06 Hazard Mapping
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Geoenvironmental EngineeringKaniraj Shenbaga
University Malaysia Sarawak
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By the end of this course, students should be
able to select sustainable mitigation measures
considering the multi-disciplinary nature of the
problem and social, cultural and economic
aspects.
Course Learning Objective 1
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Hazard Mapping
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Hazard mapping or zoning is demarcating the areas
on a map according to their levels of risk with
respect to a single hazard (e.g. landslides risk map)
or multiple hazards (e.g. flood and landslides risk
map).
Hazard mapping is a pre-disaster activity.
Hazard mapping is a useful tool in risk management,
particularly for disaster mitigation.
What is Hazard Mapping?
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Resident-educating type mapAdministrative information type map
Types of Hazard Map
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Main objective is to inform the residents
living within the area of the risk of danger.
Information on areas of danger or places of
safety and the basic knowledge on disaster
prevention are given to residents. Such information should be presented in an
understandable form.
Resident-Educating Type Map
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Administrative agencies use the maps to
provide disaster prevention services.
These hazard maps can be used to establish a
warning system and the evacuation system, as
well as evidence for land use regulations. The maps may also be used in preventive
works.
Administrative Information Type Map
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Often used in land use planning.
Used in planning disaster mitigation measures
Structural measures: Provide pile foundations in
liquefaction zones; Construct dykes in flood plains;
Build earthquake resistant buildings Non-structural measures: Develop land use policies;
Relocate structures
Uses of Hazard Mapping
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A structural measures is:
Any physical constructionto reduce or
avoid possible impacts of hazards
Application of engineering techniques to
achieve hazard-resistance and resilience in
structures or systems
Structural Measures
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.unimas.my/ -
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Flood Hazard
http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.unimas.my/http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1 -
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Common nonstructural measures include:
Building codes
Land use planning laws and their enforcement
Research and assessment
Information resources
Public awareness programmes.
Nonstructural Measures
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.unimas.my/ -
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Flood Hazard
http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.unimas.my/http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1 -
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Hazard Intensity Scale for
Earthquakes
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MMI is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity that range
from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic destruction.
MMI is designated by Roman numerals (I to XII).
Lower numbers of the MMI scale (I to VI) are based on the
manner in which the earthquake is felt by people.
Higher numbers of the MMI scale (VII to XII) are based onobserved structural damage.
MMI does not have a mathematical basis. It is an arbitrary
ranking based on observed effects.
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.php
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.phphttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.phphttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.phphttp://www.unimas.my/ -
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MMI Effect
INot felt except by a very few under especially favorable
conditions
IIFelt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of
buildings
III
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper
floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an
earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrationssimilar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
1V
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night,
some awakened. Dishes, Windows, doors disturbed; walls make
cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building.
Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
VFelt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows
broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.
VIFelt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few
instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
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MMI Effect
VII
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction;
slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable
damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some
chimneys broken.
VIII
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable
damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse.
Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory
stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
IX
Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-
designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in
substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off
foundations
XSome well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry andframe structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
XIFew, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges
destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
XII Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objectsthrown into the air.
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Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating
based on a hurricane's sustained wind speed.
This scale estimates potential property damage.
Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher are
considered major hurricanes because of their
potential for significant loss of life and damage.
Category 1 and 2 storms are still dangerous, however,
and require preventative measures.
Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.unimas.my/ -
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1 mph = 0.62 km/h = 1.15 knots/h
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Category Effect
1
Very dangerous winds will produce some damage: Well-
constructed frame homes could have damage to roof, shingles,
vinyl siding and gutters. Large branches of trees will snap andshallowly rooted trees may be toppled. Extensive damage to
power lines and poles likely will result in power outages that
could last a few to several days.
2
Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage: Well-
constructed frame homes could sustain major roof and siding
damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or
uprooted and block numerous roads. Near-total power loss is
expected with outages that could last from several days to
weeks.
3
Devastating damage will occur: Well-built framed homes may
incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends.
Many trees will be snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous
roads. Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days
to weeks after the storm passes.http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.unimas.my/ -
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Click the link below to watch the animation
of Saffir-Simpson scale. Choose Pause to
read the comments.http://www.npr.org/news/specials/hurricane/ap/
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/animations/surgea.swf
http://www.npr.org/news/specials/hurricane/ap/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/animations/surgea.swfhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/animations/surgea.swfhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/animations/surgea.swfhttp://www.unimas.my/http://www.npr.org/news/specials/hurricane/ap/ -
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Hazard Mapping Examples
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http://www.google.com.my/imgres?q=earthquake+zonation+india&num=10&hl=en&biw=128
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8/10/2019 06 Hazard Mapping
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http://www.preventionweb.net/files/4179_O
CHAPHLHazardv1070308.pdf
Philippines
Natural
Hazards
Risk Map
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/4179_OCHAPHLHazardv1070308.pdfhttp://www.preventionweb.net/files/4179_OCHAPHLHazardv1070308.pdfhttp://www.unimas.my/http://www.preventionweb.net/files/4179_OCHAPHLHazardv1070308.pdfhttp://www.preventionweb.net/files/4179_OCHAPHLHazardv1070308.pdf -
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http://www.preventionweb.net/files/3794_indo.pdf
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Malaysia Landslide Risk Map
Floods are the primary hazard affecting Malaysia, ranking in the top deciles for
most of the western half of the country. Landslides and droughts are also
significant though their effects are limited to much smaller areas in the eastern
regions. When weighted by mortality, landslides pose a large risk for the north-
eastern part of the country. The hazards affecting the western region are distinctlydifferent than those impacting the eastern areas. http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.html
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.htmlhttp://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.htmlhttp://www.unimas.my/http://www.unimas.my/ -
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Malaysia Drought Risk Map
Floods are the primary hazard affecting Malaysia, ranking in the top deciles for
most of the western half of the country. Landslides and droughts are also
significant though their effects are limited to much smaller areas in the eastern
regions. When weighted by mortality, landslides pose a large risk for the north-
eastern part of the country. The hazards affecting the western region are distinctly
different than those impacting the eastern areas.http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.html
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.htmlhttp://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.htmlhttp://www.unimas.my/ -
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PGA with 2%
probability of
exceedance in50 years
Adnan, et al (2005)
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From a paper submi tted to Pertanika JST
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Get more hazard risk maps here.
http://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentr
e/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspx
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/
http://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentre/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspxhttp://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentre/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspxhttp://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/http://www.unimas.my/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/http://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentre/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspxhttp://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentre/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspxhttp://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentre/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspx -
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Using the given hazard risk maps, show the natural
hazards for each of the following cities in South-EastAsia in a tabular form.
Kuala Lumpur
Jakarta
Singapore
Manila
Bangkok
Exercise
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City Hazard Details
Jakarta Earthquake MMI VII and above
ManilaEarthquake MMI VIII and above
Storm Category 3
Exercise - Examples
Complete the Table for all cities.
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Hazard mapping is a useful tool in risk
management.
Hazard mapping helps in disaster
mitigation planning through structuraland non-structural measures.
Summary
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1. Schramm, D. and Dries, R. (1986). Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects, Disaster
Management Center, University Of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S.A.
2. Guha-Sapir D, Vos F, Below R. and Ponserre S.Annual Disaster Statistical Review
2010: The Numbers and Trends. Brussels: CRED; 2011.
http://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdf
3. Coburn, A.W., Spence, R.J.S. and Pomonis, A. (1994). Disaster Mitigation,
Cambridge Architectural Limited, UNDP Disaster Management Training
Programme4. Smith, K. Environmental Hazards:Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster,
Routledge, 1996.
5. Adnan, A., Hendriyawan, Marto,A. and Irsyam, M. (2005). Seismic Hazard
Assessment For Peninsular Malaysia Using Gumbel Distribution Method,Jurnal
Teknologi, 42(B). 5773.
References
http://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdfhttp://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdfhttp://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdf