04_DevManagement

8/10/2019 04_DevManagement

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Development Management

Sustainable Agriculture

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Sustainable Forestry Management

The commercial use of forests nowadays has reached such an extent that it has become a threat to the

environment in the form of:

Increase in temperature,

Lesser precipitation,

Increased rate of soil erosion,

Increase in frequency and volume of floods,

Loss of soil productivity,

Extinction of several species,

Non-availability of several essential forest products, and

Imbalance in ecosystem.

SFM is the management of forests according to the principles of sustainable development. SFM have

very broad social, economic & env goals.

Key objective of SFM is the attainment of balance - a balance between society's increasing demands of

forest products and benefits and the preservation of forest health & diversity. This balance is critical to

the survival of forests and to the prosperity of forest dependent communities.

Key elements of SFM are Extent of forest resources

Biological diversity

Forest health and vitality

Productive functions and forest resources

Protective functions of forest resources

Socio-economic functions


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Legal, policy and institutional framework.

A set of laws, regulations & programs are established to achieve SFM.

Laws Indian Forest Act which provides legal framework for management of forest in

the country.

Forest Conservation Act which mandates central government approval fordiversion of forest lands for the non forestry purposes.

Wildlife Protection & preservation act

Regulations

Programs Social Forestry - management and protection of forests and afforestation on

barren lands with the purpose of helping in the environmental, social and rural

development.

Joint Forest Management (JFM) - partnerships in forest management involving

both the state forest departments and local communities.

Van Vigyan Kendra to disseminate various technologies developed by farmers,

forest based industries and forest research institutes

Other

Institutions

Indian Institute of Forest Management.

Main forest conservation methods:

Regulated & planned cutting of trees - clear, selective & shelterwood cutting

Control over forest fire.

Reforestation & Afforestation

Check over Forest Clearance for Agricultural and Habitation Purposes


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Protection of forests - forest diseases resulting from parasitic fungi, rusts, mistletoes, viruses

and nematodes which cause the destruction of trees. The forests should be protected either by

use of chemical spray, antibiotics or by development of disease resistant strains of trees.

Proper Utilisation of Forest Products and Forests

The sustained yield concept dictates that whenever timber is removed, either by block cutting or byselective cutting, the denuded area must be reforested. This may be done by natural or artificial

methods. Similarly, any forested land which has been destroyed by fire or mining activities should be

reforested. In rugged terrain aerial seeding is the method of choice.

Besides all this, fresh afforestation programmes should be started. New plantations will not only

increase the forest cover but also help in making up the eco-balance. For afforestation, selection of trees

should be done according to local geographical conditions and care must be taken during initial growth

of the trees.

Water Resource Management

Water resources are sources of water that are useful to humans. Uses of water include

Agricultural - 65%

Industrial - 15%

Household

Recreational

Environmental

Virtually all of the human uses requires fresh water.

Fresh water is renewable resource like soil & air. However, water is the one of the critical resources,

but around the world it is under threat. Water demand already exceeds supply in many parts of the

world, as the world population continues to rise, so too does the water demand.

Water resources can be divided into two distinct categories - surface & groundwater sources.

Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh waterland. Surface water is naturally replenished by

precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation etc.

Water resource management is the control of water usage & also the quality of water. This is very

important with regard to the conservation & the protection of water. Water demand management is

meant to manage the available water resources wisely and to deliver the necessary amount for

sustainable development.

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> - awareness


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Some available techniques are

Meter / Measure / Manage

Rain water harvesting

Incorporate Landscape Irrigation/Xeriscaping

Waste Management

As per Basel Convention, waste refers to substances or objects which

Disposed of OR

Intended to be disposed of OR

Required to be disposed of

by the provision of the law.

Wastes can be classified as1. Solid Waste- wastes in solid form. Examples are plastic, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron.

2. Liquid Waste- wastes in liquid form. Examples are chemicals, oils, waste water etc.

Based on properties, wastes can be classified as

1. Biodegradable- those that can be degraded like paper, wood, fruits etc.

2. Non Biodegradable- those that cant be degraded like plastics, bottles, old machines, cans.

According to their effect on human health & env, wastes can be classified as

1. Hazardous waste- these are substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally

or economically.

2. Non Hazardous waste- these substances usually create disposal problems.

Wastes can be classified based on origin

1. Municipal Solid Waste- Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish, construction &

demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by

any municipality.

2. Biomedical Waste- Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate or end products

generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences.

3. Industrial Waste- Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing & processing

units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper etc.

4. Agricultural Waste- Wastes generated from farming activities. These substances are mostly

biodegradable.

5. Fishery Waste- Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are extensively found in

coastal & estuarine areas.

6. Radioactive Waste- Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually these are byproducts of

nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activities, may

also produce some radioactive wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes, chemical sludge etc.


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Reuse - is concerned with extending the life cycle of a material or product with minimal or no

conversion of form. Reuse can be defined as simply finding more and/or different ways to use an item.

Reusing items can save energy & money.

Purchase & use durable items with long lives.

Reuse of cars, auto parts, books, jars, packing materials, containers etc.

Donate usable goods such as toys, clothing & eyeglasses to charity.

Recycle - is the most recognized option of 4 Rs. Recycling can be done at home (milk jugs & soda

cans), at work (cardboard & papers) & on the go (plastic & paper recycling at airports, city streets etc).

In essence, recycle takes discarded items and separates them into materials that can be remanufactured

into new products.

Upcycling- refers to the conversion of low value materials into high value products.

Downcycling- refers to the conversion of high value products into low value materials.

In general, upcycling is more desirable, to the extent that it is more likely to result in a long livedproduct and thereby keep the material out of the waste stream for a longer period of time. However,

both upcycling & downcycling address the primary objective of minimizing waste disposal in landfills.

Replace - production & use of renewable, bio based products almost always result in lower env impacts

than products made of non renewable materials. Products with high embodied energy should be

replaced with products requiring a lower energy to produce. That means, the strategy of replace is

focussed on cases where renewable products (such as wood) can replace non renewable products (such

as concrete & steel) resulting in a net env benefit. Another way of phrasing this strategy is to use bio

based materials instead of fossil fuel based materials, especially where the substitution advantage is

higher.Industrial Waste Management

Industrial Waste Management

It is the waste produced by business from an industrial or manufacturing process. Some of the examples

are chemical solvents, paints, metals, radioactive wastes etc.

In a broader sense, industrial wastes can be classified as

Hazardous

Non Hazardous

Hazardous waste,, which may be in solid, liquid or gaseous form may cause danger to health or env,

either alone or when in contact with other wastes.

List of industrial wastes are

Agriculture waste Clinical waste

Animal by products Commercial waste

Biodegradable wastes Food waste

Biomedical waste Electronic waste


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Business waste Non biodegradable waste

Chemical waste

Remove Dont generate wasteReduce Generate less waste by better management.

Source reduction can be achieved through equipment or technology modifications,

process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution

of raw materials,

Replace Material substitution

Reuse Reuse in its original.

Recycle Recycle or reprocess the item to incorporate it into a new product or new use.

Recover Extract materials or energy from waste.

Treat Mitigate the inherent hazard of the waste.

Biological Methods - composting, land farming Thermal Methods - incineration

Chemical Methods - stabilization, neutralization

Physical Methods - filtration, centrifugation, shredding etc.

Dispose Mitigate the hazard through pathway modifications

Deep Injection -

Discharge to water or land -

Landfill

Nuclear Waste Management

Radio wastes are wastes that contain radioactive material. Radioactive materials are usually the

byproduct of nuclear power generation. However, other industries can also generate radioactive wastes

some times. (Hospitals).

Radio wastes is hazardous to most forms of life and the environment, and is regulated by Govt.

agencies in order to protect human health and the environment. Not all nuclear waste are particularly

hazardous or hard to manage as compared to other toxic industrial wastes.

Radioactive wastes can be segregated into several classifications.

Low-level Wasteis generated from hospitals, laboratories and industry, as well as the nuclear fuelcycle. It comprises paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters etc. which contain small amounts of mostly

short-lived radioactivity. It is not dangerous to handle, but must be disposed of more carefully than

normal garbage. Usually it is buried in shallow landfill sites. To reduce its volume, it is often

compacted or incinerated (in a closed container) before disposal. Worldwide it comprises 90% of the

volume but only 1% of the radioactivity of all radwaste.


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Intermediate-level Wastecontains higher amounts of radioactivity and may require special shielding. It

typically comprises resins, chemical sludges and reactor components, as well as contaminated materials

from reactor decommissioning. Worldwide it makes up 7% of the volume and has 4% of the

radioactivity of all radwaste. It may be solidified in concrete or bitumen for disposal. Generally

short-lived waste (mainly from reactors) is buried, but long-lived waste (from reprocessing nuclear

fuel) is disposed of deep underground.

High-level Wastemay be the used fuel itself, or the principal waste separated from reprocessing this.

While only 3% of the volume of all radwaste, it holds 95% of the radioactivity. It contains the

highly-radioactive fission products and some heavy elements with long-lived radioactivity. It generates

a considerable amount of heat and requires cooling, as well as special shielding during handling and

transport. If the used fuel is reprocessed, the separated waste is vitrified by incorporating it into

borosilicate (Pyrex) glass which is sealed inside stainless steel canisters for eventual disposal deep

underground.

Nuclear waste is generated at all points of the fuel cycle. Front end waste consists primarily of lowlevel alpha emission waste. Service period waste typically includes LLW & ILW such as contaminated

reactor housings and waste from daily operation. Back end waste normally is the most radioactive and

includes spent fuel rods and reactor cores.

Three general principles are employed in the management of radioactive wastes:

Concentrate-and-contain

Dilute-and-disperse

Delay-and-decay.

The first two are also used in the management of non-radioactive wastes. The waste is eitherconcentrated and then isolated, or it is diluted to acceptable levels and then discharged to the

environment.

Delay-and-decay however is unique to radioactive waste management it means that the waste is stored

and its radioactivity is allowed to decrease naturally through decay of the radioisotopes in it.

In accordance with international guidelines, a coherent comprehensive and consistent set of principles

and standards are being practiced in India for Nuclear Waste Management in conformity with

International guidelines.

A brief summary of the various radioactive Waste Management practices followed in India is presented

below.


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Municipal Waste Management

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Hospital Waste Management

Air Quality Management

Coastal & Marine Resource Management

NIMBY - Not In My Back Yard

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