06-FIRST 2 YEARS COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Sensorimotor Intelligence• Learned through the senses• Circular reaction

• Sensation – perception – cognition cycle around and around

Primary circular reaction• Stage 1 ( Reflexes)

• Birth – 1yr.• Responding to own body

• Grasping• Sucking• Stepping

• Stage 2 (Habits)• 1 – 4 Months• Adapting reflexes to new situations

• (Acquired adaptation)• E.g. Sucking from mom’s nipple to bottle to pacifier

• A sign baby is thinking

Secondary circular reaction• Responding to other people & objects• Stage 3 (Continuing interaction)

• 4 – 8 months• Making interesting sights last

• Stage 4 ( Starting interaction)• 8 mos. – 1yr.• Infant has goals• Initiates and anticipates

• Initiates• E.g. Patty-cake

• Anticipates• E.g. Running from an unwanted bath

• Object permanence

Tertiary circular reaction• Stage 5 (Acts independently - Experimenting)

• 1 yr. - 18 mos.• Active experimenting

• “Little scientist”

• Stage 6 (Thought before action)• 18 mos. – 2yrs.• Thinks about consequences• Deferred imitation

Information Processing

Affordance ( opportunities)• Opportunities to interact with

people and things• Visual Cliff

• Based on experience• 6 month will go over cliff• 10 Month will refuse

Perception• Movement

• Dynamic Perception• People preference

• Preference for looking at faces

Memory• Implicit

• Hidden• Unconscious habits, emotions procedures• Early language, smells, places

• Explicit• Stored in the hippocampus• Usually verbal• Recalled on demand• Words, data, concepts

• Reminders help

Language

Universal sequence• Reflexes, cooing, babbling, spoken words

• All babies, regardless of native language follow this sequence• Listening & Responding• Babbling

• E.g. ma-ma-ma, da-da-da• Holophrase

• One word = phrase• E.g. Cookie, Dada!

• Naming explosion• 1 yr. to 18 months• Nouns

• Ma-ma, da-da, na-na• Elimination

• Pee-pee, wee-wee, poo-poo

Theories of Language• 1. Learning theory• 2. Social Pragmatic• 3. Innate• 4. Hybrid

1. Learning theory• Based on B.F. Skinner

• Reinforcement• E.g. Parents talking to children

• Children learn what they hear

2. Social Pragmatic• Needed for communication

• Parents• Outside world

3. Innate• Norm Chomsky• Children have an inborn ability to learn language• E.g. Grammar• Hypothesized a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) in the

brain.• Enables universal inborn ability to learn language

• Language in general is experience-expectant• Words are expected by the developing brain

• Specific language is experience-dependent

4. Hybrid• Combination of the other three• Multiple cues contribute to learning language