CONQUEST OF THE MEDITERRANEAN

I. CONQUEST OF THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN

264-146 B.C.

A. First Punic War

264-241 B.C.

1. Carthage Background: city of Carthage

Colony of Phoenicia

Alliance with Rome in Sicily (280 B.C.) during war with Pyrrhus

Mutual suspicion

Phoenician Trade and Colonization

Carthaginian Territory in 270 B.C.

Tophet with Child Sacrifice Tombs

2. Mamertine Incident (265 B.C.) Messana in Sicily occupied by the

Mamertines Blockade of Messana by Syracuse Mamertine appeal Carthaginian alliance with Syracuse Carthaginians and Syracusans defeated

by Romans

Sicily (Messana) and Carthage

Mammertine Coin

3. The War in Sicily: Phase 1 (253-256 B.C.)

Development of Roman navy Corvus

Stalemate

*Roman Warship with Corvus

4. Roman Invasion of North Africa (256 B.C.)

Attempt at invasion of Carthage Initial defeat of Carthaginians Spartan Xanthippus: Mercenary hired to

run Carthaginian army Roman defeat

5. The War in Sicily: Phase 2

(255-241 B.C.) Hamilcar Barca (247 B.C.): new

Carthaginian commander Harrassment of Romans in Sicily and

Italy Roman blockade of Lilybaeum and

Drepanum in Sicily (242 B.C.) Carthaginian surrender (241 B.C.)

Hamilcar Barca

6. Peace and Its Consequences Surrender of Carthaginians

Loss of Sicily and Lipari Islands Indemnity

Consequences Loss of dominance in W. Mediterranean

Revolts of mercenary troops against Carthage on Sardinia and Corsica

Loss of Sardinia and Corsica A dditional indemnity to Rome

Carthaginian Empire After 1st Punic War

B. The Illyrian and Gallic Wars

229-219 B.C.

Illyria

1. Illyrian Wars (229-219 B.C.) Roman suppression of piracy of Illyrians Illyria as “client state” of Rome Alliance of Demeterius of Pharos (Illyrian) with

Macedonians (219 B.C.) Roman retaliation and flight of Demetrius to

Macedonia

2. Gallic War (225-222 B.C.) 226 B.C.: Gallic invasion of N. Italy Extension of Roman Italy to Alps

(225-220 B.C.)

Roman Italy

C. Second Punic War

218-202 B.C.

Roman and Carthaginian Territory in 218 B.C.

1. Carthaginian Expansion in Spain

Carthage in need of new resources: Spain Hamilcar, Hasdrubal, Hannibal

Livy on Hannibal: Mellor 185-187 Massilia (Gk state): appeal to Romans re

Carthaginians Treaty between Carthage and Rome

Ebro River as boundary Saguntum: alliance with Rome

Attack by Hannibal and crossing of Ebro River (219 B.C.)

1st Phase of 2nd Punic War

Romans: PurpleCarthaginians: Orange

Hannibal

Who was to blame for the outbreak of the 2nd Punic War?

Rome? Carthage? Inevitable?

2. Rome on the Defensive (218-215 B.C.)

Hannibal’s crossing of Alps (218 B.C.) and recruitment of Gallic allies

Livy on Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps (Mellor 195-200)

Hannibal’s crossing of Apennines into Etruria (217 B.C.) and attempted recruitment of Italic allies

216 B.C.: Battle of Cannae Livy on Battle of Cannae (Mellor 205-210)

New tactics of Romans: scorched earth

2nd Phase of 2nd Punic War

*Hannibal Crosses the Alps(Also: “Cabiria” 1914)

3. Roman Recovery (215-203 B.C.)

Hannibal rampaging in Italy Roman victories: Sicily and Spain

3rd Phase of 2nd Punic War

4. Roman Victory (204-202 B.C.) P. Cornelius Scipio (Scipio Africanus) to

Africa in 204 B.C. Truce (203 B.C.) and breakdown

Battle of Zama: 202 B.C. Terms of surrender

Give up all territory except Carthage itself Disband navy Pay indemnity No war without consent of Rome

4th Phase of 2nd Punic War

Scipio Africanus

4. Aftermath Pacification of N. Italy and Spain Provinces of Hither and Farther

Spain (Hispania Citerior and Ulterior)

Cato the Elder Carthago delenda est! (Carthage

must be destroyed!)

Hispania Citerior and Ulterior

Cato the Elder

D. Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.)

Masinissa, king of Numidia, client king of Rome, attacks Carthage (149 B.C.)

Appeals to Rome Roman siege of Carthage (148-146 B.C.) 146 B.C.: final destruction of Carthage Creation of Roman province of Africa

Proconsularis Was war necessary? Justifiable?

Masinissa of Numidia

Roman Africa (Africa Proconsularis)

II. CONQUEST OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

214-133 B.C.

Alexander the Great

A. Introduction Death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) E. Mediterranean dominated by 3 great

Hellenistic powers: Antigonids (Greece and Asia Minor) Seleucids (Asia) Ptolemies (Egypt)

Several minor Hellenistic powers Aetolian and Achaean League in Greece Kingdom of Pergamon in Asia Minor Republic of Rhodes in Aegean

The Hellenistic World Antigonids, Seleucids, Ptolemies; Aetolians, Achaeans, Pergamenes, Rhodians)

B. First and Second Macedonian Wars

214-196 B.C.

1. First Macedonian War (214-205 B.C.)

219 B.C.: flight of Demetrius of Pharos to Macedonia after revolt vs. Romans in Illyria

216 B.C.: made alliance with Philip V of Macedonia (Antigonid)

Alliance of Philip with Hannibal after Battle of Cannae

214 B.C.: War of Romans, Aetolians, Pergamenes against Philip V

205 B.C.: Philip’s treaty with Aetolians and Pergamenes

Access to Adriatic coast Loss of leadership in Greece

Greece: Macedonia

Philip V of Macedon

Antigonid Line

2. Second Macedonian War (200-196 B.C.)

201 B.C.: Pergamenes and Rhodians appeal to Rome for help vs. Philip

200 B.C. Roman alliance with Achaean League, Pergamum, Rhodes, and Athens vs. Philip

198 B.C.: Titus Quinctius Flamininus : new Roman commander

197 B.C.: Battle of Cynoscephelae maniple (Roman legion) vs. phalanx (Macedonian army)

*Phalanx vs. *Maniple

Surrender of Philip (196 B.C.) Recognized autonomy of all Greek city states Evacuated troops from Greece outside of

Macedonia Surrendered Macedonian navy Paid indemnity Status as client king

T. Quinctius Flamininus

3. Proclamation of Flamininus (196 B.C.)

Proclamation of freedom of Greece by Flamininus at Isthmian Games (S. Greece)

Livy on proclamation (Mellor 231-233)

Different ideas of “freedom”: Greece as “client state”

C. War with Antiochus III and the Aetolians

192-189 B.C.

Antiochus III

Seleucid Line

Hellenistic World: Seleucid Kingdom

1. Causes of the War 198 B.C.: Antiochus III (Seleucid) adds

to territory Lower Syria from Ptolemies Territory in Asia Minor and Thrace from Antigonids

194 B.C.: alliance of Antiochus with Aetolian League

2. War in Greece (192-191 B.C.) 192 B.C.: Attack by Aetolians on

Rome’s allied states in Greece; invitation to Antiochus

191 B.C.: Defeat of Antiochus and Aetolians in Battle of Thermopylae

Thermopylae in Greece

3. War in Asia Minor (190-188 B.C.)

190 B.C.: Battle of Magnesia and defeat of Antiochus

Terms of treaty Surrender substantial amount of territory in Asia

Minor Hand over most of navy and all war elephants Pay indemnity Astain from attacking allies of Rome

Asia Minor: Magnesia

4. Subjugation of the Aetolians (189 B.C.)

191 B.C.: Aetolian refusal to surrender after Battle of Thermopylae

189 B.C.: Treaty between Aetolia and Rome Aetolia as client state

D. Third Macedonian War

171-167 B.C.

1. Causes of the War Greek city-states (esp. in Achaean League):

unhappy about Roman interference in affairs Philip V of Macedon: bitter over settlement

with Aetolians Perseus of Macedon (successor to Philip):

negotiations with anti-Roman elements in Greece

Perseus of Macedon

2. Roman Attack on Perseus 172 B.C: Roman delegation to Perseus 171 B.C.: Roman army in Greece 167 B.C.: Battle of Pydna (L. Aemilius

Paulus)

Coin of L. Aemilius Paulus

*Monument of Battle of Pydna at Delphi

3. Roman Settlement in the East New regime in East

Dismantiling of Macedonian territory into 4 republics Royal lands and treasury property of Roman state

1,000 hostages from Achaean League (Polybius)

Sack of Epirus (167 B.C.) Enormous wealth: afterwards, no taxes for Roman

citizens

Epirus

E. Fourth Macedonian War and War with the Achaeans

149-146 B.C.

1. Fourth Macedonian War (149-148 B.C.)

Andriscus seizes power in Macedonia (149 B.C.)

Crushed by Roman army at Pydna (148 B.C.)

Macedonia annexed as Roman province

Roman Province of Macedonia

2. War with the Achaeans (147-146 B.C.) 149 B.C.: Anti-Roman faction took

control of Achaean League Attack on Sparta and Sparta’s appeal to

Rome 147 B.C.: war between Romans and

Achaeans Battle of Leucopetra

146 B.C.: L. Mummius as Roman commander Sack of Corinth: 146 B.C.

Greece: Corinth

Inscription of L. Mummius from Temple of Hercules Victor in Rome

F. Roman Arrangements in Greece and Asia

146-133 B.C.

1. Settlement of Greece Achaean League dissolved Greek cities entered into individual

relations with Rome: allies or subjects Greece placed under the supervision of

Roman governor of Macedonia.

2. Province of Asia 133 B.C.: Attalus III of Pergamon willed his

kingdom to Rome New Roman province of Asia Romans: masters of much of Mediterranean

Roman Province of Asia

Roman Empire in 133 B.C.

G. Roman Reasons for Conquest in the East Philhellenism? Imperialism? Self-Protection?