
JudithShakespeare
Thoma
s
Quiney
Elizabeth
Barnard
See also
William Shakespeare Elizabethan era Shakespeare's reputation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean_authorship_questionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Verehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordian_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare%27s_life&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_reputationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_reputationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare%27s_life&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordian_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Verehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean_authorship_question -
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Shakespeare's religionShakespeare authorship questionSexuality of William ShakespeareShakespeare's playsShakespeare's sonnetsAnne Hathaway (Shakespeare)
Shakespeare's late romancesChronology of Shakespeare's playsShakespeare's EnglandGlobe TheatreShakespeare's Way
References and notes
^1. also spelled Shakspere, Shaksper and Shake-speare, as spelling in Elizabethan timeswas not fixed and absolute. See Greg, Walter Wilson, "Old Plays and New Editions," The
Library NS 3 (1902): 417.^2. A Shakespeare Genealogy^ Catholic3. For a more complete discussion of this see "The Religion of Shakespeare".Encyclopedia. (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^4. 'Will in the World' by Stephen Greenblatt, Quebecor World, Fairfield; United States,2004, p. 25
^5. 'Will in the World' by Stephen Greenblatt, Quebecor World, Fairfield; United States,2004, p. 25
^6. 'Will in the World' by Stephen Greenblatt, Quebecor World, Fairfield; United States,2004, pp. 27-8
^7. Honan, Park. Shakespeare: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 43.^8. 'Will in the World' by Stephen Greenblatt, Quebecor World, Fairfield; United States,2004, p. 25^9. Shakespeare: The Lost Years by E. A. J. Honigmann, Manchester University Press; 2ndedition, 1999, page 1.
^10. "The Lost Years," Shakespeare Time line, accessed 7 November 2006.^11. "The Lost Years," Shakespeare Timeline, accessed 7 November 2006.^12. "The Lost Years," Shakespeare Timeline, accessed 7 November 2006.^ Murray, David AaronIn Search of Shakespeare Crisis Magazine13.^14. Michael Wood "In Search of Shakespeare" (2003) BBC Books, ISBN 0-563-52141-4p.80
^15. Ackroyd, Peter(2005). Shakespeare the Biography. London: Chatto and Windus, p 76.ISBN 1-856-19726-3.
^16. The Facts About Shakespeare by William Allan Neilson and Ashley Horace Thorndike,1913, The Macmillan Company^17. 'Will in the World' by Stephen Greenblatt, Quebecor World, Fairfield, United States,2004
^18. Article on Shakespeare's Globe Theatre Zee News on Shakespeare, accessed 23January 2007.
^19. Aubrey, John (1680). "William Davenant, Knight",Brief Lives.^20. Cultural Shakespeare: Essays in the Shakespeare Myth by Graham Holderness, Univ ofHertfordshire Press, 2001, pages 152-54.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_questionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_playshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_playshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-1http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/genealogy.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-relshakesp_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikisource-logo.svghttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Religion_of_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-9http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-10http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-11http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-12http://www.crisismagazine.com/april2005/book2.htmhttp://www.crisismagazine.com/april2005/book2.htmhttp://www.crisismagazine.com/april2005/book2.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0563521414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ackroydhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856197263http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-17http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=367150&sid=ZNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aubreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aubreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-18http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=367150&sid=ZNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856197263http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ackroydhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0563521414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-13http://www.crisismagazine.com/april2005/book2.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-12http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-11http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-10http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Religion_of_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-relshakesp_2-0http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/genealogy.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_playshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_playshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_questionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikisource-logo.svg 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^21. Dowdall, John (1693). Traditionary anecdotes of Shakespeare: Collected inWarwickshire, in the year MDCXCIII, quoted in William Shakespeare: A Documentary
Life by Schoenbaum, Simon (1975).
^ The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare Unfolded22. at Project Gutenberg by DeliaBacon, 1857.
^23. Hoffman, Calvin (1960). The Murder of the Man who was Shakespeare. Grosset &Dunlap.^24. Ogburn, Charlton (1992). The Mysterious William Shakespeare: The Myth and theReality, 2nd, EPM Publications.
^25. "Edward de Vere, 17th earl of Oxford".Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.Encyclopedia Britannica (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-14.
^26. Michael Satchell (24 July 2000). "Hunting for good Will: Will the real Shakespeareplease stand up?".Mysteries of History. US News. Retrieved on 2007-06-14.
^27. Dr. Michael Delahoyde. "Oxford and Music". Washington State University. Retrievedon 2007-06-14.
External links
The Shakespeare Birthplace trust has an excellent discussion of Shakespeare's lifeon its website.
The Internet Shakespeare Editions provides an extensive section on his life andtimes.
The Stratford Guide A visitor Guide to Stratford Upon Avon. Has sections onShakespeare's life, Attractions in Stratford and much more.The Shakespeare Resource Center A directory of Web resources for onlineShakespearean study. Includes a Shakespeare biography, works timeline, play
synopses, and language resources.Shakespeare's family treeThe Literature Network discusses Shakespeare's biography, his plays, and thehistory of them. There are lists of all of his plays and the order in which they werewritten.Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to Shakespeare A comprehensive resource thatincludes historical information and background on Shakespeare's plays and in
depth literary critiques.History World This website provides a broad overview of the history of Europe. Itprovides insight into the time period in which Shakespeare was writing his plays.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_life"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-20http://books.google.com/books?id=OwpJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=shakespeare+john+dowdall&ei=T_7QSJaSDqG2jgGFktzmAw&client=firefox-a#PPA11,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=OwpJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=shakespeare+john+dowdall&ei=T_7QSJaSDqG2jgGFktzmAw&client=firefox-a#PPA11,M1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Schoenbaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-21http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8207http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-24http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9374297/Edward-de-Vere-17th-earl-of-Oxfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-25http://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/shakespeare.htmhttp://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/shakespeare.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-26http://www.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/shakespeare/madrigals.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_14http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/content/view/12/12http://ise.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/index.htmlhttp://www.theeasyguide.co.uk/http://www.bardweb.net/man.htmlhttp://www.shakespeare-w.com/english/shakespeare/familytree.htmlhttp://www.online-literature.com/shakespearehttp://search.eb.com/shakespeare/article-232338http://www.historyworld.net/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_lifehttp://www.historyworld.net/http://search.eb.com/shakespeare/article-232338http://www.online-literature.com/shakespearehttp://www.shakespeare-w.com/english/shakespeare/familytree.htmlhttp://www.bardweb.net/man.htmlhttp://www.theeasyguide.co.uk/http://ise.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/index.htmlhttp://www.shakespeare.org.uk/content/view/12/12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://www.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/shakespeare/madrigals.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/shakespeare.htmhttp://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/shakespeare.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9374297/Edward-de-Vere-17th-earl-of-Oxfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberghttp://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8207http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Schoenbaumhttp://books.google.com/books?id=OwpJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=shakespeare+john+dowdall&ei=T_7QSJaSDqG2jgGFktzmAw&client=firefox-a#PPA11,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=OwpJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=shakespeare+john+dowdall&ei=T_7QSJaSDqG2jgGFktzmAw&client=firefox-a#PPA11,M1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-20