05 Bieniawski Eng Rx Mass Classification
Transcript of 05 Bieniawski Eng Rx Mass Classification
Classification, depicting ·er Ferguson, 1977.)
~ngineering Rock Mass
Classifications
A Complete Manual for Engineers and Geologists
in Mining, Civil, and Petroleum Engineering
Z. T. Bieniawski Professor and Director
Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University
[I WILEY
A WJLEY·INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION
John Wiley & Sons
New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto / Singapore
Copyright© 1989 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada.
Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Section 107 or !08 of the
1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for
permission or further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Libmry of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bieniawski, Z. T.
Engineering rock mass classifications; a complete manual for engineers and geologists in mining, civil, and petroleum engineering I Z. T. Bieniawski.
p. cm.
"A Wiley-Intcrscience publication." Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-471-60172-l I. Geology, Economic.
mechanics. I. Title.
TN260.B54 1989 624.1 '5132-dc19
2. Rocks-Classification.
Printed in the United States of America
IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
3. Rock
89-30956 CIP
Contents
PREFACE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Function of Classifications in Engineering / 1. 2 Rock Classifications as Design Aids / 2 References / 3
2 ROLE OF ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS IN SITE
xi
1
CHARACTERIZATION AND ENGINEERING DESIGN 5
2.1 Rock as an Engineering Material / 6 2.2 Structural Features of Rock Masses / 9 2. 3 Site Characterization Procedures / 10 2.4 Input Data Requirements: An Integral Approach / 21 2.5 Design Methodologies / 23 References I 26
EARLY ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS
Rock Load Classification Method / 32 Stand-Up Time Classification / 33 Rock Quality Designation Index (RQD) / 37 Rock Stiucture Rating (RSR) Concept / 40
References / 4 7
29
Viii CONTENTS
4 GEOMECHANICS CLASSIFICATION (ROCK MASS RATING SYSTEM)
4.1 Classification Procedures / 52 4.2 Applications I 63 4.3 Data Base / 66 4.4 Correlations / 68 References / 69
5 Q-SYSTEM
5 .1 Classification Procedures / 74 5. 2 Correlations / 82 5.3 Data Base / 89 References / 90
6 OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS
6.1 NATM Classification / 91 6.2 Size-Strength Classification / 95 6.3 ISRM Classification / 101
6.4 Specialized Classification Approaches / 103 References / 103
7 APPLICATIONS IN TUNNELING
7 .1 Park River Tunnel / 107 7.2 Overvaal Railroad Tunnel / 121
7.3 Assessment of Underground Conditions from Surface Rock Exposures / 123
7.4 Large Underground Chambers / 123 7.5 Maximum Spans and Safety Factors for Unsupported
Excavations / I 31 References / 134
8 APPLICATIONS IN MINING
8. 1 Hard Rock Mining: Africa / 137 8.2 Hard Rock Mining: USA / 143 8.3 Coal Mining: USA / 162 8.4 Coal Mining: India / 169 References / 175
51
73
91
107
9 OTHER APPLICA
9. 1 Estimating Ro 9. 2 Estimating Ro 9.3 Assessing Roe 9 .4 Special Uses 1
9.5 Improving Co1 System I 198
References / 20 I
10 CASE HISTORIE~
Listing of RMR Ca~
APPENDIX: DETERl\i RATING
Output Example / :; Program Listing for
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
CONTENTS Ix
K MASS 9 OTHER APPLICATIONS 177 51
9. 1 Estimating Rock Mass Strength / 177
9.2 Estimating Rock Mass Modulus / 185 9.3 Assessing Rock Slope Stability / 186 9.4 Special lJses / 187 9.5 Improving Communication: Unified Classification
System I 198 References / 201
73 10 CASE HISTORIES DATA BASE 205
Listing of RMR Case Histories / 207
APPENDIX: DETERMINATION OF THE ROCK MASS RATING 221
91 Output Example / 222 Program Listing for Personal Computer / 226
BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 )3
INDEX 249
107
,m Surface
1supported