06 RA41206EN20GLA0 Cell Range v03

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Coverage Planning Cell Range

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1 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41206EN20GLA0

LTE RPESSCoverage Planning - Cell Range

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Nokia Siemens Networks Academy

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Module Objectives

After completing this module, the participant should be able to:

Understand the main propagation models Calculate the cell range Compare the cell range of LTE with other technologies

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Coverage Dimensioning

Propagation Models/ Cell Range Calculation Coverage Calculation Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies

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Propagation Models

Empirical

Deterministic

Semi-empirical

Wave propagation is described by means of rays travelling between transmitted and receiving antenna and coming in to reflections, scattering, diffractions, etc . Those methods, generally based on ray optical techniques, give a very accurate description of the wave propagation but require a large computation time.

An equation based on extensive empirical measurements is created. Those models can be used only in the environments similar to the examined one.The small changes in the environment characteristic can cause enormous errors in the prediction of wave propagation.

Combination of empirical and deterministic models (e.g. empirical COST Hata can be combined with the theoretical knife edge model).

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Propagation Models used in NSN tools

Okumura-Hata The most commonly used statistical model

Walfish-Ikegami Statistical model especially for urban environments

Juul-Nyholm Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with

different equation for predictions beyond radio horizon (~20km)

Ray-tracing Deterministic prediction tool for

microcellular environments

Statistical

tobe

tuned!D

eterministic

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Propagation Models Okumura-Hata & COST Hata model

In order to fit the Okumura-Hata model into the operation frequencies of 3G, some additional measurements and adjustments were done in the framework of European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific & Technical Research (COST)

The validity range for the extended model: Frequency f: 150 MHz 2000 MHz Distance R: 1-20 km BS height hBS: 10-200m MS height hMS: 1-10mThe correction factor c present in the model depends on area type

area typecorrection factor [dB]

dense urban areas -3city center areas 0suburban areas 12,27

rural areas 32,52

( ) ( )

+

+

=

94.44log33.18log78.4

4.528

log2

10210

210

ff

fCorrectionFactor

for suburban areas

for rural areas

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Propagation Models Okumura-Hata & COST Hata model

ectionMorphoCorr FactorCorrection +log(R))](hlog6.55 - [44.9 )a(h - )(hlog13.82 - (f)logB +A = L BS10MSBS1010

+

+

.............= R

[ ]8.0)(log1.56-h0,7]-(f)log[1,1 = )a(h

MHz 2000 < fMHz1500 33.90

MHz 1500 f MHz 150 26.16 = B

MHz 2000 fMHz 1500 46.30MHz 1500 f MHz 150 69.99

=A

10MS10MS

( )

+

+

=

=

=

+

=

,19257.04

,19257.04

,1518

,18

,5.0)(8.054

),(8.054,54

,0),1lg(18

11

f

f

k

hhhk

dhh

hhk

hhL

f

BSd

BS

BSa

BS

hhBS

hhBS >

hhBS >

hhBS

hhBS

hhBS 5.0>d

andand

5.0d

Medium sized cities and suburban centres

Metropolitan centres

Mean building spacing: b [m]Mean building height: h [m]

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Propagation Models Microcell

Rx

Tx

Tx

Ray tracing Ray launching

Very accurate methods, but due to the complexity of the algorithms computer power consuming.

Digital maps with a high accuracy are required.

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Link BudgetPropagation Model: Modified Cost231-Hata (1/2)

clutterMSBS L

kmds

mha

mh

MHzfBAL +

+

+= loglog82.13log

Frequency A B

150-1500 MHz 69.55 26.16

1500-2000MHz 46.3 33.9

( )[ ] ( )( )( )[ ] ( )( )

+

+

+

=

94.35log33.18lg78.4

94.40log33.18lg78.4

4.528

lg2

0DU3

2

2

2

ROADRURAL

ff

ff

SUfU

Lclutter

=

SU]8.0)flg(56.1[h]7.0)flg(1.1[UDU,4.97)]75h3.2[lg(11.

)h(aMS

2MS

MS

Clutter correctionTerm Lclutter

UE Height Correction Factors a(hMS)

Cost 231 model is an extension of the Okumura-Hata model to frequencies up to 2000 MHz while the Hata model is specified for ranges up to 1500 MHz (150 1500 MHz

Comments regarding the equation and the corrections:The slope of the radio wave attenuation as a function of distance is called radio propagation slope and this parameter has a strong impact on the maximum distance between the BTS and the MS.The propagation slope depends heavily on the propagation environment and also on the antenna height The slope may be changed using the s factor. Please also note that there are 2 slopes for d< 1kmThe first 2 terms are independent on the distance and they add some frequency corrections (A and B)The city type environment affects the correction which is based on the mobile height (e.g. 1.5 m could not be accurate if the UE is placed in one building)a(hMS) factor is used for this correctiona(hBS) factor is used for the BS antenna height correction. It is known that the OH model is suitable in cells that have the antennae well above the roof-top. If the antenna is close to the roof-tops then the correction factor is needed

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Link BudgetPropagation Model: Modified Cost231-Hata (2/2)

1 km results are the same for 1 slope & 2 slope models ( same formula used)

If cell range < 1 km then 2-slope model provides better results

Recommended: 2 slopes model for all clutter types

Cost 231 model is an extension of the Okumura-Hata model to frequencies up to 2000 MHz while the Hata model is specified for ranges up to 1500 MHz (150 1500 MHzComments regarding the equation and the corrections:The slope of the radio wave attenuation as a function of distance is called radio propagation slope and this parameter has a strong impact on the maximum distance between the BTS and the MS.The propagation slope depends heavily on the propagation environment and also on the antenna height The slope may be changed using the s factor. Please also note that there are 2 slopes for d< 1kmThe first 2 terms are independent on the distance and they add some frequency corrections (A and B)The city type environment affects the correction which is based on the mobile height (e.g. 1.5 m could not be accurate if the UE is placed in one building)a(hMS) factor is used for this correctiona(hBS) factor is used for the BS antenna height correction. It is known that the OH model is suitable in cells that have the antennae well above the roof-top. If the antenna is close to the roof-tops then the correction factor is needed

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Coverage Area Coverage Area in Dimensioning

After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculatedWhen calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is taken into account

R

A = 2,6 R12

Bi-sector

A = 1,73 R22

Tri-sector

A = 1,95 R32

R

R

Omni- or6-sectored Site

Please note that for one hexagon the radius R is equal to the site length !!

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Three hexagons Three cells

Coverage Area Hexagons vs. Cells

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Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies --- Assumptions

Bandwidth 10 MHz Frame Type 1 (FDD), Normal CP Enhanced Pedestrian A 5Hz Equipment parameters:

Tx Power: eNB 2x20W / UE 23 dBm Antenna Gain: eNB 18 dBi / UE 0 dBi Feeder Loss: DL 2 dB / UL 0 dB (TMA) Noise Figure: eNB 2 dB / UE 7 dB PC card: 0 dB body loss

Other features DL channel aware scheduling eNB: 2TX / 4RX (MRC) UE: 1TX / 2RX (MRC)

Throughput requirement DL 1024 kbps / UL 64 kbps

LTE2600 Parameters according to RAS06 CS64 service VehA Equipment parameters:

Tx Power: NB 2x10W / UE 23 dBm Antenna Gain: BTS 18 dBi / UE 0 dBi Feeder Loss: DL 2 dB / UL 0 dB (TMA) Noise Figure: eNB 2 dB / UE 7 dB PC card: 0 dB body loss

WCDMA2100

TRX type Flexi DTRX Combiner type 1DDU TU3 Equipment parameters:

Tx Power: BTS 60W / MS 28 dBm Antenna Gain: BTS 18 dBi / MS 0 dBi Feeder Loss: DL 2 dB / UL 0 dB (TMA) Noise Figure: eNB 2 dB / UE 7 dB Handset 3 dB body loss

GSM1800

Given Propagation Cost 231 Hata

Antenna height: 30m MS height: 1.5m

Urban clutter type Penetration loss: 15dB Std. dev.: 8dB Cell coverage prob.: 94%

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Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies

GSM1800WCDMA2100LTE2600

DL coverage (MAPL)

GSM1800 WCDMA2100 LTE2600

UL coverage (MAPL)

MAPLs are better for LTE than for other technologies. However, cell ranges are smaller due to the offset between technologies carriers. Still this is true ONLY in the case lower bit rates are used. If requested cell edge throughput gets higher (e.g. 512kbps) the tendency is not longer kept and LTE provides better cell ranges than 3G. LTE is designed to support high data bitrates and therefore its coverage capabilities for such kind of services outstands other technologies.

GSM - 1800TRX type Flexi DTRXCombiner type 1DDUTU3Equipment parameters:

Tx Power: BTS 60W / MS 28 dBmAntenna Gain: BTS 18 dBi / MS 0 dBiFeeder Loss: DL 2 dB / UL 0 dB (TMA)Noise Figure: eNB 2 dB / UE 7 dBHandset 3 dB body loss

Propagation:Cost 231 Hata

Antenna height: 30mMS height: 1.5m

Urban clutter typePenetration loss: 15dBStd. dev.: 8dBCell coverage prob.: 94%

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Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies

LTE 2.6 GHz can be successfully deployed on: RAS06 2.1 GHz grid (designed for CS64 service at the cell-edge) GSM 1.8 GHz grid (designed for voice service at the cell-edge)

LTE deployment on existing grid should allow to achieve: 1024 kbps in DL & 64 kbps in UL at the cell-edge

LTE has an additional potential for improvement: UL limitation can be reduced by features such as:

TTI bundling enhanced frequency-selective scheduling interference rejection/cancellation enhanced/optimized power control

06 RA41206EN20GLA0 Cell Range v03

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