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Şenel SymonS

Political and cultural articles

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www.routledge.com

The Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader has been specially designed for intermediate and advanced learners of Turkish and comprises a broad selection of graded readings.

Written by prominent Turkish academics and journalists, the collection of modern texts presented here has been carefully selected to ensure students receive maximum exposure to current political and cultural issues related to Turkey: from gender, ethnicity, religion and social class through to arts and history.

Each reading is fully supported by:

• anintroductionwrittenbyaprominentacademicorjournalistinthe relatedfield• avocabularylistwithEnglishtranslationandvocabularyincontext• shortgrammarexplanationsofanydifficultstructuresencounteredin the text• text-relatedcomprehensionquestions,languageexercisesandsubject specificquestionstogenerateclassdiscussionandessaywritingin Turkish• akeytocomprehensionquestionsandlanguageexercises• alistofsuggestedfurtherreading(onlinesupport).

Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader is an essential tool for increasing language proficiencyandenrichinglearners’socio-culturalknowledgeofTurkey.

Şenel Symons is a specialist on sociolinguistics and has been teaching Turkish at the University of Oxford, UK, since 2004.

TUrKiSh LangUagE/LangUagE LEarning

Cover image: © getty images

series editor | itesh sachdevRoutledge modeRn language ReadeRs

The Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader

The Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader has been specially designed for intermediate and advanced learners ofTurkish and comprises a broad selection of graded readings.

Written by prominent Turkish academics and journalists, the collection of modem texts presented here has been carefully selected to ensure students receive maximum exposure to current political and cultural issues related to Turkey: from gender, ethnicity, religion and social class through to arts and history.

Each reading is fully supported by:

• an introduction written by a prominent academic or journalist in the related field

• a vocabulary list with English translation and vocabulary in context • short grammar explanations of any difficult structures encountered in

the te>..t • text-related comprehension questions, language exercises and subject

specific questions to generate class discussion and essay writing in Turkish

• a key to comprehension questions and language exercises • a list of suggested further reading (online support).

Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader is an essential tool for increasing language proficiency and enriching learners' socio-cultural knowledge of Turkey.

~enel Symons is a specialist on sociolinguistics and has been teaching Turkish at the University of Oxford, UK, since 2004.

ROUTLEDGE MODERN LANCiUACiE READERS

Series Editor: ltesh Sachdev

Routledge Modern Language Readers provide the intermediate language learner with a selection of readings which give a broad representation of modem writing in the target language.

Each reader contains approximately 20 readings graded in order of difficulty to allow the learner to grow with the book and to acquire the necessary skills to continue reading independently.

Suitable for both class use and independent study, Routledge Modern Language Readers are an essential tool for increasing language proficiency and reading comprehension skills.

Forthcoming:

Arabic Chinese Dutch Hindi Japanese Polish

The Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader Political and Cultural Articles

~enel Symons

11 Routledge \. ~&.Fnlnc:lsCiroup

LONDON AND NEW YORK

First published 20IZ by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxen OXr4 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Rou* is an imprint of the Ta}'lor 11{ Frarn:is Group, an informa business

<t} 2012 ~enel Symons

The right of ~enel Symons to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Actr988.

All righm reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any informati.on storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark noJ;ice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

BritisJJ Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British library

LibmT)• of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978·0-415·568r6-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415·568r7·3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-136·73417-5 (ebk)

Typeset in Scala by Graphicraft limited, Hong Kong

This book is dedicated to David and River

Contents

Acknowledgements viii

Introduction I I Gender and education in Turkey 3 2 The social construction of men in Turkey 9 3 The problematic headscarf in Turkey I6

4 The concept of happiness in Turkey 23

5 The politics of water in Turkey 29 6 The new Turkish penal code 38

7 Sexual honour in Turkey 45 8 The multiculturalism of Turks throughout history 52

9 Orhan Pamuk's contribution to the literary world 62 IO The Turkish military's political role 69 II Turkey and the Middle East 77 I2 Economic sustainability in Turkey and in the world 84 I3 The Kurdish question in Turkey 9I I4 Nationalism in Turkey 99 I5 Turkish cinema and politics Io8 I6 Arabesk music in Turkey n8

I7 Recent relations between the EU and Turkey I29 I8 The Turkish left and Kemalism I38 I9 Turkish perceptions of 'the West' I48

Key to exercises I6I Index I83

Acknowledgements

I would like, first of all, to thank my husband David for his generous support, which was vital throughout this project.

Most of all, I am grateful to my one-year-old son, River, who has been extremely patient with me while I have been working on this book. I promise to buy him broccoli (his favourite food) with the money I earn from this book.

It has been a great pleasure to work with Andrea Hartill, the Senior Commissioning Editor for Language Learning at Routledge. She has always been friendly, positive and encouraging.

I would also like to thank Samantha Vale Noya at Routledge for her friendly support in this project and my students Ross McQueen, Paulina Dominik and Anya Todd for giving me feedback on vocabulary and the ranking of the texts.

Finally, I would like to thank all the contributors: Fatma Gok, Bogazi9- University; Selin Akyiiz-~a§maz, Bilkent University; Dilek Cindoglu, Bilkent University; Yrldtz Silier, Bogazi9-University; Ay§egiil Kibaroglu, Middle East Technical University; Fatih Selami Mahmutoglu, istanbul University; Oya Pancaroglu, Bogazi9- University; Meliz Ergin, Kos: University; Omit Cizre, Bilkent University; Ozlem Tiir, Middle East Technical University; Ay§e Uyduranoglu, Bilgi University; Zeynep Gambetti, Bogazi~i University; E. Fuat Keyman, Ko~ University; Can Diindar; Martin Stokes, Oxford University; Saime O~riimez, Bilkent University; Cemil Ko~, Sabana University; Kiir§ad Ertugrul, Middle East Technical University and the newspapers Radikal, Cumhuriyet, Milliyet, Yeni $afak, Zaman and Stargazete for granting permission to publish the articles in Turkish.

Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders. If any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

Introduction

The Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader has been designed to introduce readers to significant articles of contemporary political and cultural issues on Turkey which will facilitate their comprehension of Turkish, develop their linguistic skills and familiarize them with the social context. In view of this, my intention has been to collect samples to paint a representative picture of contemporary discussions of prominent problems. In other words, I aimed to cover a wide political spectrum of a highly controversial nature which mirrors the inflammatory nature of Turkish politics. I am well aware that some pieces in this reader might cause considerable offence, but I do think that it is useful to study the social and political prejudices in a country in order to understand the social context better. I would like to reassure the readers of this book that the views expressed in some pieces do not reflect my personal approach or that of the publishers.

Users of the Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader will be able to think about the theme of the reading passages, understand the meanings of vocabulary items in a specific context, and extract the main ideas of the text and understand them in the Turkish political and cultural context They will also improve their linguistic skills in Turkish by doing language exercises, recognizing and repeating grammar points that they have already covered, and consolidating and reflecting upon what they have read by writing a summary. Moreover, they will be able to search for general and specific information by doing further reading, and activate their linguistic skills by having a discussion on the topic and writing an essay on a related theme.

Since 2004, prior to and during the preparation of the Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader, some of the articles included have been used in my classes at the University of Oxford. In the light of my classroom experience, I have arranged the selections in order of difficulty, taking into account my students' individual assessments. The selections consist of articles by distinguished Turkish academics and columnists that appeared in the Turkish press between 2004 and 2010. The articles in Turkish are as they appeared in the original sources except for some shortening, which is indicated thus: ( ... ).Each article is preceded by an introduction in English written by an expert in the related field and is followed by some notes on political and cultural issues, people and historical events which are mentioned in the article. These will help the user work through the text without the guidance of a teacher. An index is also provided at the end of the book to assist the student.

Each of the individual selections is provided with its own vocabulary list. In order to avoid merely passive knowledge of words, this reader provides usages in sample sentences. The English translations of the Turkish idioms and words have been restricted to the meaning

2 Introduction

required by the context in order to avoid confusion. This book presupposes a good knowledge of the grammatical niles of modem Turkish. For this reason, the selections are accompanied by only brief notes on grammar points of potential difficulty. I have added grammatical notes on points where my students encountered problems or raised questions. The comprehension questions and tmeJfalse exercises have been designed to make the meaning of the Turkish text as clear as possible and there is a key to the exercises which is especially for the benefit of those using the book without a teacher. The exercises have been designed to fill two separate one-hour teaching sessions and include some out-of-class activity between the sessions.

Since the student might wish to have some guidance as to the best use of this reader, I would suggest that after reading the introduction in English, he or she tries to read through the Turkish text, concentrating his or her attention on its context in order to guess intelligently what the meaning is. A word-for-word translation will hinder comprehension of the content In order to develop good reading habits, I recommend avoiding writing out the fi.ill English translation of the whole text. As the second step, the student may wish to highlight any vocabulary or key concepts of political and cultural issues that are unfamiliar and go through the notes, vocabulary and grammar points provided, finally working on the comprehension exercises as a preclass activity.

As a warm-up in class, the teacher may wish to discuss (in Turkish or in English) what the students have understood from the English introduction. During the actual class stage, the teacher may wish to take the following steps.

• Provide a brief e>..-planation (in Turkish) of the key concepts mentioned in the Turkish text.

• Elaborate on vocabulary and grammar taken directly from the text which are still potentially unfamiliar and difficult for students. Ask students to construct their own sentences using some potentially unknown or difficult words or idiomatic expressions from the list If the students fail to arrive at the correct meanings and usages, lexical items and idiomatic phrases can be explicitly taught by the teacher.

• Ask students to answer comprehension questions (in Turkish) in turn while asking the other classmates to decide whether the answers given are correct. The teacher interferes only when there is a need for assistance.

• As an online activity, ask students to fill in incomplete sentences in order to test idioms and words. (By purchasing this book you will have access to the Routledge online support for Turkish. You may also wish to do these exercises offline by using the printouts.)

• Ask students to write a very short summary of the text (in Turkish) including the general gist and the main points of the text and to reading it aloud.

As a postclass activity, the teacher may wish the students to read from the further reading list provided on the Routledge online support for Turkish, writing an essay in Turkish and preparing for a class discussion the following week.

Chapter 1: Gender and education in Turkey

Fatma Gok, Bogazifi University

Women face multifaceted discrimination within the education system in Turkey. The roots of this discrimination lie in a patriarchal and male-dominared social sysrem which normalizes and legitimizes this discrimination and presents it as natural and inevitable. The patriarchal social system rests upon the class inequality of capitalism and acts in concert with its eoonomic and cultural processes.

Discrimination against women in the educational system starts very early. Although eight years of primary education are compu]sory in Turkey, women access primary education less than men. Considering the whole female population, only 37.2 per cent finish primary school, 7 4 per cent secondary school and ro.6 per cent high school or its equivalent. A mere 3·9 per cent graduate from a higher education institution. By increasing the mandatory level of education to eight years in I997 more women have begun to receive education which in effect also means that more women have started to earn an independent income. But dialectics has taught us that it also means that they become part of the exploited capitalist workforce.

In order to understand fully the relationship between women and education one must see more than simple discrimination in terms of quantity, and develop an approach that deals with the social functions of education from the woman's perspective and examines the effects of a patriarchal society. Important issues such as sensitivity towards the oondition of women, the quality and oontent of education, the ways of 'tranSmitting this content by teachers, the school culture and climate and the structure of educational institutions must be examined with this kind of approach.

Although schools exist within a male-dominated society, they have a certain degree of autonomy. They are crucial because they can play an important role in the process of social transformation and establishment of a more equal educational system which promotes social justice. While generally schools reproduce inequality along class, sex and race lines, they are distinct from other major social institutions, such as workplaces, in that they are inherently rrruch less hierarchical and much more participative. Among students and teachers, the female-male ratio tends to be more equal than in other social institutions.

Because schools transmit and produce knowledge, they can be independent of the economic process, and have the potential to promote critical hearts and minds. We need to reoognize the potential power of education, without expecting it to transform the whole of society.

Turkey offers a unique example regarding the emancipation of women at the beginning of the Turkish Republic. Women's participation in all levels of education was an importantoomponent within Turkish modernization. The Kemalist reforms successfully attempted to emancipate women through decrees from above and this can be witnessed in the changes to the law that granted equal rights to women and various reforms in many areas including dress and participation in social and political life. While many researchers have delved into this topic there is still a serious gap within the literature. There is a need for more empirical studies of the ooncrete processes and institutions through which this modernized image of women was imposed on Turkish women, and related gender hierarchies were established.

4 Gender and education

Egitimde Ayr1ma Son*

Egitim-Sen, egitimde kadm-erkek e§itliginin saglanmasr amacryla 'Cinsiyet aynmcrhgma hayrr' kampanyasr ba§latb.. Bu ~er~evede, imza kampanyasr diizenleyecek olan sendika, pilot okullarda egitim de verecek. Egitim-Sen Merkez Kadm Sekreteri Elif Akgiil, diin sendika genel merkezinde diizenledigi basm toplantrsmda, ozellikle alt gelir grubundaki kadmlarm ve krz ~ocuklarmm egitimden faydalanmasmm zorla§trgmr savundu. Tiirkiye'deki 7·5 milyon okumayazma bilmeyen ki§iden 6 milyonunun kadm olduguna dikkat ~eken Akgiil, bu yrl 6oo bin kiZ ~ocugunun okula kayrt yaptrrmadrgmr soyledi. Akgiin, e§itsizligi artrran faktOrler arasmda egitimin i~erigi, egitim ortamlan ve ogretmen tutumlarr gibi faktOrlerin de yer aldrgrm vurguladr. Egitimdeki cinsiyet aynmcrhgmm, 'toplumdaki cinsiyet~ i§boliimiinii peki§tirdigini, kadrnlann i§giiciine eksik katrhmma ya da belli sektorlerde yogunla§masma' yol a~rm ifade eden Elif Akgiil, sorunun a§dmasr i~ kampanya ile ongordiikleri hedefleri §oyle srraladr: Bakanhgm egitim sistemindeki cinsiyet e§itsizligi takip edilmeli. K1Z ~ocuklarr ve kadmlarm egitim hakkmr kullanmalan yoniindeki destek ve te§Vik politikalarr siirekli olmah. Egitimin her diizeyinde ve i~eriginde, ders kitaplan ve materyalleri cinsiyet~ikten armdmlmah. Akgiil, egitim sektoriinde ~h§an kadm oramnm yiizde 44, yoneticilik yapan kadmlarm oranmmsa yiizde 3' oldugunu da soyledi.

Egi.tim-Sen is a trade union of teachers and other education workers in Turkey and a member of the Confederation of Public Employees Trade Unions (KESK Kamu Eme~eri Sendikalarr Konfederasyonu) and Education International.

ann(dtr)mak purify

Cl§mak overcome

aynmcrbk discrimination

cinsiyet aynmaltgl gender discrimination

dikkat ~ekmek attract attention, call attention to, point out

Tiirkiye'de siyaset, askeri etkilerden anndmlmak isteniyor.

Gii~ii bir insanm en onemli ozelligi, kar§da§trgr zorluklan Cl§abilmek i~n ortaya koydugu kararhhk ve ~abadrr.

Toplantrda, farkh etnik kokenden olanlarm aynmcrbga ugradrgr sonucuna ula§ddr.

Kiiresel cinsiyet aynmcrhg. endeksinde, Tiirkiye, ne yazrk ki, iist srralarda yer ahyor.

~vre orgiitleri, su kaynaklannm azaldrgma dikkat ~ekti.

efitsizlik inequality

ifade etmek say, express, state

ifboliimii division of labour

imficii workforce

ongonnek envisage, project

oran rate, percmtage

ortam environment

pekiftinnek reinforc.e, strengthen, intensify

saglamak provide

savunmak assert

sendika trade union

takipetmek keep track of

tefVik encouragement

Gender and education 5

Kiireselle§me siirecinin getirdi.gi serbest rekabet, efitsizligi artt.rmr§tlr.

Etnik ~tl§ma ¢anamas1 i9fl ellerinden gelen her §eyi yaptrklan:m ifade eden bakan, onfuniizdeki donemin olduk~ hassas olacagmr soyledi.

ifboliimii, bir toplumdaki degi§ik gorev ve hizmetlerin, toplumun i.lyeleri arasmda kar§rhkh ah§veri§ ili§ki.leri i~:;inde boliinmesi siirecine verilen add1r.

Dar bir alanda uzmanla§ma, i§in niteliksiz ve yan nitelikli ifgiicti tarafmdan yaplimasma olanak tamrm§, nitelikli i§giici.lne olan ba~mllirk azalrm§tlr.

Yiiksek Ogrenim Kredi ve Yurtlar Kurumu, kredi verilmesi ongOriilen ogrencilerin listesini Milli Egitim Bakanh~'na iletti.

Tiirkiye genelinde, Avrupa Birligi'ne katlimayr destekleyenlerin oraru% 40'111~ altma diiftii.

Ogretim ortamlan ifadesi, sadece slillf ortam1

olarak anla§lisa da, bir okulda ger~ekl~ilen her tiirlii egitim-ogretim etkinli.gini de i~ennektedir.

Cinsiyet9- klcyelere meyclan okuyan degil, onlan peki¢ren bir karar bu.

Spor yapma olanagmm, bir insan hakkr olarak, engelli vatanda§lara saglanmas1 gerekmektedir.

Kiirtajm temel bir kadm hakkr oldugunu savunanlar ile yasaklanmasr gerekti.gini di.i§iinenler arasmdaki ~tl§ma, daha uzun zaman siirecege benziyor.

ideal bir diinyada, sendikalar, hic;:bir aynm gozetmeksizin, tiim i§~ilerin ortak orgiitleri olmalrdrr.

Srkryonetim siiresince, 1..-urallann uygulanmasr dikkatle takip edilerek, bunlara uymayanlara kar§I sert yaptlnmlar uygulandr.

Teroriin online ge~ebilmek i~i11, bu yoksul bolgeye yonelik yatrnm tqviklerinin siirekliligi gerekmektedir.


tutum attitude

yogunla§mak focus, concentrate

yol a~ak cause, lead to

yanftnde towards

1 Exercise 1

Gen~erin su~ i§leme oranlannda, anne babalannm evdeki tutumlan, en belirleyici etken olarak ort.aya ~yor.

Hiikiimetimiz, sorunlann ban§9l yollarla ~oziimii iizerine yogunlapcakbr.

Bir makalede, yabancr sozciiklerin srkhkla kullamlmasr, anlatrm bozukluguna yol ~-

Birle§mi§ Milletler, sava§tan sonra, yeni hiikiimetin kurulmasr yOniindeki ~balannr artrrdr.

Match the expressions in the left column with their definitions in the right column.

I

2

3

4

5

anndrrmak a)

aynmcrhk b)

i§boliimii c)

i§giicii d)

ongormek e)

iiretim siirecinde herhangi bir i§e katrlan insan emeginin biitiinii

furklr cinsiyet, dil, din, rrk, etnik koken, toplumsal smll, ya§ grbi nedenlerle insanlan bilin~i olarak dr§lamayr ~yan bir yakla§Im ileride olmasr isteneni goz oniinde tutmak ve onceden kararla§tlrmak iz kalmayacak bi9ffide tamamen ortadan kalkmasmr saglamak bir i§in yaprlmasmda sonu~lan verimli krlmak amacryla ki§ilerin bilgi ve yeteneklerine gore gorev payla§Iml

'Akgiil, egitim sektoriinde ~I§an kadm oranmm yiizde 44, yoneticilik yapan kadrnlann oranmmsa yiizde 3 oldugunu da soyledi.'

The clitic -(y)sA (ise) in oranmmsa indicates a contrast with what has been said in the previous clause and also signals that the speaker wishes to draw attention to the statement that is about to be made. It translates as 'whereas'.

Example:

Annem ~ok kat1 bir insand1, babamsa yumu,aclk. My mother was a strict person, whereas my father was a soft touch.

1 Exercise 2

Part A

Are the following sentences true (1) or false (F) according to the content of the text? Please correct them if necessary.

Gender and education 7

I Y azrya gore, egitimde cinsiyet aynmcrhgr konusunda, smifsalhk olgusu, onemli bir rol oynamaktadrr.

2 Egitim-Sen tarafmdan, okullarda verilmekte olan toplumsal cinsiyet3 dersleri, "cinsiyet aynmcrlrgma hayrr" kampanyasmm bir par~srdrr.

3 Egitimin i~erigi, verildigi ortamlar ve ogretmenlerin cinsiyet9 tutumlan, e§itsizligi artrran etkenler arasmdadrr.

4 Egitim-Sen, laz ~ocuklan ve kadmlann, egitim haklan konusunda, yeterince bilin~lendirilmediklerini ileri siiriiyor.

5 Prestijli makamlar soz konusu olunca, kadmlar, toplumsal goriiniirliiklerini yitiriyor.

PartB

Please answer the following questions.

I Kadmlann [iicretli]4 i§giiciine yetersiz kanhmr, metinde hangi gerek~eye dayandmhyor? 2 Par~da, Tiirkiye toplumundaki cinsiyet9 i§boliimiiniin ortadan kaldmlabilmesi i9n,

ne yapilmasr gerektigi iizerinde duruluyor? 3 Egitim-Sen, Milli Egitim Bakanhgr'nm egitim sistemine ili§kin benimsedigi cinsiyet

politikasmr nasd degerlendiriyor? 4 Egitim-Sen, ders kitaplarma yonelik nasil bir ele§tiride bulunuyor? 5 Y azmm i~erigine dayanarak, egitim sektoriinde, kadm yonetici sayrsmm yiizde ~le

smrrh olu§U nasd yorumlanabilir?

I Exercise 3

This exercise contains extracts taken from the article you have worked on. Match the sentence halves and then rewrite them in your own words in Turkish.

I Egitim-Sen, egitimde kadm-erkek e§itliginin

2 Egitim-Sen Merkez Kadm Sekreteri ( ... ), ozellikle alt gelir grubundaki kadmlarm ve laz ~ocuklannm

3 Tiirkiye'deki 7·5 milyon okumayazma bilmeyen ki§iden 6 milyonunun kadm olduguna

4 Akgiin, e§itsizligi artrran faktorler arasmda egitimin i~erigi, egitim ortamlan ve ogretmen tutumlan gibi faktorlerin de

5 KI.z ~ocuklan ve kadmlann egitim hakkmr kullanmalan

a) yoniindeki destek ve te§Vik politikalan siirekli olmalr.

b) egitimden faydalanmasmm zorla§Ugmr savundu.

c) yer aldrgmr vurguladr.

d) dikkat ~eken Akgiil, bu yrl 6oo bin laz ~ocugunun okula kayrt yaptlrmadrgml soyledi.

e) saglanmasr amacryla 'Cinsiyet aynmcilrgma hayrr' kampanyasr ba§lattl.


I Exercise 4

Write a summary of the Turkish text you have read, including the following key concepts in your summary:

• okumayazma oran1 ve toplumsal cinsiyet • kadm-erkek e~itligi • egitimde cinsiyet aynmc1llg1 • cinsiyets;i i~bolumu • s;al1~an kadm oran1 • toplumsal cinsiyet olgusunun kariyer uzerinde etkisi

I Exercises

How much do you agree with the statements below? Rate your opinion for each statement using the given scale. Talk about the statements in Turkish, say why you agree or disagree with them and compare your ideas with your classmates.

I disagree I 1 2 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 8 9 10 I agree

a) Yeterli sayrda anaokulu ac;llarak ve en az iki yrl iicretli annelik izni verilerek, ~I§an kadmlara kariyerlerinde ilerleme olanag1 tanmmahdrr.

b) Egitim ve kariyer hrrs1 yiiziinden, kadmlarm birincil i§levi olan annelik gorevini aksatmalarma izin verilmemelidir.

1 Exercise 6

Choose a Turkish newspaper article, a Turkish television programme or a Turkish radio programme of interest to you and which is related to the topic you have worked on in this chapter. Report on your selection in Turkish to your classmates.

I Exercise 7

Write an essay dealing with the subject described below and discuss its content in class.

Turkiye'de, egitimde firsat e~itligi baglammda, toplumsal cinsiyet nas1l bir rol oynamaktadlr? Turkiye baglamml ya~adlglniZ ulkedeki durumla kar~lla~tlrlniZ.

Notes

* Radikal, Ig.11.2004: http:/ Jwww.radikal.com.tr Jhaber .php?habemo=134769 I 3% is written %3 in Turkish. 2 'at the rate/proportion of 40 per cent'. 3 'gender'. 4 'paid work in the public sector'.

Chapter 2: The social construction of men in Turkey

Selin Akyilz-$a~maz, Bilkent University

Westernization in the Turkish context has been generally analysed in the light of the delicate balance between traditional and modem. Turkey's adoption of Western norms, styles, and institutions in many areas of social, cultural and political life during the Early Republican period has been criticized. The formation ofTurkey as a nation-state was considered a nation-building and a social engineering project and the reconstruction of identities was a crucial part of it. The new citizens of the Republic were 'gendered' by the state through reforms. Although women have been the subject of several studies on the effects of modernization reforms on identities in Turkey, men have remained the hidden side of the coin. It is significant 1D revisit Turkish modernization history with reference to the construction of masculinities.

In the late Ottoman period, the Empire weakened in terms of military strength and economic wealth. The Tanzimat reform era (1839-71) was a turning point as the reforms were not limited 1D economic, militaristic, and institutional fields. The era was characterized by a:t:rempts to emancipate gendered identities from the existing order. The 'dandy' of the era can be considered a departure from sober Ottnman masculinity and also a threat to Ottoman communitarian conservatism.' The image of the dandy was characterized by aesthetic sensitivity and hyper-fashionability and the dandy was presented as the embodiment of modem decadence. Dandies imitated their Western counterparts, but their identity was defined within the boundaries of dichotomies such as traditionalfmodem or alafrankajalaturca." Following this period, the First World War and especially the War of Independence that marked the collapse of the Ottnman Empire as well as the establishment of the new Republic restored the dandies' lost prestige by rendering their de-masculinized bodies into soldiers. The dissolution of the Empire signified the loss of the absolute father, the sultan; and also the birth of an iconic father, Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk.3

Throughout the Keinalist modernization project, men were the cultural ideal charged with the task of modernizing women and society as well as the duty of providing welfare. The borders of how new women of the Republic would exist in society were drawn by Keinalist fathers. Changing the dress code was one of the first reforms as it signified the visibility of the new men. The law on clothing (1925) suggested wearing a hat and a tie and it symbolized the disengagement from traditional masculinity and, also, loyalty to the newly formed Republic. In addition, having a healthy masculine body as the bearer of national reforms was also among the expectations of the modem Turkish man. As the culture of nationalism has been constructed to emphasize masculine themes such as honour, patriotism, bravery and duty, the revolutionist men of the Republic would have 1D demonstrate that they were the protectors of society. Furthermore, balls and theatres were considered symbols of modem daily life.

10 The social construction of men

Modernity has always been a reference point for the construction of masculinities in Turkey, but militarism is also constitutive. Militarism is a multifaceted network highlighting metaphors and symbols that provide a sense of manliness. The internalized understanding of 'every (male) Turk is a born soldier' is the illustration of a historically constructed reality. Going to the army and being soldiers are markers ofbeing real men in Turkish culture. The Mehm~i.k'l is idolized even if he does not die for the country.

In twenty-first-century Turkey, related to widespread social changes and the effects of globalization, the boundaries of masculinity are being defined by multiplicities of identities. Although some stereotypes ofTurkish masculinity such as kabada}'l, namely 'tough uncle', and Mehmet~ik as the protector of social order have been ossified in popular culture, Turkish society itself fabricates new forms of masculinities through its interaction with global images and identities. Class, ethnicity and most importantly religion have also been integrated as determining dynamics into the construction of masculinities. The power interplay between hegemonic masculinity and other masculinities has arisen on a shifting ground shaped by the heritages of Turkish culture, and currently, secularistflslamist cleavages.

Muas1r Medeniyet ve Erkek Bedeni*

Festen §apkaya, b1ylictan sakala, tak1m elbiseden blucine, siyah ve lacivertten krrmlZI ve pembeye, ciddiyetten dogalhga, muhafazalclrhktan ozgiir dii§iinceye ... Tiirk erkeginin 81 yilhk modernle§me projesi ...

'Modern olmak' dilimizden dii§llieyen bir kavram; 1923'ten bu yana sahip olmak istedigimiz kimlik. Gens: Cumhuriyet'in hedefi de 's:agda§ uygarhk seviyesini' yakalamaktr. Bu nedenle medenile§me siireci, toplumsal ya§amm tiim ayrmtrlanm kaps1yor, Bati'ya her alanda ozeniliyordu. Medenile§me siirecinde sadece kadm bedenleri degil, erkek bedenleri de ba§tan ayaga kadar tasarland1. Giyim ku§amdan adab-1 mua§eret kurallarma kadar her §ey, alfabe ogretilir gibi ogretildi. Cumhuriyet'in kurucusu Mustafa Kemal, tiim milletin oniinde olmas1 istenen Batrh (modern) erkek modelinin ta kendisiydi.

Gens: Cumhuriyet'in tasarladigi erkek, giyim ku§ammdan oturup kalkmasma kadar Batih bir erkek. Medeni bir erkek, ciddi, mesafeli, her zaman kontrollii olmal1. Fes kaldmlmi§, b1yikh erkek saytsi azalmi§. Donemin modasma uygun tak1m elbise giymek, kravat takmak adeta zorunluluk. ~apka ise kiyafetin tamamlaytcisi. Her biri ciddiyet timsali. ( ... ) Derken Tarkan s:li<Iyor ortaya. Oynama ~Ila.drm ~Ihd1m'la dans eden, viicudunu comert:s:e sergileyen, kiipe takan, istedigi gibi giyinen yeni bir erkek modeli Tarkan. Her renkten erkegin idolii artrk. 2ooo'lere gelince; kimi Tarkanvari, yani enerjik, ozgiir, s:ok renkli; kimi Alacakaranhk'm Komiser Ferit'i (Kenan imirzahoglu5) gibi mas:o ve geleneklere bagh. ( ... ) K1sacas1 tek tip donemi kapandi, s:ok s:e§itlilik doneme damgasm1 vuruyor.

Fes: The fez is a brimless cap which originated in Morocco. It appeared for the first time in the Ottoman Empire, and was worn by members of the army. It was soon adopted by Turks and was worn by many different religious and ethnic groups in the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century. Under the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II (18o8-39), the fez replaced the turban and was seen as a symbol of change and modernity. Wearing the fez was banned in the early republican years.

The social construction of men 11

Sapka: A felt hat, which was viewed as symbolizing the modem and Western world,6 especially in the early years of the Turkish Republic.

1923: The foundation of the Turkish Republic on 29 October with Mustafa Kemal as its first president and ismet (inonii) as its first prime minister, and with Ankara as its capital city. This put an end to the existence of the Ottoman Empire.

~agda§ Uygarbk Seviyesi: When the new republic was founded, Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk included the aim of reaching the highest level in terms of civilizational achievements, 'the level of contemporary civilization', as one of the leading principles and important targets for the Turkish Republic.

Mustafa Kemal Atltiirk was the founder and first president of modem Turkey. He fought for the Ottoman Empire in the First World War, achieving great success against the Allied forces during the Dardanelles Campaign. After the Allied victory, British, French, and Italian troops were sent to Anatolia and appointed to restore order there. Mustafa Kemal incited the people against the Allied occupation, he overcame all other opposition, and the Republic ofTurkey was established in 1923. He was given the name Atatiirk ('Father of the Turks') in 1934. His policies were based upon Westernization and secularization.

Tarkan (Hiisamettin Tarkan Tevetoglu) is a Turkish pop singer who was born in Germany in 1972 and was raised in Turkey. Tarkan uses sexual and romantic themes in his work and has been nicknamed the 'Prince of Pop' by the media.

Oynama Sdo.dtm Sllochm: This is the repeated section of the popular song 'A-acayipsin' from the second music album ofTarkan which he released in 1994 with the same title as this song.

adab-1 mtta§eret etiquette

adetl nearly

alacakaranbk daybreak, dawn

ba§tln ayaga kadar from head to toe

bed en body

ciddiyet timsali seriousness personified, definition of seriousness

Kimilerine gore, 'adab-1 mua§eret', toplumsal hayata diizen getiren gorgii kurallan olarak, her devirde onemini koruyacaktrr. (old usage)

Milletvekili, yalanlan yiiziine vurulunca, adeta dut yemi§ biilbiile dondii.'

Alacakaranbk, giine§ dogmadan once beliren ya da batllktan sonra ortaya 9-kan, yan aydmhk hava durumuna denmektedir.

Amcamm e§i, ha§tan ayaga kadar biitiin giyim ve siis e§Yalarmt, sosyete markalanndan ses:meye ozen gosterir.

Bebeklere, yaz giinlerinde bedenlerini serinletmek i9tl elma kabugu kaynatlp i9-rilirmi§.

Yazarm biiyiikbabast, emekli bir hakim olan, ciddiyet timsali Latif Bey'dir.


9lk S:e§itlilik multiplicity

da:mgasmt vurmak leave one's mark, dominate

derken and then

dllden dft§(me)mek be talked about continuously, harp on

festen ppkaya from ftz to Western hat

medenile§mek become civilized

muasrr medeniyet modern civilization

muhafazakarbk conse1vatism

ortaya s:tkmak come on the scene, appear

oturup kaJkma(st) good etiquette, knowlt.dge of how to behave according to expected good manners

§tktdnn §tktdtm clicking your .fingers, clapping and making other noises with your body to express happiness

tamamlaytcr complementary, the finishing touch

Farkh kiiltiirel begenilerden esinlenerek tasarladtgnmz takdar, bu yaz 9lk S:e§itliJik gasteriyor.

Se~ oncesi tartl§malara, ekonomik kriz da:mgastru vurdu.

Derken yagmur iyice bastrrmr~, biz srrdstklam, bir dag evine srgmmt§tlk.

Halk9lik ve Devrimcilik, Kemalist politikacmm dllinden dft§meyen iki ilke.

Sezen Aksu'dan Sertap Erener'e kadar pek ~:;ok sana19- odiil torenine katrldr.

0 <;aglarda, Avrupa, geli§erek medenile§irken, baZL dogulu iilkeler, degi§ime kapalt bir atmosfer i9nde bocahyordu.

Muasrr medeniyeti, herhangi bir bolgeyle srmrlamadan, '<;agda§ uygarlrgr hedef almak' olarak anlamak laZLm. (old usage)

Muhafazakarhk, toplumsal ve siyasal yap1yt oldugu gibi korumaya ve siirdiirmeye dayah bir anlayt§ oldugundan, yahuzca dindarlan tannnlamaz.

7o'li yrllarda saytsiZ rock grubu ortaya s:tkmaya ba~laru.

Eski sevgilisi, egitimli, bilgili, esprili, zeki, oturup kaJkmasmt bilen, ama s;irkin bir adamdr.

Piyangoda milyonlarr kazanmca, sevin<;:ten §tktdtm §tktdnn oynadr.

FirmarmZLn geli§tirdigi malzeme, renk <;:e§itleri, boyutlan ve §ekilleriyle, modem mimarinin tamamlaytcrst sayrlrr.


1 Exercise 1


I alacakaranhk

2 ortaya 9-kmak 3 medenile§mek 4 ba§tan ayaga 5 tamamlaylCI

a) giine§ dogmadan once beliren giin agarmas1 ya da batt:I.ktan sonra gozlemlenen gokyiiziiniin yan aydmhk durumu

b) ~da§ ve uygar toplumlar diizeyine ula§mak c) yoktan var olmak, meydana 9-kmak d) bir §eyin biitiin hale gelmesini saglayan oge e) ba§tan sona, tiimiinii kapsayacak bi~imde

"'

I 'Cumhuriyet'in kurucusu Mustafa Kemal, tiim milletin oniinde olmas1 iste!!en Batih (modem) erkek modelinin ta kendisiydi.'

-rnA is the verbal noun suffix forming noun clauses, -(s)I is the possessive suffix and -n the passive suffix. The combination (-rnA+ -sl ... -n) indicates a desired action or state.

Example:

Onun Nobel 6dUIUnU almas1 isteniyormuf. (lit. 'Sfhe is wanted to receive the Nobel Prize') It seems that they want herfhim to receive the Nobel Prize.

2 '2ooo'lere gelince; kimi Tarkanvari, yani enerjik, ozgiir, ~ok renkli ( ... )'

-vari is a suffix of Persian origin with restricted usage meaning alike or of a particular style.

Example:

Frans1zvari bir fapka takm•fi•· Sfhe was wearing a French-style hat.

1 Exercise 2

Part A

Are the following sentences true or false according to the content of the text? Please correct them if necessary.

I Cumhuriyet'in ilk ylilarmda, modemle§me olgusu, daha ~ok teknolojik ilerleme olarak algi1and1.

2 insan bedenleri de, Cumhuriyet projesinin bir par~s1 olarak tasarland1. 3 Cumhuriyet yonetimi, geleneksel toplumsal ya§arm degi§tirmek istemiyordu. 4 Cumhuriyet'in ilk ylilarmda tasarlanan erkek modelini tek diize kahplar belirliyordu. 5 Mustafa Kemal, Cumhuriyet projesi geregi, Dogu-Batl sentezinin ideal cinsiyet rol modelini

temsil ediyordu.


PartB


I Yaz~.ya gore, Tiirkiye, nasd bir kimlige sahip olmak istiyor? 2 Cumhuriyet doneminin modemle§me projesi, toplumsal ya§armn hangi alanlanm

kaps1yordu? 3 Cumhuriyet'in ilk donemlerinde, modemle§me projesi geregince, yeni cinsiyet rolleri

nasd hayata ges:irildi? 4 Cumhuriyet doneminde tasarlanan erkek modeli nasdd1? 5 Son donemlerde, Tiirkiye'de nasd bir erkek modeli ortaya ~IktJ.?

I Exercise 3


I Gen~ Cumhuriyet'in hedefi de a) ·~agda§ uygarhk seviyesini' yakalamakh.

2 Medenile§me siirecinde sadece kadm b) tiim milletin oniinde olmas1 bedenleri degil, istenen Batd1 (modem) erkek

modelinin ta kendisiydi. 3 Cumhuriyet'in kurucusu Mustafa c) erkek bedenleri de ba§tan ayaga

Kemal, kadar tasarland1. 4 Gen~ Cumhuriyet'in tasarladlg1 erkek, d) oturup kalkmasma kadar Batd1

giyim ku§ammdan bir erkek 5 Klsacas1 tek tip donemi kapand1, e) ~ok ~e§itlilik doneme damgasm1

vuruyor.

I Exercise 4

Write a summary of the Turkish text you have read, including the following key concepts:

• Turkiye'de modernle~me projesi • Turkiye'de kimlik meselesi • ges;mi~ten gunumuze, Turkiye toplumunda erkeklik imajlan • Cumhuriyet'in toplumsal cinsiyet projesi

I Exercises


I disagree I I 2 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 8 9 IO I agree

a) Erkek dedigin erkek gibi giyinip davranmal1dlr; bunun ·~ok renkli'si olmaz. b) Tektip erkek modeli, modem ~agrmiZm ~okkiiltiirlii ger~ekligine uymuyor.


1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Ya~ad1gm1z ulkedeki erkek modelleri (metroseksuel, geleneksel vb.) ile Turkiye'dekiler arasmdaki benzerlik ve farkllllklarm arkaplan1n1 tart1~m1z.

Notes

* Radikal, OI.I1.2004: http:/ Jwww.radikal.com.trjek...haber.php?ek~cts&haberno~3950 1 For detailed analysis see Kandiyoti, Deniz 'Gendering the Modem: On Missing Dimensions in the Study

of Turkish Modernization' in Bozdogan, Sibel and Re§at Kasaba (eds) Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1997; Sara~il, AY§e Bukalemun Erkek, lstanbul: heti§im Yaymlan, 2005.

2 Modernization introduced rules that distanced gendered identities from their alaturca (Ottoman-Turkish) past and urban mores gained new a~aHCa (European) meanings. The interplay between traditional and modem has arisen on slippery ground shaped by the heritages of the Ottoman-Turkish past and the new etiquettes of Westernization. For detailed analysis see Duben, Alen & Cem Behar Istanbul Households: Marriage, Family and Fertility 1880-1940, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

3 See Parla, Jale Babalar ve Dgullar, lstanbul: lleti§im Yaymlan, 1998. 4 Mehme~ik is a familiar term used for all soldiers who are prepared to ftght and die for their country. 5 Kenan lmirzahoglu is an actor and won the Best Model of the World contest in 1995· 6 'Gentlemen, it was necessary to abolish the fez, which sat on our heads as a sign of ignorance, of

fanaticism, of hatred to progress and civilisation, and to adopt in its place the hat, the customary head-dress of the whole civilised world, thus showing. among other things, that no difference existed in the manner of thought between the Turkish nation and the whole family of civilised mankind' ( Nutuk English translation, K.F. Koehler, Leipzig, 1929, pp. 721 ff.).

7 dut yemi§ billbille donmek 'to become tongue-tied'.

Chapter 3: The problematic headscarf in Turkey

Dilek Cindoglu, Bilkent Uni11ersity

Women's attire has always been an area of political conflict in the Turkish Republic. Although the headscarf was not banned during the early Republican period, the modernization reforms regarding clothing encouraged men and women towards Western practices. Men were expected to wear suits and ties along with hats, while women were expected to wear shirts, skirts and dresses and not a headscarf. In particular, women working at state institutions, teachers and students at schools, professionals and staff in public offices were expected not to wear long and loose clothes and not to cover their hair as a sign of their religion. In short, in public spaces, women were expected to wear clothing not styled on their traditional and Islamic past but rather resembling the Western women's look.

The major public contest over the right to wear a headscarf in public was in 1964, during the graduation ceremony of the medical school of istanbul University. The valedictorian of the year was a woman and she was denied the opportunity to give the customary graduation speech as she was wearing a headscar£ Siinilar confrontations and demands came from the women students of all universities who were wearing headscarves. The Ministry of Education published a regulation suggesting that female students should not be allowed to wear a headscarf while they were on school preinises. In 1982, another regulation was introduced regarding state employees' headscarves, affecting thousands of teachers, nurses and doctors. Moreover, in 1982, the Higher Education Board produced another regulation about the dress code for students in the universities, and banned the headscarf at school premises. The implications of the headscarf ban concerned women in public sector jobs and schools but not women who were wearing headscarves in their daily lives. Since 1982, these regulations have remained intact. Although the JDP, a political party, tried to open the headscarfissue to discussion and negotiation with the opposition parties, it did not succeed.

In 1990, an amnesty law for public servants was passed, implementing an amnesty for the women who were banned from public sector jobs because of their headscarves. These women were able to return to their jobs but they were still expected not to wear a headscar£ Many returned only to be disinissed shortly afterwards because of the very same reason - the headscar£

In conclusion, the headscarf issue is still a very contested topic in contemporary Turkish politics. The political parties who are in favour of the right for women to wear headscaives in public jobs and schools base their arguments on human rights and the rights to practice one's belief. The political parties who are opposed argue that the headscarf is a sign of Islamism which is against one of the basic preinises of the Turkish Republic, laicity. The repercussions of the headscarf ban on women's employment and empowerment has not yet been studied thoroughly.

The problematic headscaif 17

Erdogan, Turban Konusunda Ne Demek istedi?*

Murat Yetkin

Turban, Turkiye'yi vicdamyla bilinci arasmda geriyor. Ba§bakan u~uncu giri§imine hazrrlamyor.

Hiikumetin etkin bir bakam neredeyse her sabah ku~ bir trajedi ya§ryor. Bu bakanm universite ~agmdaki lazr, her sabah Ankara'daki bir universitedeki derslerini izleyebilmek i~ tiirbanmm iizerine peruk t.akrp evden ¢<lyor. Admr ki§i haklanm ihlal etmek istemedigim i9n vermedigim babasmm bu konuda krzmr zorlamadrgmr biliyorum. Ama krzr evde oyle goriip oyle inandrgr i9n tiirbandan vazg~miyor, Turkiye'de universite okumaya devam etmek istedigi i9n perukla bunu kamufle ediyor. Olkenin kaderini belirleyen mevkilerden birinde oturup her sabah bu ikili ya§ami kabullenmek kolay degil. Bu, bir baba olarak vicdammr rahatsrz ediyor.

Duruma, dinsel ol¢}erle degil, ki§i hak ve azgiirlukleri penceresinden bakmaya ~h§Iyorum ve re§it ya§a gelmi§ bir insanm okula hangi kryafetle gideceginin yasa ile belirleniyor olmasmr kabul etmek zor. Ote yandan bilincimi rahatsrz eden omekler var. Omegin Mrsrrh bir arkada§rmm anlatllklarr. Halen Mrsrr'da uluslararasr bir sivil toplum orgiitii temsilciligi yiiriitmekte olan arkada§rm (adrm ba§r derde girmesin diye vermiyorum) Kahire Oniversitesi'ndeki ogrenciligi srrasmda ortiinen ogrenci sayrsmm parmakla gosterilecek duzeyde oldugunu soyluyor. Ama Mrsrr'da Enver Sedat'm olduriilmesinden itibaren yiikselen islam koktenciligi (U same bin Ladin'in silah arkada§I ve ashnda El Kaide hareketinin fi.kir babasr Eymen El Zevahiri'nin Mrsrrh oldugunu hatrrlayahm) ve sosyal baskdar sonucu, 20 yrlda durum tersine donmu§. Kendisi ortiinmeyen arkada§Im, bugun mezun oldugu okulda ortiinmeyen hi~bir kiz ogrencinin barmamadrgmr, kendisinin de okul yerle§kesine gitmek zorunda kaldrgmda rahatsrz edildigini soyluyor.

Dun bu konuyu konu§!Ugumuz bir hamm meslekta§Im, az once anlattrgrm bakanm durumunu aktarrp, bu konuda ciddi ~eli§kiler ya§adrgrmrzr soyleyince, 'Bu durum iizucii olabilir' dedi, 'Ama ben ~eli§ki ya§amryorum. <;iinkii i§ ortiinmek i9n baskr kurma a§amasma geldiginde, senden ortiinmeni istemeyecekler, benden isteyecekler.' Bu da ~rprcr bir bakr§ ve ciddi bir giivensizligi yansrtryor.

Tfuban meselesi, Avrupa standardrndaki bir demokrasiye dogru adrmlar atan Tiirkiye'nin ~ogunlugunu ki§i ozgiirlukleri a~smdan bakddrgmda srzlayan vicdam ile dinsel esaslarla yonetilmek istemeyen bilinci arasmda geriyor.

Ba§bakan Tayyip Erdogan'm Almanya'nm Welt am Sonntag gazetesine verdigi soyle§ide universitelerdeki tiirban yasagr konusunda soyledikleri yeni bir tartl§ma ba§latacak gibi goriinuyor. Oniversitelerdeki tiirban yasagr Anayasa Mahkemesi'nin 1989 ve 1991'de aldrgr iki karara dayamyor. Degi§mesi i9n iki yol var. Ya Anayasa'da buna izin veren bir degi§iklik yapdmasr lazrm ya da Anayasa Mahkemesi'nin bu konuda yeni bir karar almasr. ikincisi, yeni bir ba§VUru, yeni bir dava siireci demek. Anayasa degi§meden, mahkeme kararmm degi§mesi zor. ilki ise Tiirkiye'yi referanduma gOtiirebilecek yeni siyasi gerilim sfueci anlamma geliyor. Ostelik bu durum, Tiirkiye'nin durumunun Fransa'da AB Anayasasr ile birlikte referandum konusu yapddrgr bir srrada giindeme ta§Imyor. (Erdogan'm ve dolayrsryla Turkiye'nin bu nedenle Avrupa'da epey ba§ agnsr ~ekecegini §imdiden soyleyebiliriz.)

18 The problematic headscarf

Erdogan, Tiirkiye'nin AB'ye ahnmamas1 gerektigi yolunda ciddi kampanyanm yiiriitiildiigu Alman gazetesine verdigi soyle§ide, ger9- Tiirkiye'nin laik sistemi 'asia degi§tirmeyecegini', iiniversitelerde tiirban yasagma kar§I olmasmm 'din ve devlet aynhgma kar§I oldugu anlamma gelmeyecegini' soyliiyor. Ama bununla birlikte ortiinmeyi a9-klarken 'Kuran'I uygulamak' gibi iddiah bir tanrm da kullamyor. Bu tan1m, onceki sozlerini ~eli§kili hale getiriyor. 0 zaman, 'Bugiin bu adrm1 yarm ba§kalar1 izleyecektir' diye dii§iinenlerin endi§eleri artryor.

Yeti§kin bir insanm iiniversite ogrenciliginde iizerine dini, siyasi, etnik ya da ba§ka bir simge taklp takmayacag1 kendisini ve diger ogrencilerin flziki saghgm1 ilgilendirir. Ote yandan bu simgelerin kamu hizmeti goren ki§iler tarafindan kullamlmasi oniine kesin s1mrlar konulmah. Bu ikisi birbiriyle ~eli§en gorii§ler degildir. i§i 9-grmdan ~Ikarabilecek adrm budur. Ba§bakan madem cini lambadan ~mak, bu hassas konuya el atmak i~in ii~ ylihk iktidarmda ii¢ncii giri§iminde bulunuyor, §U kamu gorevinde tiirban i§ine de bir a9-k1Ik getirmeli. 0 konudaki gorii§lerini, kendi deyi§iyle 'a9-k ve net' olarak ifade ederse o zaman ne demek istedigi daha iyi anla§Ihr.

tfirban: This refers to the particular headscarf of women in Turkey which is worn to make a statement of the wearer's religious practice which differentiates it from the traditional ba§ortiisii which doesn't necessarily convey religious connotations. They can vary in colour, pattern and the way they are worn, depending on religious sect and social class.

(Recep) Tayyip Erdogan has been the prime minister ofTurkey since 2003. He is the leader of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkmma Partisi, AKP), which is a conservative, right-wing political party with Islamist views. His Islamist views were influenced by Necmettin Erbakan.1 In 2001, Erdogan broke with Erbakan and helped form the AKP, which won the parliamentary elections in 2002.

Anayasa Mahkemesi: The Constimtional Court is the highest legal body for constitutional review in Turkey. It 'examines the constitutionality, in respect of both form and substance, oflaws, decrees having the force oflaw, and the Rules of Procedure of the Turkish Grand National Assembly' (Article r48 of the Turkish Constitution). The Constitutional Court has the right to both a priori and a posteriori review, and it can invalidate whole laws or governmental decrees and ban their application in all future cases. The Constitutional Court was first established by the rg6r Constitution. It has a president, a vice-president and 17 members.

The 1989 Decision on the Headscarf: The second Turgut Ozal government changed the higher education law in rg88 to allow the wearing of headscarves by female students in higher education institutions. Kenan Evren was the president at the time. He was the chief of staff of the Turkish military forces who executed the rg8o coup d'etat Evren referred the issue to the Constitutional Court in March rg8g. The Constitutional Court ruled that the law change was unconstitutional due to the strong emphasis on secularism in the constitution and overthrew the law change by a majority vote.

The problematic headscarf 1 9

The rggr Decision on the Dress Code in Institutions of Higher Education: In rggo, the Yilchrun Akbulut government adopted a new law concerning the dress code in higher education institutions which stated that 'unless conflicting with the laws that are in effect, the dress code in the higher education institutes is free'. The major opposition party, the Social Democrat Populist Party, under the leadership ofErdal inonii, initiated a constitutional review process claiming that this law was in conflict with the principle of secularism in the Turkish Constitution. The Constitutional Court rejected this claim and ruled that the new law did not conflict with the Constitution.

as:1k11k getirmek clarify, provide clarification

ad1mlar atmak take measures, take steps

a§ama stage

s:•grmdan s:•kmak get out of hand, go off the rails, get out of proportion

dava siireci trial period

el atmak take something in hand, deal with

gtindeme la§lmak bring to the front, bring to the agenda

ifade etmek express

ihlal etmek violate

i§ (bir §eye) geldiginde when it comes to ...

kamufle etmek camouflage

Milli Savunma Bakam, ~eli§ik durumlann ortaya pkmasma yol a~n yeni askerlik sistemine apldtk getirdi.

Ba§kan Obama, 'iran, uluslararasr toplumun ku§kulanm gidermek i~n ciddi adrmlar atmalt' dedi.

Toplantrda karar apmasma gelmi§lerdi.

Hakkari'deki etnik olaylar s:rgrrndan s:dm.

Uzla§ma saglanamazsa, dava siireci kaldrgr yerden devam edecektir.

iktidar partisi, bir~ok onemli konuya el attt, ama iilkenin temel sorunlanndan bazdarrm goz ardr etti.

insan Haklan Dernegi (iHD),2 i§kenceyi, hem Avrupa insan Haklan Komisyonu'nun gtindemine la§tmaya, hem de yerinde incelemelerde bulunmak iizere bolgeye gitmeye hazrrlanryor.

iyi bir yazar, en ince aynntdan ifade etme yetenegine sahip olmahdrr.

Ozel hayatmm bOylesine ihlal edilmesi, iinlii oyuncuyu son derece ofkelendirmi§.

Sosyalistlik tartl§malannda mangalda kill brrakmryor,3 ama i§ insanlara yardrma gelince, maalesef hanrmefendi ortada yok

Amcam, kelligini kamufle etmek i~, arkadaki sa9-anm uzatlp ba§mm on klsmmdaki sa~srz yeri kapatrrdr.


k.oktencllik .fUndamentalism, radicalism

pannalda gosterilecek dtizeyde can count on the fingers of one hand, be small in number, very little, very Jew penceresinden bakmak see in a certain light, look from a certain perspective

vicdam s1zlamak prick one's conscience

yerle;ke campus

1 Exercise 1

ABD'de ya§anan n Eyliil olaymdan sonra, islam koktenciligi, uluslararas1 ili§kilerde dikkat odagt haline geldi.

intemette, elektronik yaymlann saytsi, go'h ytllarda pannakla g08terilecek dtizeydeyken, bugiinlerde, sanal alemde,4 milyonlarca yayma rasthyoruz.

~iddete egilimli gen9-ere, giivenlik penceresinden bakmak, yeni sorunlar doguruyor.

ihmal sonucu madende olen i§¢er ic;in his: kimsenin vicdam sizlam1yor.

istanbul'daki iiniversiteler, artan talebi kar§Ilayabilmek ic;in §ehir di§mda, derslik, ogrenci yurdu gibi her tiirlii yap1 ve etkinlik alanm1 kapsayan yerle;keler kurmaya ba§ladi.


I a§ a rna

2 ihlal etmek

3 el atmak

4 k.Oktencilik

5 yerle§ke

1 Exercise 2

Part A

a)

b)

c)

d) e)

bir iiniversitenin her tiirlii etkinlik alanmm toplu bir bic;imde bulundugu kampiis ula§IlmaSI istenen bir amas: dogrultusunda adim adim ge<;flmesi gerekli evrelerden her biri birisinin i§ine yarrumCI olmak ic;in bir konuya miidahale etmek ya da bir i§e giri§mek (dinde) a§mya varan degi§iklikler yapma egilimi birinin haklanna zarar vermek


I Tiirban sorunsah, Tiirkiye'nin AB'yle ili§kilerinde de hassasiyetini koruyor. 2 M. Yetkin'in vicdan1, tiirban yasag1 konusunda son derece rahat 3 Yazar, tiirban sorunsahm dinsel a<;~dan degil, insan haklan baglammda degerlendiriyor. 4 Tiirban konusunda, yazann vicdam ve bilinci <;ah§ma ic;inde.

The problematic headscarf 21

5 Tiirban yasagmm kaldmlmasmm en kesin yolu, Anayasa' da buna izin veren bir degi§iklik yapumasrdrr.

PartB


I M. Yetkin'in bilinci, tiirban konusunda, ne gibi bir tehlikeyi haber veriyor? 2 Y azann kadm meslekta§mm tiirban sorunsalma bakr§I nasi1? 3 Tiirkiye, tiirban konusunda, nasi1 bir ~eli§ki ya§ryor? 4 M. Yetkin'e gore, Ba§bakan Tayip Erdogan'm ~eli§kisi nerede yatlyor? 5 Yazara gore, i§i ~grrmdan ~karabilecek adrm nedir?

I Exercise 3


I Admr ki§i haklanm ihlal etmek istemedigim i~ vermedigim

2 Duruma, dinsel ol~iilerle degil, ki§i hak ve ozgiirliikleri

3 ~iinkii~ortiinmeki~

4 Yeti§kin bir insanm iiniversite ogrenciliginde iizerine dini, siyasi, etnik ya da ba§ka bir simge takrp takmayacagr

5 Ote yandan bu simgelerin kamu hizmeti goren ki§iler tarafindan kullanlimasr

I Exercise 4

a) babasmm bu konuda klzmr zorlamadrgmr biliyorum.

b) penceresinden bakmaya ~h§ryorum.

c) baskr kurma a§amasma geldiginde, senden ortiinmeni istemeyecekler, benden isteyecekler.

d) kendisini ve diger ogrencilerin fiziki saglrgmr ilgilendirir.

e) oniine kesin smrrlar konulmalr.


• ki~i hak ve ozgurlukleri a~1smdan turban • islam koktenciligi ve sosyal bask1lar a~1smdan turban • Turkiye'de laik sistem • turban konusunda ~eli~en goru~ler

I Exercise s



I disagree I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I agree

a) Re§it ya§a gelmi§ herkes, kamusal alanda, dinsel ve siyasal semboller dahil, diledi.gi gibi giyinebilmelidir.

b) Tiirban gibi dini semboller, kadmlan cinsel objeye indirgedi.gi i9-n, onlan toplumun gerisine itmektedir.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Avrupa'da ve Turkiye'de, turban yasagmm nedenlerini ve (olas1) sonu~lann1 tart1~m1z.

Notes

* Radikal, o8.o2.2005: http:/ Jwww.radikal.com.tr Jhaber .php?haberno~142792 I The ftrst Islamist prime minister of the Republic ofTurkey in 1996. 2 Human Rights Association. 3 mangalda kill brrakmamak 'talk the talk'. 4 sanal alem 'the virtual world'.

Chapter 4: The concept of happiness in Turkey

Y1ldJz Silier, Bogazivi University

Although happiness is one of the most desired values, its elusive character makes it impossible either to give a thorough definition or to reach a consensus on its meaning. The philosophy of happiness can at most increase our questions about happiness. Is happiness purely a subjective feeling, or does it have an objective aspect? Is it the ultimate cross-cultural value or is the fetish of happiness specific to capitalism?

In this essay, I will try to situate two concepts of happiness within a socio-historical framework by focusing on the paradigm shift in mainstream views on happiness in Turkey. The rise of individualism, the sacredness of the private sphere, and the demand for happiness can be associated with the rise of the middle classes. This is why comparing the values and lifestyles of the middle classes in Turkey can be helpful in revealing the changing meaning ofhappiness.'

Before the r98os, a person's job signified his or her social status almost exclusively. Doctors, lawyers, and engineers were the most appreciated people since they were considered enlightened, and useful to society. So, being happy was a function of what a person was, rather than how much he could consume. Turgut Ozal, who became the prime minister after the military coup d'etat in r98o, was the counterpart of Reagan and Thatcher, with the mission of introducing neoliberalism in Turkey. Based on huge amounts of international debt, there was a flow of foreign commodities, leading to an abrupt change in the lifestyle of the middle classes. Ozal promoted the culture of egoism, the pursuit of power and wealth at any means. In response to the demands of rising salaries, he said 'My civil servants know how to get on the gravy train', encouraging them to get bribes. As a result, the key to happiness shifted from production to consumption, from self-mastery to living in the gaze of others, from inner peace to extravagance. These changes, reflecting how consumerism shapes personalities, are of course not specific to Turkey and are indeed common in the age of globalization.

Maslow's identification of happiness with self-realization and Buddha's view that happiness required reducing one's desires to reach serenity, might be applicable to how happiness was considered before the r98os, but they are no longer valid. However, since the ideology of consumerism works by increasing our dissatisfactions, people are now more attracted to the ideals of self-realization and fmding ways to resist the flow of manipulated desires. This explains why Maslow's and Buddha's views on happiness are still appealing.

24 The concept of happiness

Mutluluk Formulleri*

Turker Alkan, ~ankaya University

Ges:en haftanm en onemli olaylarmdan birisi, Devlet istatistik Enstitiisii'niin yapti.gr bir anketin sonu~ych. Bu ankete gore halknmzm biiyi.ik krsrm mutluydu. Ve ko§e yazarlanrmzm s:ogu buna inanamadr: Bu i§te bir yanlr§hk olmah, diye dii§iindiiler. Bir krsmr, 'Aslmda halkrmrz mutsuz, ama bunun farkmda degil,' diye yazdr. 'insanlarm yiizde 2o'si fakirlik srmnnm altmdaysa, nasrl mutlu olur?' 'Ama mutlu oldugunu soyleyenler zaten geri kalan yiizde 8o'inin is:ffiden s:rkryordur.' Gers:ekten de, gelir diizeyi yi.ikseldiks:e, mutlu oldugunu soyleyenlerin oranmda biiyiik bir yiikselme gozleniyordu. Fakat, hala bir soru yamtsrz kahyordu: Tiirkiye fakir bir iilke, geliri yiiksek olanlann durumu, geli§mi§ iilke standartlarma gore hala geridir. 0 halde mutlu oldugunu soyleyenler yanrhyor olmah, degil mi?

Belli ki, bu i§ boyle yiiriimiiyor. Bundan birkas: ay once sonus:}an yayrmlanan bir ankete gore, diinyanm en mutlu insanlannm ya§arugr yer, Nijerya veya Kongo gibi bir Afrika iilkesiydi. 0 zaman, Amerika veya isvis:re olmak is:in s:abalamanm bir anlamr kalmryor elbette.

Her kafadan bir ses s:rktr· Mutlulugun formiilii nedir? Birilerine gore, 'Bir sen, bir ben, bir de bebek.' Ama bu i§ his:bir zaman bu kadar kolay olmach. En azmdan bebege bez ve mama is:in para da gerekiyor.

Bu tartl§malarda kullanrlan psikolojik, sosyolojik, felsefi gorii§lerin hemen hepsinin gerisinde yatan bir denge arayi§I var: Mutsuzluga yol as:an sorun, insanlann elde ettikleriyle sahip olmak istedikleri arasmdaki oransrzlrktan kaynaklanmaktadrr. Neye sahip oldugunuzun veya neye ula§mak istediginizin tek ba§ma bir onemi yoktur. Ancak bu iki unsur kar§rhklr ele ahnchgr ve aralanndaki mesafe ols:iildiigii zaman elde edilen sonus: 'mutluluk' veya 'mutsuzluk' bis:iminde formiile edilebilir.

Bu 'ol¢' elbette ki son derece ozneldir. Oldiigu zaman Tanrr'ya kavu§acagmr dii§iinen bir insan is:in oliim bile mutluluk kaynagr olabilir. Bu nedenle, herkese uyarlanabilecek bir mutluluk formiilii bulunamaz. Ama kiiltiirel farklrhklan gazeten mutluluk formiilleri olabilir.

ilgins: bir kar§rla§tlrma, Bah diinyasmm mutluluk anlayi§Inl yansrta.n Maslow'un gorii§iiyle, mistik Dogu'nun anlayr§mi yansrtan Buda'nm gorii§ii arasmda yaprlabilir. Maslow'a gore, mutluluk (o, 'kendini gers:ekle§tirme' der) ancak yeme, is:me, bannma, giivenlik gibi temel gereksinmeler saglanchktan sonra insandaki yaratia diirtiilerin harekete ges:mesiyle saglanabilir. Yani Maslow, denklemin 'arz' boyutuna oncelik ta.nrmaktachr. Buda'ya gore ise, insan ta.lebinin smm yoktur. Onun is:ffi mutlulugu saglamanm yolu 'arzr artrrmak' degil, 'ta.lebi krsmak' olmahdrr. insanlar hayatta. ne kadar s:ok §ey isterlerse, mutsuz olma ihtimalleri o kadar artar. Yaprlacak §ey, hayattan beklentileri asgari diizeye indirmek, boylece denklemin unsurlarr arasmda dengeyi saglamaktrr. Hangi formiiliin daha dogru oldugunu his:bir sonus: almadan giinlerce tartl§abilirsiniz. Fakat bir §ey var ki, tartl§maya his: gerek yok: Batrlrlann formiilii mutluluk getirmese bile, para, giis:, iktidar ve somiirii getiriyor. Buna 's:agda§la§ma' diyorlar. Sevsek de, sevmesek de, hepimiz o yolun yolrusuyuz.

The concept of happiness 25

Abraham Harold Maslow was an American psychologist and philosopher who is best known for his self-actualization theory of psychology. In his major works, Motivation and Personality (1954) and Toward a Psychology of Being (r962), Maslow argued that each person has a hierarchy of needs that must be satisfied, ranging from basic physiological requirements to love, esteem and, fmally, self-actualization.

Buda: Buddha is the spiritual leader and founder of Buddhism; the term means 'awakened one' in Sanskrit

asgari lowest, minimum

boyut dimension, aspect

dfirtii instinct, drive

ele almak consider

formfile etmek formulate

(temel) gereksinme essential needs

gerisinde yatmak lie behind, be the underlying reason

gozetmek consider, give importance to

gozle(n)mek be observed

her kafadan bir ses pkmak for everyone to be talking at odds all at once

kendini ger~ekle§tirmek be self:fUijilled, find oneself, realize oneself

Ti.irkiye Ziraat Odalan Birligi, dogal afetlerin zararlanm asgari diizeye indirecek koklii onlemler almmasr gerektigi yoniinde uyanda bulundu.

Ya§adrgrmrz siir~e, siyasi skandahn hukuksal boyutu tartl§Ihyor.

Eger sorun cinsel dfirtiilerse, 'erkek neden ortiinmiiyor' sorusu aida geliyor.

Basm a9-klamasmda, ekonomik krizle ilgili son durum ve atrlacak adrmlarm ele almdrgt belirtildi.

Klasik iktisadm 'her arz kendi talebini yaratrr' bi9Ininde formfile edilebilecek gorii§iinii a9-klar mrsmrz?

Temel gereksinmelerini giderebilen insan, kendini gitgide daha azgiir ve iyi hissedecektir.

Bu konferans, Ti.irkiye'deki etnik sorunlarm gerisinde yatm sosyolojik ger~eklere I§rk tutmayr ama~amaktadrr.

Yeni anayasa metninde, etnik farklrhklan gozeten degi§iklikler yaprlacak.

Daha sonraki incelemelerde, hastanm karaciger enzimlerinde yiikselme gazlendi.

Bu bolgede, AIDS'i onleme konusunda, her kafadan bir ses pkryor ve maalesef hastalrgm yayrlmasr onlenemiyor.

Her insanm ya§am oykiisii, kendini ger~ekle§tirme yolunda attrgr adrmlann toplamrdrr.


o yolun yolcusu on the road to, on the slippery slope to

oranstzbk disproportion

aznel subjective

uyarlamak adapt

1 Exercise 1

Askeri darbeden once, iktidarda, sorunlan cesaretle c;ozmekte yetersiz ve zaten o yolun yolcusu bir hiiki.imet vardt.

iki partinin hem maddi olanaklan, hem de siyasi giic;leri arasmda o denli biiyiik bir oranstzbk soz konusu ki, sec;im sonuc;Ian siirpriz olmayacak

'Giizellik' olgusunun en oznel kavramlardan biri oldugunu kabul edersek, giizellik yan§malannm adil olabilecegini one siirebilir miyiz?

Bazr sanatc;rlar, para kazanabilmek ic;in, yaprtlarmr insanlarm begenisine uyarlamak zorunda kalryorlar.


I asgari a) bir konunun niteligi ve kapsarm 2 boyut b) iki §ey arasmda, nicelik ve nitelik bakrrmndan bir denge

bulunmamasr

3 diirtii c) hesaba katmak, goz oniinde bulundurmak, belli bir aynnhyr ve etkeni dikkate almak

4 gozetmek d) insanr eyleme iten, bilinc; otesi, giic;lii egilim ve duygular 5 oransrzhk e) en alt diizeyde, en az, en a§agr, en dii§iik

I 'Belli ki bu i§ bOyle yiiriimiiyor.'

Belli ki 'it's clear that ( ... )', 'clearly' is a modal adverbial which expresses the speaker's intention of drawing attention to what is about to be claimed to be the truth.

Example:

~u bir ge~k ki, kUresel1smma insan eliyle meydana gelmiflir. It is a fact that global warming is man-made.

1 Exercise 2

Part A


The concept of happiness 27

I DiE2 'nin 'Ya§am Memnuniyeti. Ara§tlrmasr' anket sonu9.an, Tiirkiyeli aychnlan hayrete dii§iirdii.

2 Mistik Dogu anlaYl§ma gore, insanlann beklentileri artl:lk~. mutsuz olma riskleri de art.abilir. 3 Tiirkiye aychm, mutluluk olgusunda, ekonomik refah diizeyinin onemli bir rol oynadrgmr

dii§iiniiyor. 4 'Parayla saadet olmaz' diye dii§iinenler ile, 'Parastz da hayat c;ekilmez' gorii§iinii payla§anlar,

Tiirkiye'de mutluluk ~ tarb.~da iki uzla§ma.z kutup olarak kar§lffilZa ¢ayor. 5 Alkan, Tiirkiye' de, ister istemez Batlhlann mutluluk formiiliine umut baglandrgmr ileri

siiriiyor.

PartB


I Yaziya gore, mutlulugun formiilii konusunda her kafadan bir ses 9-kmasmm nedeni nedir? 2 Tiirker Alkan, 'Mutlu olmak i<;in iki ki§inin birbirini sevmesi yeterliclir' gorii§iine kanhyor

mu? Ni<;in? 3 Uzmanlara gore, mutlu olmanm en onemli ol¢tii nedir? 4 Y azara gore, evrensel bir mutluluk ya da mutsuzluk denklemi kurmak olasr mr? 5 Y azar, Bah ve Dogu diinyasmm mutluluk felsefesini nasli ozetliyor ve Tiirkiye toplumunu

terazinin hangi kefesine koyuyor?

I Exercise 3


I Ger~ekten de, gelir diizeyi a) mutlu oldugunu soyleyenlerin yiikseldik~e oranmda biiyiik bir yiikselme

gozleniyordu. 2 Bu tartl§malarda kullanrlan b) yatan bir denge arayt§l var.

psikolojik, sosyolojik, felsefi gorii§lerin hemen hepsinin gerisinde

3 M utsuzluga yol a~n so run, c) bir mutluluk formiilii bulunamaz. insanlann elde etti.kleriyle

4 Ancak bu iki unsur kar§lirkh ele d) zaman elde edilen sonu~ almchgr ve aralanndaki mesafe 'mutluluk' veya 'mutsuzluk' ol¢ldiigu bi~inde formiile edilebilir.

5 Bu nedenle, herkese uyarlanabilecek e) sahip olmak istedikleri arasmdaki oransrzlrktan kaynaklanmaktadrr.

I Exercise 4


• yoksulluk s1mn ve mutluluk • mutlulugun formulu • kUIWrel farkl1hldar ve mutluluk anlay1~lan


I Exercises



a) Yoksulluk mutsuzluk demektir. b) Parayla mutluluk olmaz.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Gozlemlerinize dayanarak, Turkiye'de, insanlan en ~ok mutlu eden etmenleri ele al1p, bunlan tan1d1gm1z kultlirlerdeki mutluluga ili~kin beklentilerle kar~1la~t1nn1z.

Notes

* Radikal, 13.02.2005: http:/ jwww.radikal.com.trjhaber.php?haberno=I43405 I For a detailed analysis of the changing values of the middle classes, see Kozanoglu, C. Cilal~ !maj Detni:

198o'lerden 199o'lara T"Urkiye ve Starlan, lleti§im Yaymlan, 1992; ~irn§ek, A. Yeni Orta Smif, Leyla ile Mecnun Yaymcthk, 2005.

2 Devlet lstatistik Enstitiisii 'State Institute of Statistics'.

Chapter s: The politics of water in Turkey

Ay§egul Kibaroglu, Middle East Technical University

Warer is deemed an essential component of socio-economic development in Turkey. Successive governments have emphasized the key role that water resources development plays in agricultural development and hydropower generation. In the early period of the republic, provision of warer and sanitation to the rural population as well as to burgeoning numbers in the urban areas was a major task for the stare.

The agricultural sector plays a key role in the social and economic development of Turkey. Yet it resembles those of countries with low economic production that produce in alignment with the 'laws of nature'. Turkish agriculture depends heavily on climatic conditions. Warer is a limiting factor for agriculture throughout much of the country. Thus, irrigation has gradually been expanded over the past fifty years to the point where it now accounts for the largest allocation of water. Yet, during the expansion of irrigation infrastructure, land-warer inreractions were overlooked and land reform could not be accomplished to enable the landless community to benefit from development in an equitable manner.

In the r970s Turkey was seriously hit by the energy (oil) crises and after I997 became an importer of electricity. At present, hydropower provides about 40 per cent of the total power generared, but there is more potential. The hydropower share is expected to increase in particular through the construction of power plants on the Euphrares and Tigris rivers.

Water has been particularly key for regional development and stare building. From the r920s to the r950S, Turkey was engaged in state consolidation efforts including the investigation, exploitation and management of natural resources, namely water and land. The adoption of the Constitution of the Turkish Republic of r96r paved the way for stare-induced economic and social development directed towards overcoming regional imbalances, with the western regions far ahead of the south-easrem and north-easrem provinces. While Turkey inrends to develop warer resources all over the country, the Southeasrem Anatolia Project (Turkish acronym GAP) is of particular importance for generating hydropower and producing agricultural commodities. All the more, it is the government's desire to stabilize this under-developed region politically by significantly raising the population's standard of living. However, these large-scale water resource development projects have been perceived as top-down conventional interventions introduced by technocratic and bureaucratic officials without the necessary bridges having been built between the supplier and the user to enhance and distribure the benefits equitably.

The political and economic crises of the r970s, r98os and r990s which ernpred in the country prevented these investments from being completed on time. Moreover, water needs for drinking,

30 The politics of water

agriculture, industry and energy purposes increased exponentially in the second half of the twentieth century. Furthermore, the physical structures which were built to increase the water supply caused degradation and depletion of natural resources such as water and land and ended up in certain regions of the country by destroying the ecological systems. Even though the necessary environmental legislation and institutional framework have been established since the early 1990s, Turkey has yet to decide how to integrate environmental concerns into its water development policy.

The strategy for managing water involved the country's water resources being Inainly developed using public money. Since the early 198os, however, the neoliberal transformation of the Turkish political economy has resulted in significant changes in water policy and management. With its decisions of 24 January 1980, Turkey became one of the first countries in the developing world to make the shift from state-led development strategies to a model of broad ~narket liberalization open to the international economy. For example, the introduction of a buildoperate-transfer (BOT) model to the energy sector in 1984 with Law No. 3096 enabled the private sector to buy the right to generate, transmit and distribute electricity under a public need provision. This system was later modified and applied in other sectors including water, where it was extended to the provision of public water and sanitation services in municipalities, and to the construction, operation and ~nanagement of infrastructure such as dams, hydropower plants and irrigation systems.

Water also plays a key role for Turkey in its relations with its neighbours. Turkey shares nearly one third of its water potential with its neighbours by being either upstream (Dicle (Tigris, FiratfEuphrates, CoruhfChorokhi and Aras fArakJ!.-KurafMtkvari) or downstream (MericfMaritsaf Evros and AsifOrontes). Even though Turkey ~nanaged to set the 'rules of the game', at least partially, by concluding a number of historical treaties with its north-western and eastern neighbours, mistrust and lack of confidence in transboundary water relations with the southern neighbours, namely Syria and Iraq, have long been the Inajor obstacle to reaching sustainable water ~nanagement patterns and institutions in the Euphrates-Tigris rivers system. Only recently, the political will has been expressed to build regional cooperation over the use and ~nanagement of transboundary water resources in the Euphrates, Tigris and Orontes river basins by addressing the urgent needs of riparians and introducing joint projects for efficient water use and to cope with natural disasters such as droughts.

Su Forumuna Tepki Yag1yor*

istanbul' cia bugiin ba§layan '5· Diinya Su Forumu' ele¢rilere maruz kahyor. Saadet Parti.si'nin istanbul Biiyii~ehir Belediye Ba§kan adayr Mehmef Bekaroglu, 'Prrlant.adan yiizde o, sudan yiizde 8 KDV almryor' diyerek hiikiimeti ele§tirirken, Doga Demegi, 'Suyu yok eden kiiresel rsmma degil, yanh§ su politikalandrr' dedi.

I '5· Diinya Su Forumu' na kimi siyasi ve demek yoneticisi ~evreciler tepki gosteriyor.

'Prrlantaya yiizde o, suya yiizde 8 KDV' Saadet Partisi'nin istanbul Biiyiik§ehir Belediye Ba§kan adayr Mehmet Bekaroglu, protesto

esnasmda 5· Diinya Su Forumu'nun yaprldrgr Siitliice Kongre ve Kiiltiir Merkezi yakmmdaki Beyoglu Adliyesi'nin oniinde yaptrgr basm a¢damasmda, suyun ticarile§tirilmesi halinde sadece parasr olanlann kullanabilecegi bir meta haline gelecegini savunarak, 'Peki parasr

The politics of water 31

olmayanlar ne yapacaktrr? Onlara da haftada bir, bir damacana temiz su yardum rm yapilacak?' dedi.

Diinya Su Konseyi'nin yakla§lmitlm, 'egemen neoliberal paradigmaya uygun bir §ekilde temel bir insan hakla. olan suyun metala~asr ve sermaye birikiminin aracr haline getirilmesi' oldugunu ifade eden Bekaroglu, Diinya Su Konseyi'nin 2oo6 yrlmda Meksika'da gerc;ekle¢rilen toplantJ.smda, su sorununun ozelle§tirmeler yoluyla ~Oziileceginin vurgulandrgmr hatrrlattJ..

Mehmet Bekaroglu, prrlantadan yiizde srfir KD~ ahmrken, §ehir i9 §ebeke suyundan yiizde 8 KDV almdrgrm ifade ederek, 'Adalet ve kalkmma anlayr§I, suyu yerli ve yabancr tekellerin kar edecekleri bir meslege donii§tiirmekten ka~amaktadrr. Kamu i§letmelerinin ozel sektore devriyle ba§layan ozelle§tirme siireci, saghk ve egitimden sonra suya gelip dayanmi§ durumdadrr' diye konu§tll.

I 'Suyu yok eden kiireselrsmma degil, yanh§ su politikalandrr'

Doga Demegi, Tiirkiye gollerinin yanya yakmmm kurumasma neden olan, onemli doga alanlarmr tehdit eden yanh§ su politikalarmm Tiirkiye'nin gelecegini tehlikeye sokacak kadar ciddi boyutlara ula§mi§ durumda oldugunu bildirdi.

Demekten yaprlan yazrlr a9klamada, bugiin ba§layan 5· Diinya Su Forumu kapsarmnda, suyla ilgili dogru sanrlan 7 temel yanh§a dikkat ~eken bir rapor yayrmladrgr belirtildi. A9klamada, dogru sanrlan 7 temel yanh§ §<iyle srralandr: 'Su bO§a akmaz. <;ok baraj, ~ok kalkmma degildir. Giiniimiizde gollerin kuruyor olmasmm en temel nedeni kiireselrsmma degil, yanh§ tanmsal sulama projeleridir. En ~ok su tasarrufu evde degil, tarlada yaprhr. Sulu tanm her zaman daha karh degildir. Nehirleri ta§ryarak her zaman su sorunu ~oziilmez. Tiirkiye'de dogayr yok eden en biiyiik etken orman yangmlan veya ~olle§me degil, yanh§ su politikalandrr.'

DSi'nin bugiine kadar Tiirkiye'deki su kaynaklarmm yonetimini biiyiik ol~e bu 7 yanh§ iizerine in§a ettigi ve bu nedenle su kaynaklarmm hrzla yok oldugu savunulan a~rklamada, demek olarak bu durumun degi§ebilmesi i9n su kaynaklanmn yonetiminin havza ol~eginde yaprlmasmm talep edildigi vurgulandr. A~rklamada gorii§lerine yer verilen Doga Demegi Ba§kani Giiven Eken, sulama ve baraj projelerinin gerek planlama, gerekse uygulama a§amasmda tanmsal, ~evresel ve orta vadeli ekonomik etkilerinin goz ardr edildigini bildirdi.

Bunun sonucunda yer altr ve yer iistii sulannm kalite ve miktarmda son 20 yrl i~erisinde ciddi azalmalar ortaya ~mr ifade eden Eken, su konusunda Tiirkiye' de kamuoyunun bilimsel temeli olmayan 'Suyumuz bO§a akryor' ciimlesiyle yanrltrldrgmr savundu.

Bilinenin aksine dogada tek bir damla suyun bo§a akmadrgmr belirten Giiven Eken, DSi'nin yanh§ su politikalan nedeniyle 20 yrl i9nde Marmara Denizi biiyiikliigiinde (1,5 milyon hektar) sulak alanm kuruduguna dikkati ~ekti.

I 'Susma sustuk~ susuz kalrrsm'

Tiirk Miihendis ve Mimar Odalan Birligi (TMMOB) Yonetim Kurulu Ba§kani Mehmet Sogancr, 'Diinya Su Forumu, suyumuzu pazarlamanm ara~ olu§turmak iizere iilkemizde toplamyor. Burada yaprlmas1n1 istedikleri uygulamalar, halkrmiZm suya eri§imini krsrtlayacaktrr' dedi.

Sogancr, yapngr yazrlr a9klamada, suyun satrlmasma ve ticarile§tirilmesine kar§I ~ak amacryla Siitliice Adliyesi oniinde toplanan yakla§rk 200 ki§inin cop kullanrlarak dagrtrlmasmr


ve 17 ki§inin gozaltma almmasmr ele¢rerek §Oyle dedi: 'Suyumuzu pazarlamanm ara<;larmr olu§turmak iizere iilkemizde toplamlmasma miihenclis, mimar ve §ehir plancrlan olarak "dur" derken, ilgili her kesimin bir araya gelerek miicadele etmesi gerekliligini bir kez daha vurguluyoruz. "Su haktrr satllamaz, susma sustuk~ susuz kahrsm, susuz bir ya§amak oliim demektir" sozlerini soylemeye devam edecegiz.,

I 'Sudan bir insan hakkr olarak soz edilmeyecek'

ingiliz Guardian gazetesi, istanbul'da diizenlenen '5. Diinya Su Forumu' na ili§kin ele§tiri ve tepkilere dikkat ~ektigi haberinde, Forum'a katrlma maliyetiyle de ilgili yakmmalarm oldugunu belirtirken, 'Tiirk vize klsrtlamalan ve 280 sterlin tutarmdaki bir girl§ iicreti, daha yoksul iilkelerin delegelerinin foruma katllmasmr imkansrz hale getircli' denildi.

ingiliz The Guardian gazetesi, Tiirkiye muhabiri Robert Tait imzah 'Aktivistler, diinya su forumunda km§Ikllk yaratmaya ant i¢' ba§llklr haberinde, siyasi liderler, uzmanlar ve aktivistlerin diinya su kltlrgmr onlemeyi ama9-ayan 'Diinya Su Forumu' toplantllanna katllacagmr, ancak Forum'u ele¢renlerin 'kar pe§inde ko§an ve ozelle§tirmeleri te§vik eden ~ok uluslu §irketler i~n bir cephe' olarak ilan ettigine dikkat ~ekti.

Forum'un, 20 bin kadar delegenin katllrmryla diinyanm en iinlii su yollarmdan biri olan Bogaz manzarah Hall~ kenannda yapddrgma i§aret edilen haberde, Forum'da uluslararasr kreclideki SOO§manm kalkmmakta olan iilkelerin su projelerine vercligi zarara vurgu yapdacagr kaydedilcli.

The Guardian, Forum'u ele§tirenlerin gorii§lerine de yer verdigi haberinde, Mavi Gezegen Projesi kurucusu Maude Barlow'un, 'Bir BM etkinligi gibi diizenlendi ancak degil. Esasen biiyiik su §irketlerinin organize ettigi biiyiik bir ticaret §OVU. Sudan bir insan hakkl olarak soz eclilmeyecek' sozlerini aktardr.

I Altematif forum

Forum'u ele§tirenlerin su sorununa kamu ~oziimlerinin te§vik edilmesi amacryla Bilgi Oniversitesi'nde 'altematifbir forum' diizenledigine clikkat ~eken gazete, 'Konsey'in, Diinya Bankasr'nm yardrrm ile su maliyetini yiikselten, geli§mekte olan diinyadaki su kltlrgrm daha da agrrla§hran projelere onciiliik yaptrgr' ele§tirilerine yer verdi.

I 'Tahammiilsiizliigu klmyoruz'

Y e§iller Partisi'nden yapdan a~da, 'Diinya Su Forumu'ndaki protestolara tahammiilsiizlugu, §iddeti ve gozaltrlan kmryoruz' denildi. Yazrh a9klamada, forumun a~Ill§l srrasmda salonda Uluslararasr Nehirler (International Rivers) aktivistleri Ann Katherine Schneider ve Payal Parikh'in 'Daha fazla ~evreye zarar veren barajlar istemiyoruz' pankam a~klan i~in, forumun yapddrgr Siitliice Kongre Merkezi oniindeki gruptan 17 ki§inin de protesto gosterisi yapmalan nedeniyle polisin miidahalesinin ardmdan gozaltrna ahndrklan belirtildi.

Suyun herkese ait oldugunu, satllamayacagmr ve ticari bir mala donii§tiiriilemeyecegini soylemenin, dogrulan ve halkm ortak duyarhhgrm ifade etmek anlarmna geldigi kaydedilen a~amada, 'Diinya Su Forumu'ndaki protestolara tahammiilsiizliigu, §iddeti ve gozaltrlan kmryoruz' ifadesine yer verilcli.


5· Dftnya Su Fommu: lbe World Water Forum is the meeting that the World Water Council (see below) organizes every three years and is the largest international event in the field of water. Its main purposes are to raise the importance of water on the political agenda and to generate political commitment towards solving international water issues in the twentyfirst century.lbe fifth World Water Forum was held in istanbul in 2009 with the participation of over 30,000 attendees.

Saadet Partisi: lbe Felicity Party is the most recent incarnation of Necmettin Erbakan's Islamist Welfare Party which was the first Islamic party to win a general election in Turkey back in 1995.

Doga Demegi or the Nab.tre Foundation is a civil environmental organization which has been active since 2002. It has been working on environmental issues faced by Turkey through raising awareness, political campaigning and various educational activities.

Dtinya Su Konseyi: lbe World Water Council is an international think tank founded in 1996. Its stated mission is 'to promote awareness, build political commitment and trigger action on critical water issues at all levels, including the highest decision-making level, to facilitate the efficient conservation, protection, development, planning, management, and use of water in all its dimensions on an environmentally sustainable basis for the benefit of all life on earth'.

DSi: Devlet Su i§leri Genet Mtidtirltigii or the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works was set up in 1954 as the institution with the authority to plan, govern, and develop all the water resources in Turkey.

Ttirk Mtihendis ve Mimar Odalan Birligi (fMMOB): lbe Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects was established in 1954 and is a member of WFEO, the World Federation of Engineering Organizations.

Hali~ is an historic inlet of the Bosphorus which divides the city of istanbul and forms a natural harbour. It is a scimitar-shaped estuary which is also known as the Golden Hom.

ant i~mek vow, promise, affirm

~olle§me drying up, desertification

duyarhhk sensitivity

Hassan Nasrallah, 'Uluslararast toplumdan bu yonde gelen baskllara ragmen, israil'le ban§ yapmamaya ant i¢k' diye konu§tll.

Di.inyada, artrk sadece diger canhlar degil, insanlar da ~olle§menin olumsuz etkilerinden dolaystz olarak etkilenmeye ba§ladt.

Toplumsal duyarhhk, ba§ka insanlara ve ya§arugimiZ olaylara ili§kin sorumluluk iistlenmektir.


eri§im access

gelip dayanmak come round finally

goz ardt etmek ignore, overlook

gozalbna almak take into custody

kapsammda within the scope of, in the context of

kaydetmek state

kmamak condemn

Olu~lacak at"§iv, gelecek ku§aklann, bilgiye erl§imini kolayla~ayt ama~lamaktadrr.

Topragm verimi, srnrnna gelip dayandlgt i911, ariik bilin9i tanmcdik donemini ba~latmanm zamam gelmi~ti.r.

Depremden sonra olu~abilecek su baskm1 gaz ardt edildi.

Diizenlenen operasyonlarda, aralannda emekli subaylann da bulundugu yakla§Ik 40 ki§i, gazalbna almarak sorgulamalan yapddt.

Balyoz Eylem Plam soru~turmas1 kapsammda, gozaltma alman Kurmay Albay B. r;., ifadesi almdtktan sonra serbest b1rakddr.

Tiirkiyeli gazeteci, makalesinde, 'Filistin - israil satr§Inasma ej:Oziim' konulu gOrii§melerde elde edilen gozle goriiliir ilerlemeyi kaydetti.

Hangi iilkeler insani yardrm gotiiren gemiye saldtnyt kmadt?

(ele§tirilere) maruz kalmak Televizyon programmda, misafirini, 'Roman' yerine receive strong criticism '~ingene' diye kategorize ettigi i~in, ele§tirilere maruz

ka1an gazeteci-yazar, sessiz kalmayt tercih etti.

metaJa§brmak commoditize

miicadele etmek fight

ondiliik yapmak pioneer

sernnayebirikinni accumulation of capital

tahammiilsiizliik intolerance

talep etmek demand, ask for, request

Profesor, kapitalist sistemin, bilimi ti.lmiiyle kendi c;Ikarlanna gore yonlendirerek, bilimsel iiriinleri metal~brmgnn savundu.

Tanmmi§ feminist sosyolog, gazetecinin, 'Biitiin kadrnlann bir araya gelerek haklan ic;in miicadele etmesi hayali niye suya dii§tii' sorusunu yamtsiZ brraktt.

Bir grup c;evreci, Datsa'da ekoturizmin yaygmla§masma ondiliik yapmak istiyor.

Anadolu'daki sermaye birikimi, Avrupa'yla geli§en ekonomik ili§kiler c;erc;evesinde, orada ya§ayanlan, Avrupa'nm temelldiltiirel degerleriyle de bulu§turabilecek midir?

Prof. Dr Binnaz Toprak,3 yaptlgr ara§hrmanm sonuc;lanna dayanarak, ozellikle Anadolu'da, farkh olanlara tahammiilsiizliigiin c;ok agrr hissedildigini belirtti.

Tiirkiye Cumhuriyeti Hiikiimeti, ABD Ba§kani Obama'dan, Tiirkiye'nin Orta Dogu4 'daki roliine ili§kin gorii~me talep etti.


tehlikeye sokmak endanger, jeopardize, imperil

~evre uz:manlan, izmir Ku§ Cenneti. alamnda bulunan ~amaltr Tuzlas1'nm ozelle¢rilmesinin, ekosistemi tehllkeye sokacag. yoniinde uyanda bulunuyorlar.

ticarile§tirmek commercialize

Egiti.m Vakfi'nm raporuna gore, hiikiimet, herkese acrtk bir kamu hizmeti olmas1 gereken egiti.mi, biiyiik ol~iide ticarile¥llmi.§tir.

1 Exercise 1


I anti~ek a) bir §eyi yapma ya da yapmama konusunda yeminle soz vermek

2 duyarhhk b) toplumsal bir sorun(sal)la ilinti.li olarak tepkisini ortaya koyabilme ve hassasiyet gosterebilme yetisi

3 goz ard1 etmek c) farkh gorii§lere kar§I anlayt§SIZ davranma; kendisi gibi olmayanlara katlanamama durumu

4 onciiliik yapmak d) bir §eye onderlik, liderlik yapmak; yol a~ak

5 tahammiilsiizliik e) gormemezlikten, bilmemezlikten, anlamamazhktan ve duymamazhktan gelerek, birine ya da bir §eye gereken onemi vermemek

I 'Su bo§a akmaz. ~k baraj, ~ok kalkmma degildir. Giiniimiizde gollerin kuru~ olmasmm en temel nedeni, kiiresel1smma degil, yanh§ tanmsal sulama projeleridir.'

In the construction kuruyor olmasmm, the combination of -(l)yor with ol(mak) expresses continuity of a situation current at the moment of speech.

Example:

Uyufturucu kullamyor olmas1 ailesini ~ok Uzllyor. It makes hisfher family sad that sfhe (currently) uses drugs.

2 'Diinya Su Forumu, suyumuzu pazarlamanm ara9arm1 olu§turmak iizere iilkemizde toplan1yor.'

In the case of suyumuzu 'our water', the root su undergoes an exceptional change when a suffix is added and 'y' appears at the junction with the possessive suffix -umuz (which is followed by the accusative suffix -u.) Note that this exceptional rule doesn't apply to the third person plural sulanrmz.

Example:

Neyin var? What is wrong with you?

36 The politics ofwater

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I TMMOB yonetim kurulu ba§kam Soganc1, Diinya Su Forumu'nu, herkesin suya eri§imini kolayla§trracak pazarlama yollanm konu edindigi i9tl, desteklediklerini dile getiriyor.

2 Soganc1, protestoculara kar§I, kaba kuvvet kullamlmasm1 hakstz buluyor. 3 The Guardian'm haberine gore, 5· Diinya Su Forumu'nda, biiyiik su §irketleri, suyun

bir insan hakki oldugu ger~eginden yola ~I§lar. 4 Altematif forum yanhlan, suyun azelle§tirilmesinin oniinii kesmek istiyorlar. 5 Y aztdan edindigimiz bilgiye gore, Diinya Bankas1, su maliyetini a§agi ~ekmeyi ama~ayan

projelere onciiliik ederek, su klthgt sorununa bir ~oziim olu§illrmaya ~ali§maktadrr.

PartB


I Bekaroglu, suyun ticarile§tirilmesine ni~in kar§I ~ooyor? 2 Bekaroglu, su sorununun ozel sektOrce ~oziilmesi onerisine katrhyor mu? Ni~in? 3 Doga Demegi, gollerin kurumasma en onemli etken olarak neyi gosteriyor? 4 Doga Demegi, Tfukiye'de su kaynaklannm yonetimine ili§kin sorunlan nasi1

omekliyor? 5 Doga Demegi ba§kam Eken, Tiirkiye'de kamuoyunun nasi1 yani1ti1digtm ileri siiriiyor?

I Exercise 3


I Kamu i§letmelerinin ozel sektore devriyle a) olmasmm en temel nedeni ba§layan ozelle§tirme sfueci, saghk ve kiiresel1smma degil, yanh§ egitimden sonra suya tanmsal sulama projeleridir.

2 Giiniimiizde gollerin kuruyor b) gelip dayanrm§ durumdadrr, diye konu§tll.

3 Tiirkiye' de dogayt yok eden en biiyiik etken c) ele§tirilerine yer verdi. orman yangmlan veya ~olle§me degil

4 Diinya Su Forumu, suyumuzu pazarlamanm d) iizere iilkemizde toplamyor. ara~anm olu§illrmak

5 ( ... ) Gazete, Konsey'in, Diinya Bankas1'nm e) yanh§ su politikalandrr. yardlm1 ile su maliyetini yiikselten, geli§mekte olan diinyadaki klthgtm daha da agrrla§trran projelere onciiliik yaptlgt


I Exercise 4


• kuresel1smma ve su k1tl1g1 • yanl1~ su politikalan • su sorunu ve ozelle~tirmeler • ekonomik kalkmma ve su sorunu

I Exercises



a) Su, herkesin iicretsiz olarak eri§ebilmesi gereken temel bir insan hakkrdrr. b) Dogal madenlerin eri§imi iicretsiz olmachgma gore, su da iicrete tabi olmahdrr.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


insan haklan ~e~evesinde Turkiye'de ve dunyada su sorunu konusunu tart1~1n1z.

Notes

* Cumhuriyet, 16.Mart.2oog: http:jjwww.cumhuriyet.com.trj?im=yhs&hn=44152 I There are different schools of thought on whether to use d and b or t and p for the endings of words/

names originally taken from Arabic (MehmedjMehmet, AhmedfAhmet, etc.). I have preserved the writers' original spellings of words.

2 Katma Deger Vergisi 'VAT'. 3 Bogazi.¢ University, Department of Political Science and International Relations. 4 This may also be spelt Ortadogu.

Chapter 6: The new Turkish penal code

Fatih Selami Mahmutoglu, istanbul University

Before the r839 Tanzimat reforms, criminal law in the Ottoman State used to depend on imperial orders and Islamic law. In r84o, after the declaration ofTanzimat, the criminal code called 'Ceza Kanunname-i Hfunayun' (Royal Criminal Code) was implemented. In r926, shortly after the declaration of the Republic, Turkish Penal Code No. 765 came into force, modelled on the Italian Penal Code of r889. During the period when Turkish Penal Code No. 765 remained in effect, various studies were performed and many draft texts were prepared for change. However, Turkish Penal Code No. 5237 came into force on r June 2005. Although Turkish Penal Code No. 765 was contemporary, it did not reflect the developments experienced after the Second World War and failed to keep up with social changes. At this point the fundamental problem was not the code itself but political and social insensitivity about altering it. In addition to the deficiencies mentioned above, another fundamental reason for altering the code was that Code No. 765 was influenced by nineteenth-century criminal law philosophy. It became essential to enact a new law to eliminate these problems and to adopt new institutions such as reconciliation, which is accepted by most countries, and to criminalize new types of actions such as crimes against the environment and cyber crimes, which are directly linked to technological and industrial developments. From this perspective, the basic claim of Penal Code No. 5237 is to ensure the theoretical framework indicated above. Thus, the new Turkish penal code reformed the criminal justice system including the other basic codes such as the Criminal Procedure Code, the Code on Execution of Punishments and Security Measures and the Child Protection Act, rather than reforming a specific part of it. Some of the changes are as follows: unlike in Penal Code No. 765, the distinction between 'crime' and 'misdemeanour' has been abolished. Objective responsibility for aggravated crimes has been abolished and responsibility is just in cases of culpability. Regarding criminal attempt, the distinction between 'full attempt' and 'incomplete attempt' has been abolished, as has the distinction between 'full attempt' and 'incompetent attempt'. Sanctions have been divided into penalties and security measures. The new Turkish penal code not only made changes to general provisions but also it rearranged the system and content of special provisions. However, there are some criticisms of the preparation process and the proceedings of the new Turkish penal code.

The new Turkish penal code 39

Madde Madde Yeni TCK (9)*

Hakan Hakeri, Ondokuz May1s Oniversitesi

149- Hastanelerde ~ocuklan degi§tirenler hangi su~u i§lemi§ olur? Hastanelerde ~ocuklan bilerek ve isteyerek degi§tirenler ·~ocugun soy bagmr degi§tirme'

su~nu i§lemi§ olurlar (Bir yrldan ii~ yrla kadar hap is cezasr.) Buna kar§rhk, gerekli azeni gostermeyerek ~ocuklann karr§masma neden olan ki§i ise bir yrla kadar hapis cezasr ile cezalandmhr (md. 231). 150- Kaynananm geline siirekli kotii muamelesi de su~ mu?

Bir ki§iye kar§I insan onuruyla bagda§mayan ve bedensel veya ruhsal yonden acr ~ekmesine, a§agrlanmasma yol a~cak davram§larda bulunmak eziyet su~u olu§turacak ve fail sekiz yrla kadar hapis cezasma ~rptmhr (md. 96). 151- Ogretmen, usta, anne baba, ~ocugunu terbiye amacryla dovebilir mi?

Kanunumuzun 232. maddesinin ikinci frkrasmda, 'idaresi altmda bulunan veya biiyiitmek, okutmak, bakmak, muhafaza etmek veya bir meslek veya sanat ogretmekle yiikiimlii oldugu ki§i iizerinde, sahibi bulundugu terbiye hakkmdan dogan disiplin yetkisini kOtiiye kullanan ki§iye, bir yda kadar hapis cezasr verilir' denmektedir. Bu maddede kullamlan 'sahibi bulundugu terbiye hakkmdan dogan disiplin yetkisi' ifadesi dolayrsryla ogretmen, usta ve annebabaya bir disiplin yetkisinin verildigi anla§dmaktadrr. Ancak bu disiplin yetkisinin kapsammm ne oldugu a9klanmamaktadrr. Ancak bugiin ne annebabanm, ne ogretmenin, ne de ustanm ~ocugunu, ogrencisini veya ~rragmr dovme yetkisinin bulunmadrgr kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, dovme eylemi yaralama su~nu olu§turur. Hatta annebaba ve ogretmen bakrmmdan cezanm artmlmasr da soz konusu olabilir (md. 86j2). Dovme dr§lndaki, odadan 9karmama, tahtada bekletme gibi davranr§lar ise smrr a§rlmamak kaydryla disiplin yetkisi i~nde kabul edilip cezalandmlmazlar. 152- Yurt miidiirleri, okul miidiirleri, bekaret kontrolii yaptrrabilecekler mi?

Hayrr. Kanunumuz, bu konuya yonelik kamuoyundaki §ikayetleri gaz oniinde bulundurarak, ancak hakim veya savcr karanyla genital muayene yapdmasma olanak tammr§tlr (md. 287). ( ... ) 159- Oniimde bir su~ i§lendi, bunu ihbar etmekle yiikiimlii miiyiim?

Kural olarak ki§ilerin su~ ihbar yi.iki.imliili.igi.i bulunmamaktadrr. Ancak, bunun istisnalan da vardrr. ilkin su~, 'i§lenmekte olan bir su~· ise, yetkili makamlara bildirmemek su~ olu§turmaktadrr. Ornegin, bir kimsenin ka9rdarak belli bir yerde tutuldugunun bilinmesine ragmen, durumdan yetkili makamlarm haberdar edilmemesi; kom§Usunun ka~ elektrik kullandrgmr bilmesine ragmen ihbar edilmemesi bu su~ olu§turacaktrr. Aym §ekilde, i§lenmi§ olmakla birlikte, sebebiyet verdigi neticelerin smrrlandmlmasr halen miimkiin olan su9an da ihbar yiikiimliiliigu bulunmaktadrr. Ornegin, bir hrrsrzlik sonucunda elde edilmi§ mallarm bir depoda saklandrgmm bilinmesine ragmen, durumdan yetkili makamlann haberdar edilmemesi halinde bu su~ olu§acaktrr (md. 278). ikinci olarak, memurlarm gorevleri dolayrsryla ogrendikleri su~lan da ihbar yiikiimliiliigu vardrr (md. 279). ornegin, oniine gelen diplomanm sahte oldugu goren okul miidiirii, bu su~u ihbarla yiikiimliidiir. Bu kapsamda aynca saghk meslegi mensuplannm da, gorevini yaptrgr srrada bir su~n i§lendigi

40 The new Turkish penal code

yoniinde bir belirti ile kaqda§Illalan halinde, durumu yetkili makamlara bildirme yiikiimliiliigii vardrr (md. 280). ( ... ) 166- Dilencilik su~ mudur?

Haytr. Dilencilik ceza kanunumuz kapsammda bir su~ degildir. Fakat ~ocuklann, beden veya ruh bakrmmdan kendini idare edemeyecek durumda bulunan kimselerin dilencilikte ara~ olarak kullamlmas1 su~r. Dolaytstyla bu tip durumlarda, dilenci degil, onu kullanan kimse cezalandmlacaktrr (md. 229). ( ... ) 168- Yakmlarma fuhu§ yaptiranlara daha agrr ceza m1 veriliyor?

9>cugunu, e§ini, karde§ini, evlathgm1, ogrencisini, 9>cuk Esirgeme Kurumu gibi yerlerde koruma altinda olanlar1 fuhu§a te§Vik edene verilecek ceza artirilacak (md. 227/5)· ( ... ) 170- Yabana devlet bayragma kar§I hakaret su~ olu§!Urur mu?

Kural olarak evet. Ancak bunun resmen ~ekilmi§ olan yabanc1 devlet bayrag1 olmas1 gerekmektedir. Bu t.akdirde faile yabanc1 devletin §ikayeti §artJ.yla ii~ aydan bir yila kadar hapis cezas1 verilir (md. 341). Ayrtca bu devlette de Tiirk bayragma hakaretin cezalandmlabilir olmas1 aranmakt.adtr (md. 343).

Yeni TCK (Yeni Tftrk Ceza Kanunu): The new Turkish penal code was adopted on 26 September 2004 and has been implemented since 1 June 2005. It embodies a major revision of the former penal law as well as the introduction of a wide range of new sanctions and regulations into the Turkish legal system.

aramak mandate, require

Cl§mak cross the line

bagda§mak compatible with, agree with

bu takdirde in this case

buna "kar§dtk on the other hand, on the contrary

Adaylarda, T.C. uyruklu ve askerlik hizmetini t.amamlarm§ olma(k) §artlan aranmaktac:br.

Ogret:menler, esneklik smm a§dmamak kaydtyla, ogrencilerinin yaramazhk yapmasmi anlayt§la kar§Ilamaltdrr.

Kar§It gorii§te olanlara insanhk onuruyla bagda§mayan bir bi~mde yakla§anlann, i§ kendilerine gelince, saygtyi dogal bir hak olarak gormeleri, demokrasi kiiltiiriiniin yerle§mesinin oniinde en buyiik engeldir.

Dindarlar, giinah i§lendigi zaman, onun arkasmdan hemen sevap i§lemeyi oneriyorlar. Bu takdirde, o sevap giinahm yerine ge~ermi§.

Seksi §arktanm konserini a§m dinciler protesto etmeye devam ediyorlar. Buna "kar§tltk organizatorler, Flame'i 100 bin ki§inin izlemesinin beklendigini ve biletlerin ~ogunun satildtgrm belirtiyor.

haberdar etmek inform, let somebody know

(kendini) idare etmek look after herself/himself, manage herself/himself

lle ytildimlti be responsible for, liable for, in charge of

muhafaza etmek take care of

sebebiyet vennek cause

soy bagt family line

saz konusu olmak be in question

sus: i§Iemek commit a crime

te§Vik etmek encourage in a forciful way

1 Exercise 1

The new Turkish penal code 41

N ~e'nin ailesi de bo§anma kararumzdan haberdar edllmeli.

Ya§I veya hastahg1 dolayiSiyla kendini idare edemeyecek durumda olanlan, kendi kaderine terk etmemek lazrm.

Anne ve babalar, s:ocuklarmm giivenligini saglamakla ytildimltidtir.

Sokaga terk edilmi§ bir s:ocugu, al1p muhafaza etmek, herkesin insanhk gorevidir.

Savel, ehliyetsiz kamyon kullanrrken oliime sebebiyet verdigi i<;in, siiriiciiniin 5 yil 3 ay hapis cezasma <;arptmlmasmi talep etti.

Soy bagtnm tespiti i<;in kan omegi vermek yeterli oluyor.

Maliye Bakan1, 'Bu yilm son s:eyreginde, dikkate deger bir ekonomik biiyiime soz konusu olabllir' dedi.

<;ete elemanlan, birs:ok adi sus: i§lemiJ, hapse girmemek i<;in de daga <;Ikrm§lard1.

Yeni TCK' da, <;ocugu fuhu§a te§Vik edene, 4 yildan IO yila kadar hapis cezas1 verilebilecek.


I aramak a) verilen yetkiyi gereginden fazla kullanmak 2 a§mak b) bir ¥yi yapma §arb. koymak ve onemle istemek

3 bagda§mak c) bir §eye uymak; bir §eyle uyum ve uzla§ma i<;inde olmak

4 muhafaza etmek d) birinin sorumlulugunu iistlenerek onu korumak

5 te§vik etmek e) bir ki§iyi kotii bir i§ yapmas1 i<;in isteklendirmek ve ozendirmek

I 'Omegin, bir kimsenin ka<;mlarak belli bir yerde tutuldugunun bilinmesine ragmen, durumdan yetkili makamlarm haberdar edilmemesi ( ... ) '


Haberdar, meaning 'informed,' is constructed by adding the suffix of Persian origin -dar to the noun haber.

Example:

Hesaplar1n sorumlulugunu Uzerine alan kifiye kasadar denir. A person who takes the responsibility of financial records is called a cashier.

2 'Aym §ekilde, i§lenmi§ olmakla birlikte, sebebiyet verdigi neticelerin smrrlandmlmas1 halen miimkiin olan su9-an da ihbar yiikiimliiliigii bulunmaktadrr.'

The Arabic suffix -iyet is added to the noun sebep to form the noun sebebiyet Sebebiyet vennek means 'to cause.'

Example:

istanbul, pek ~k medeniyetin bulufiutu bir kUitUr kentidir. istanbul is a city of culture where many civilizations meet.

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I Hastanede, yanh§hkla ~ocuklan degi.¢renlere, bir ylidan ii~ ylia kadar hapis cezas1 verilir.

2 Bir ki§inin onurunu kmnaya yonelik kas1th davrani§lar, ~ olu§turmaz. 3 Ogretmenler, ogrenciler iizerinde disiplin yetkisine sahip olduklan halde, onlara kar§I

flziksel §iddet uygulayamazlar. 4 Ki§iler, i§lenmekte olan bir su~ ihbarla yiikiimliidiirler. 5 Yeni TCK'nm ilgili maddesinden yola ~ak, Tiirkiye'de gelinlerin kaynanalann kotii

muamelesine maruz kaldlklan sonucunu ~karabiliriz.

Part B


I Ogrencinin okulda ogretmenden dayak yemesi, yeni TCK'ya gore su~ te§kil ediyormu? Neden?

2 Yeni TCK' da, bekaret kontroliine ili§kin nasil bir degi§iklik yapilmi§? 3 Yeni TCK, dilencilikle ilgili nasil bir diizenleme getiriyor? 4 Yeni TCK, fuhu§la ilgili hangi durumda ceza artmm1 ongoriiyor? 5 YabanCI devlet bayragma hakaretin cezalandmlabilir olmas1 i~, yeni TCK'da ne gibi

§artlar aranmaktadlr?

1 Exercise 3


The new Turlc.ish penal code 43

I Hastanelerde s:ocuklan bilerek ve isteyerek a) su<;Ian da ihbar degi§tirenler 's:ocugun soy bagm1 degi¢rme' yiikiimliiliigu

bulunmaktadrr. 2 Kanunumuz, bu konuya yonelik kamuoyundaki b) ancak hakim veya savc1

§ikayetleri goz oniinde bulundurarak, karanyla genital muayene yapumasma olanak tamrm§tlr.

3 Aym §ekilde, i§lenmi§ olmakla birlikte, sebebiyet c) sus:unu i§lemi§ olurlar. verdigi neticelerin smrrlandrrllmaSI halen miimkiinolan

4 Bu kapsamda aynca saghk meslegi d) durumu yetkili mensuplarmm da, gorevini yapt:Ig1 srrada bir makamlara bildirme sus:un i§lendigi yoniinde bir belirti ile yiikiimliiliigii vardrr. kar§lia§malan halinde,

5 Aynca bu devlette de Tiirk bayragma hakaretin e) olmas1 aranmaktadrr. cezalandrrliabilir

I Exercise 4


• Yeni TCK'ya gore su~ olu~turan eylemler • soy bagma kar~1 i~lenen su~ • kaynana-gelin hiyerar~isi • ogretmenlerin disiplin yetkisi • bekaret kontrolu • dilencilik. fuhu~ • yabancl devlet bayragma kar~1 hakaret

I Exercise s


I disagree I I I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 8 9 IO I agree

a) Ozgiir ve verimli bir egitim ortam1 saglamak i<rffi, ogretmenlerin disiplin yetkisi en aza indirilmelidir.

b) Ogretmenler, ogrencilerinin iyi bir egitim almalan i<rffi, gerekirse sert davranabilmelidir.

1 Exercise 6



I Exercise 7


Yeni TCK'nm Turkiye'deki geleneksel kesimlerin toplumsal beklentilerine ne derece cevap verdigini tart1~m1z. Buna ek olarak, 'Kanunlar m1 topluma, toplum mu kanunlara uymali' sorusu ekseninde, goru~lerinizi tan1d1gm1z kultllrlerden somut orneklerle destekleyiniz.

J * Radikal, 13.o6.2oos: http:Jjwww.radikal.com.trjhaber.php?habemo--IS56I6

Chapter 7: Sexual honour in Turkey

$enel Symons, Ol{ord Uni11ersity

Sexual honour, namus,' refers to the social codes imposed upon women in order to control their behaviour and preserve male supremacy. A woman's namus is primarily defined through her sexual 'purity' whereas men have no such restrictions and are expected to achieve respect, §eref, by keeping an eye on their female relatives and even on other women in their immediate environment in order to guard their sexual 'purity'.

Honour killings are mostly committed by young male family members (in order to reduce sentencing) nominated by family courts. The victim is usually a female relative accused of bringing dishonour upon her family and besmirching the family's honour for refusing to obey socially acceptable dress codes; for refusing to enter an arranged marriage; committing adultery; engaging in sexual acts that displeased her relatives; being the victim of a sexual assault; seeking a divorce and even for receiving a text message from a boy.

Women who are believed to have committed a dishonourable act, if they are 'lucky' enough not to be murdered, may be displayed to society with a body part chopped off, such as the nose or ears, in order to 'give a lesson' to others. Men also often face social sanctions or ostracism from their families, relatives and neighbours and are rejected or forced to leave their places of residence unless they follow through with 'cleansing the family honour'.

Statistical information about the scale of honour killings in Turkey is unreliable as, in many cases, murders are covered up by families and neighbours and made to look like suicides or the women are forced or induced to kill themselves. The numbers of 'female suicides' started to rocket after the new Turkish penal code (2004) introduced sentences of life in prison for people who have been found guilty of this crime, whereas according to the former Turkish penal code, murderers would receive a reduced sentence claiming provocation.

The new Turkish penal code brings measures restricting the power of the courts to reduce the sentences granted to perpetrators of honour killings. In addition to this, sentences such as in the case of Giildiinya Toren reflect a new awareness. However, although some courts appear to have begun implementing the reforms, the sentences in honour killings can still be reduced at the discretion of the judges, who continue to take the Article 29 'severe provocation' into consideration. Furthermore, in the new Turkish penal code, only 'killings in the name of customary law' have been defined as aggravated homicide, which does not encompass all murders in the name of honour.

Moreover, judicial reforms do not seem to be sufficient to eradicate violations against women's rights as the concept of sexual honour has deep roots in the traditional milieus of Turkish society. Social factors such as gender, educational and economic capital, ethnicity, age, place of residence (they are most common in the traditionally tribal areas of the east and

46 Sexual honour

south-east of the country, and among people whose families originated in these areas), network ties and religion play an overlapping role in the perception of (sexual) honour (killings). In other words, sexual honour can be the sole purpose of life for people of rural origin within strong network ties such as family, relatives and neighbourhood, who possess weak educational and cultural capital. The members of the conservative milieus of Turkish society connect traditions with Islamic principles as the fundamental norms of Turkish society, which makes honour crimes 'acceptable and justifiable' in their eyes.

·Tahrik'ten indirim Yok*

Tore ugruna karde§leri Giildiinya'yr oldiiren samklardan ya§I kii~iik olanma II yrl, digerine ise miiebbet hapis cezas1 verildi. Samklara 'tahrik indirimi' uygulanmadi.

Evlilik di§I ili§kiden bebek sahibi oldugu gerek~esiyle once sokak ortasmda, ardmdan da 25 ~ubat 2004'te kaldmldtgi hastanede kur§Unlanarak oldiiriilen Giildiinya Toren'in iki karde§i hakkmdaki dava sonu~and1. Toren'in olay tarihinde 18 ya§mdan kii¢k olan karde§i Ferit Toren II yrl sekiz ay, agabeyi irfan Toren ise miiebbet hapis cezasma ~rptmldi.

Oy ~oklugu ile ahnan kararda, 'magdureden kaynaklanan hakstz bir hareket soz konusu olmadtgmdan saniklar lehine olan tahrik indirimleri uygulanmadtg1' belirtildi. Karara muhalif kalan bir hakim ise 'yoresel sosyal hayat, toplum baskis1, kendilerinde uyanan elem ve Istlrap altmda bu su~ i§ledikleri' gerek~esiyle samklarm cezasmda indirim yapilmas1 gerektigini savundu.

Bakirkoy 5· Agrr Ceza Mahkemesi'nde diin goriilen duru§maya tutuklu saniklar irfan Toren ile Ferit Toren getirildi. S~ tarihinde ya§I 18'den kii¢k olan Ferit Toren, agabeyi irfan'm su~suz oldugunu belirterek, 'Olayr ben yaptrm. Agabeyimin olayla ilgisi yoktur. Agabeyimin tahliyesini istiyorum' dedi. irfan Toren ise 'Olayla alakam yok Bir karde§imiz olmii§tiir. ikimiz de aym cezaevindeyiz. Magduruz. Ailemiz de di§anda magdur oldu' diye konu§tu.

I Once ikisine de miiebbet

Bir onceki duru§mada 'namus' kavramma atrfta bulunarak, 'Vatanm her par~SI bizim i~ nasil namus ve §eref gibi onemliyse, bir ili§ki ~ de namus ve §eref ~ok onemlidir. Bu olay da namusla baglantilidrr. Agrr tahrik unsurunun uygulanmasmi istiyorum' diyen samk avukatr Mehmet Talat Seyhan da, irfan Toren'in beraatini, FeritToren i~ ise indirim hiikiimlerinin uygulanmasm1 istedi. Davayr karara baglayan mahkeme heyeti iki karde§i, once su~ i§leni§ §ekli ve faillerin giittiigii amacr dikkate alarak agrr~ miiebbet hapis cezaSina ~di. Magdureden kaynaklanan hakSiz bir hareket olmadtgmdan, indirim ongoren 'tahrik hiil.dimlerini' uygulamayan mahkeme, Ferit Toren'in cezasm1 olay tarihinde 18 ya§mdan kii~iik olmas1 nedeniyle once 4 yrla, ardmdan da mahkemedeki iyi hali nedeniyle II yrl sekiz aya indirdi. irfan Toren'in cezas1 ise 'miiebbet hapis cezasma' indi. Amca Mehmet Toren'in dosyas1 ise yakalanamadtg1 i~ ayrildi. Avukat Seyhan karan temyiz edeceklerini sayledi.

Sexual honour 47

I Hakimin muhalefeti

Mahkemede oy ~okluguyla alman ceza karanna muhalefet §erhi koyan iiye hakim Ahmet Vedat Giine§'in gere~esi ise tutanaga §Oyle ge¢: 'Maktulenin gayrime§ru ili§ki i9ne girip hamile kaldrgmm belirlenmesi iizerine samklar tarafmdan miisnet su~ i§lendigi kabul edildigine gore, yoresel sosyal hayat, samklann to plum i9nde kaldtklan agrr baskt, kendilerinde uyanan elem ve rstrrap altmda bu SU9l i§ledikleri kabul edilerek, samklar lehine 5237 sayrh TCK'nm 29. maddesinin tatbiki gerektigi dii§Uncesiyle ~ogunluk gorii§iine muhalifim.'

I indirim maddesi ne diyor?

indirim getiren soz konusu maddede §Oyle deniliyor: 'Haksrz bir fiilin meydana getirdigi hiddet veya §iddetli elemin etkisi altmda su~ i§leyen kimseye, agrrla§trnlmi§ miiebbet hapis cezasr yerine r8 yildan 24 yila ve miiebbet hapis cezasr yerine r2 yildan r8 yila kadar hapis cezasr verilir.'

Gftldftnya Toren was a young woman from a little village, Bitlis, in south-eastern Turkey, who was killed in 2004 by her brothers because she gave birth to a baby outside of marriage.

Aglr tahrik unsuru: This commonly used expression translates literally as 'element of heavy provocation', while the legal terminology for tahrik in Turkish penal law is haksrz tahrik or 'unjustified provocation'. Article 29 of the penal law states that 'the penalty for a person committing a crime under the influence of such unjustified provocation should be significantly reduced'.

agtr tahrik unsuru element of severe provocation, grievous provocation element

alaka involvement

ama~ gtitmek have motivation

ahfta bulunmak refer to

dunt§manm gorftlmesi the court hearing

Kocasmr, kendisini fuhu§a zorladtgr i~in oldiiren kadtmn, agu- tahrik unsuru goz oniinde bulundurularak, hapis cezasr r5 yda indirildi.

Onlii mankenin mafyayla alakast var, ama oyle srkt frkt bir alaka degil.

8o. maddeye gore, Tiirkiye'de, hi~bir siyasi parti, devletin tekligi ilkesini degi§tirmek amacm1 gtidemez.

Alman politikacr, kiireselle§me gibi anahtar kavramlara ahfta bulunarak konu§masrm siirdiirdii.

Derin devlete ili§kin ilk dUnt§Manm gijriilmesine bir giin kala, davanm a~asma biiyiik ol¢de onciiliik eden savcr, adliyenin oniinde, faili m~ul cinayete kurban gitti..

48 Sexual honour

gereks:esiyle on account of

karara baglamak find a verdict for

:magdur olmak suffer from

muhalefet §erhi koymak contest the decision

muhalif kalmak remain in opposition

namus sexual honour

ongormek stipulate

§eref reputation, honour, dignity

soz konusu (olmak) be in question

temyizetmek file an appeal, appeal to a higher court

toplum basktst social pressure

tOre custom

r;ete iiyesi oldugu gereks:esiyle hiikiim giymi~ olan ki.§i, devlet memurlugu gorevine donebilir mi?

Onlii c;ifti.n bo§anma davas1, onceki giinkii duru§mada da karara baglanamadt.

Temel sagltk hizmetlerinin ozell~tirilmesiyle, yoksul vatanda§ magdur oldu.

CHP'li milletvekilleri, Anayasa degi~ikligi onerisine ro sayfaltk muhalefet §erhi koydu.

ODP'liler, istanbul kongresinde, 'ODP, bu sisteme sonsuza dek muhalif kalacak' dedi.

Tiirkiye'de, krrsal kesimlerde ve alt gelir gruplannda, insanlarm, namus kavramnu, 'kadm bedeni ve cinselliginin kontrol edilmesi' olarak algilamasi, ne kadar cinsiye~i bir gelenege sahip olundugunu gosteriyor.

Mahkeme heyeti, samgr, miiebbet agrr hapis cezasm1 angoren 'Anayasal diizeni silah zoruyla degi~tirmeye te§ebbiis' suc;u nedeniyle, Terorle Miicadele Kanunu'nun cezada artmm ongoren 5· maddesini de dikkate alarak, 31 yil hapse mahkum etti ve samgm, eski TCK'mn cezada indirimi ongaren 59· maddesinden yararlanmasma takdiren yer olmadtgmr hiikme bagladr.

~eref, Tiirkiye toplumunun geleneksel kesimlerince benimsenmi~, eril erdem, gozii peklik vb. degerler biitiiniine dayanan saygr ifadesidir.

Temyiz dileks.esinde one siiriilenler, SOz konusu maddede yazrh nedenlerden hic;birisine uymuyor.

Alman karar1 temyiz edecegi.ni bildiren sana~, 'Bu iilkede hukuk gerc;ekten i~liyorsa, kararm benim lehime doneceginden kesinlikle eminim' diye konu§tll.

Bu ara~a, geleneksel kesimlerde, insanlarm toplum basktst yiiziinden nasrl acr c;ektigini gozler online seriyor.

Sibel Kekilli'nin ba~roliinde oynadrgr 'Ayriltk' fi.lminde, Umay adh bir kadmm tOrelere isyan hikayesi anlatilryor.

Sexual honour 49

1 Exercise 1


I alaka

2 karara baglamak

3 magdur olmak 4 §eref

5 tore

a) iki veya daha ~ok ki§inin birbiriyle ya da bir §eyle bagh, ilgili bulunmasr; ili§kisi olmasr

b) mahkemenin bir sorunu ~oziimleyerek, bir davayr sonu9andrrmaSI

c) haksrzhga ve zarara ugrayarak, ~resiz kalmak d) toplumca birine (genellikle bir erkege) gosterilen

saygmm dayandrgr geleneksel (cinsiye~) degerler biitiinii

e) geleneksel ~evrelerce benimsenmi§, yerle§ik ya§am ve davrani§ bi~lerinin, kurallann, ortakla§a ah§kanhklarm ve izlenen yollarm tiimii

'Oy ~oklugu ile alman kararda, 'magdu~en kaynaklanan haksrz bir hareket soz konusu olmadrgmdan sanrklar lehine olan tahrik indirimleri uygulanmadrgr' belirtildi.'

Magdure has been derived from the word magdur of Arabic origin by adding the Arabic suffix -(y)A which indicates feminine gender.

Example:

Banka mUdiresinin2 kendi bankas1n1 soydutu ortaya ~1kt1. It turned out that the manageress had burgled her own bank.

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I Y azrdan, iki erkek karde§in, ailelerinin namusunu temizleme gerek~esiyle, kiz karde§lerini oldiirdiiklerini anhyoruz.

2 Tore kurbam Giildiinya, sokak ortasmda katledildi. 3 Sanrklara ceza indirimi uygulanmamasrmn nedeni, katlettikleri kiz karde§lerinin masum

olu§uydu. 4 Muhalifhakimin savunusuna bakarak, Yeni TCK'nm 29. maddesinin yoruma a~ oldugu

sonucuna vanlabilir. 5 Sanlklarm avukatmm milliye~ egilimleri oldugu soylenebilir.

50 Sexual honour

PartB


I Giildiinya'nm katledilme nedeni nedir? 2 Habere gore, mahkeme kararma kar§I ~ hakimin gerek~esi neymi§? 3 Sanrklardan biri, cinayeti ni~ tek ba§ma iistlenmeye ~ali§ml§ olabilir? 4 Sanrk avukatmm savunma bi~imi ve konuya yakla§rml nasli? 5 Yeni Turk Ceza Kanunu'na gore, cinayetle ilgili hangi ko§Ullar altmda ceza indirimi

uygulanabiliyor?

I Exercise 3


I Oy ~klugu ile alman kararda, a) sanrklar lehine olan tahrik rnagdureden kaynaklanan haksrz bir indirimleri(nin) uygulanmadrgr hareket saz konusu olmadrgmdan belirtildi.

2 Karara muhalif kalan bir hakim b) gerek~esiyle sanrklarm cezasmda ise yoresel sosyal hayat, toplum indirim yapdmasr gerekt:igini baskrsr, kendilerinde uyanan elem savundu. ve rstrrap altmda bu s~u i§ledikleri

3 Davayr karara baglayan mahkeme c) miiebbet hapis cezasma ~rptrrdr. heyeti iki karde§i, once su~n i§leni§ §ekli ve faillerin giittiigu amacr dikkate alarak agrrla§tmlrm§

4 Vatanm her par~s1 bizim i~n d) su~ i§leyen kimseye, agrrla§trrllml§ nasd miiebbet hapis cezasr yerine I8

ylidan 24 ylia ve miiebbet hapis cezasr yerine I2 ylidan I8 ylia kadar hapis cezasr verilir.

5 Haksrz bir fiilin meydana getirdigi e) namus ve §eref gibi onemliyse, bir hiddet veya §iddetli elemin etkisi ili§ki i~in de namus ve §eref ~ok altmda onemlidir.

I Exercise 4


• Turkiye toplumunda namus ve ~eref olgulan • namus cinayetine tahrik indirimi • yoresel sosyal hayat • toplum bask1s1

Sexual honour 51

I Exercises



a) N am us cinayetleri, to plum baslas1 altmda i§lendi.gi i9Il, onemli olc;iide tahrik indirimine olanak tanmmal1drr.

b) Namus cinayeti i§leyenler, istisnasiZ oliim cezasma ~tmlmal1drr.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Turkiye'deki namus (cinayetleri) olgusunun benzerlerine ba~ka hangi toplumlarda rastllyoruz? Toplumsal cinsiyet, sm1f, din, etnik koken ve ya~ olgularm1 goz onunde bulundurarak bir kar~1la~t1rma yapm1z. Buna ek olarak, sizce, namus olgusunun buyuk onem ta~1d1g1 toplumlarm 'tore'si kanun yap1c1lan tarafmdan dikkate almmal1 m1d1r, nis;i n?

Notes

* Radikal, IS .I 0.2005: http:/ Jwww.radikal.com.tr Jhaber .php?habemo~I 66g6s&t.arih~I 5/IO I 2005

I Note that the meaning of namus is not confmed to 'sexual honour'. Among traditional people it means 'honour' more generally. However, the word onurmeaning 'honour' may be preferred by better educated and progressive people.

2 Today, there is a tendency not to use feminine versions of nouns very often. Thus a bank manager would have a title like Yap1 Kredi Bankas1 Taksim ~ubesi Miidfuii.

Chapter 8: The multiculturalism of Turks throughout history

Oya Pancaroglu, Bogazivi Uni11ersity

As one of a number of groups to emerge out of the ancient and medieval world of Inner Asia, Turks appear, from the earliest mentions of their name in sixth-century Chinese sources, not to have had a particularly homogeneous identity. The preservation of at least three different myths of origin in the Chinese sources supports the idea that the people who came together under the ethnic name Tiirk (Iujue in Chinese) around this time were probably sizable and diverse enough that different traditions about their origins co-existed. The earliest historical texts that attest to the self-identification of the Tiirk Empire (552-744) as well as the names of many of their key leaders suggest that the process of state formation owed as much to native ('tribal-nomadic') traditions of the Altai region as to the close and necessary interchange with Chinese and Iranian elements. The latter was effected especially through the agency of Sogdian merchants and advisors who played a key role in the earliest instance of Turco-Iranian encounter and synthesis which would have a long history in the later medieval and early modem periods. It is undoubtedly a result of Sogdian cultural prominence on the Silk Roads that the Orkhon inscriptions of the early eighth century which constitute the earliest writings in the Turkic language were written in an adaptation of the Sogdian script which in tum was based on the Aramaic script.

The Silk Roads carried not only goods, people and ideas but also beliefs. Between the sixth and the ninth centuries, Turkic peoples - now spread across much of Central Eurasia - adopted a number of religions of diverse origins, including Manicheanism, Buddhism, Judaism and Nestorian Christianity. In the tenth century, Turks in the region of Central Asia especially began to convert to Islam in increasingly larger numbers. The subsequent establishment of Turkic Islamic dynasties (Ghaznavids, Qarakhanids and Seljuqs) occurred in the cultural sphere of the eastern Iranian world at a time when Persianate literary culture was blossoming. The courts of these dynasties fully participated in the patronage of poetry and prose in the New Persian language so that the monumental national epic of the Iranian tradition, the Shahnama, was dedicated in 1010 by the poet Firdawsi to the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud. The same ruler is said to have sponsored some 400 Persian poets, contributing thereby to the sustained expansion of the poetic realm in the greater Iranian cultural sphere.

In the extended course of the settlement of Turkic peoples in the former territories of the Byzantine Empire, a new series of cross-cultural encounters were generated. Intense building activity in Anatolia between the twelfth and the fifteenth centuries provides a fascinating panorama of the complex merging and interactions of different architectural traditions in the context of political changes and demographic shifts. It is impossible to consider the development of architecture under the Anatolian Seljuqs, their contemporaries and successors without

The multiculturalism ofTurks 53

seeing it in a dynamic relationship with local traditions of Armenian and Byzantine architecture as well as the imported traditions of greater Iran and Syria. Much of this encounter in the cultural realm was made possible by the existence of multiple centres of patronage and production and further encouraged by the high degree of social mobility that distinguishes later medieval Anatolia. While the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in the fifteenth century may be said to represent the critical culmination of cross-cultural encounters, it is also true that the subsequent history of Ottoman culture in the early modem period was realized under the aegis of an imperial worldview that favoured a discrete and distinct visual identity which would be disseminated in a controlled manner from a single centre.

Cozier 'TUrkler'de*

Cem Erciyes

Londra'daki sergi, Tiirkleri Mogol, ~in, iran, Arap kiiltiirlerinin kan§hgr yeni bir dilin iireticisi, dinamik bir sanat iiretiminin destekleyicisi olarak sunuyor. Sergi, Avrupahlar i~in epey ilgi ~ekici, hatta biz Tiirkiyeliler i~in bile ogretici.

Picadilly Meydanr'ndan Royal Academy of Arts'a dogru yiiriirken binanm cephesindeki sergi flamalannda bu kez 'Tiirkler' sozciigu goriiliiyor. Binanm geni§ on avlusuna girdiginizde ise dev bir afi§, 'Tiirkler-Bin Yrhn Yolculugu 6oo-16oo'. Azrcrk sanatla ilgilenen herkesin Londra ziyaretlerinde mutlaka ugradrgr Royal Academy' de bize dair bir sergi gormek ister istemez zafer duygusu uyandmyor. Sergiyi birlikte gezdigimiz bazr gazetecilerin ilk i§ olarak bu afi§in oniinde fotograflar ~ektirmelerinin anla§rhr bir yanr var.

Biraz da ezber bozucu. 'Tiirkler' sergisi, bu milleti aralanna alrp almamayr tarti§an Avrupalrlar i9n epey ilgi ~ekici, bu kesin. Hatta biz Tiirkiyeliler i9n bile ogretici ve bir par~ ezber bozucu. Toplam n salona yayrlmi§ eserler, Tiirklerin islam oncesi kiiltiiriine de i§aret ediyor. Giri§te isfahan' dan Anadolu'ya ~e§itli cografyalardan camilerin biiyiik fotograflarr ve bir kaya par~smm iizerine kazmmi§ islam oncesi Uygur mezar yazrtr izleyiciye nasrl bir sergi gorecegine dair ilk izlenimi ba§anyla aktanyor. Hemen ardmdan ikinci salonda siirprizler ba§hyor. Qn'in Turfan bolgesindeki magaralar bir tiir Budist manastm olarak kullanrlmi§. Burada 1goo'lerin ba§lannda bulunan duvar resimleri, 12. yiizyrldan kalma manastrra yardrm eden Tiirk prens ve prensesleri gosteriyor. Bir mezar heykeli, hala iizerinde boya kalmtrlan bulunan bir sava§~ heykeli, uygurca yazrlrm§ 'Oliiler Kitabr', ~ok daha Asyah bir kimligin giiniimiize kalan iiriinleri. Orta Asya steplerinde ~amanizm, Budizm, go~ebelik, ~in kiiltiirii gibi ogeleri harmanlayan Tiirklerin bu karakterini en iyi Mehmet Siyah Kalem'in resimleri anlatryor. Bu gizemli ve hayli konu§kan resimler istisnasrz herkesi biiyiiliiyor.

Muhte§em porselenler: Sel<;Uklu'dan ba§layarak Osmanh imparatorlugu'nun zirvesi kabul edilen 16oo yrlma kadar gelen donem serginin onemli bir krsmrm olu§lllruyor. Bu krsrm bizim i9n de gayettanrchk. Eserlerin ~ogu, istanbul'daki islam Eserleri Miizesi ve Topkapr Sarayr'ndan getirilmi§. Halrlar, 9nfler, minyatiirler, elyazmalan, metal i~ iist diizey omeklerini gasteren Cizre Camii'nin kaprsr, ~ lambalar, §atndanlar ... Osmanlr salonlarmda ~k sayrda el yazmasr, padi§ahlara ait kaftanlar, kili~ ve divanlar var. Bu salonlarda, Topkapr'daki muhte§em ~

54 The multiculturalism ofTurks

porselenleri de sergileniyor. Qn'den getirtilmilj miikemmel ka.selerin ilzerine Osmanh ustalannm kendi zevklerine gore i§ledikleri degerli t.a§lar ve altm, Tiirklerin sentezci yanini vurguluyor. Aslmda bizi:m 019-nnzdan serginin en ilgin~ ooliimleri, 'Ti:murlular ve Tiirkmenler' ba§hgini t.a§lyan iki salon. Tarih egiti:minde giiniimiiz kimligi, Ort.a Asya, Selc;uklu ve Osmanlr dogrultusunda ilerletiliyor. Her ne kadar pek ~ok Tiirk devletinden soz edilse de Osmanh'nm ba§Ina dert olan Aksak Timur ile Akkoyunlular sadece dii§man unsurlar olarak bellekte yer ediyor. Kokenlerini Mogol hiikiimdan Cengiz Han'a dayandrrmaya ~I§an Ti:mur ve go~ebe Alevi Tiirkmenlerin kurdugu Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu devletleri §imdi ~ok onemli. Onlar Tiirk kimligini daha da zenginle§tiriyor, iran'a Ort.a Asya'mn bilim ve sanat merkezi olan gorkemli kentlerine dogru uzanmaya olanak tanryor. Bu sergiyi hazrrlayan Nazan Ol~er, Filiz Qigman ve David Roxburgh (Harvard Oniversitesi) gibi onemli bili:m insanlarmm varlrgr, dogru tercihlerle bir sergi hazrrlanmasma olanak vermi§. Ti:mur'un kurdugu i:mparatorluk ile Tiirkmen devletlerinin g~ebe kiiltiirii ve yerle§ik iran kiiltiiriinii kayna§tlran eserlere sergide yer verilmi§.

Sanat.a verilen onem: Tiirklerin ~in'in ban smrrlarmdan Balkanlar'a kadar uzanan g~ler ve fetihlerle oriilii tarihi, bu sergide sanat yaprtlarr aracrlrgryla anlatrhyor. Uygurlar, Timurlular ya da Osmanhlar; her toplumun sanat.a verdigi onem, ust.ahk ve yaratrcrhkt.a ula§tlgr iist diizey, bilgi panolarmda tekrar tekrar vurgulamyor. izleyicinin kendini 'Binbirgece Masallan'nm biiyiisiine kaptmp, egzotik hazineler arasmda hrzh bir turla yetinmesine izin verilmiyor. 'Bin Y:Ilm Yolculugu'nda Tiirkler, ya§adrklan geni§ cografyanm kiiltiirlerini kendinde birle§tiren sentezci bir topluluk olarak tanrmlanryor. Mogol, ~in, iran, Arap uygarhklanyla ~tl§an ve birlikte ya§ayan Tiirkler, tiim bu kiiltiirlerin kan§tigl yeni bir dilin iireticisi, dinamik bir sanat iiretiminin motivasyon kaynagr. Miicadeleci ve tehditka.rlar ama yok edici ve dr§layrcr degil, beni:mseyen ve yiicelten bir gelenege sahipler. Sergi biiyiik hi.ikiirndarlan, sanatrn biiyiik hamileri olarak anryor ... Royal Academy salonlarmda Dogu'ya ait neredeyse tiim kiiltiirlerin iz brraktrgr bir biitiin olu§turulmu§. Bu biitiinde Bizans ise ancak Fatih' e aynlan salonda kendini hissettirecek kadar var olabilmi§ ... 'Tiirkler' sergisinin son eseri ise 3· Murat doneminde Harem Dairesi i~ yaprlmi§, i§lemeli, ¢1: kanatlr bir kapr. Bu kapr, 'Bin Y:Ilm Yolculugu'nu gezen her ingiliz'i nihai bir hesapla§maya davet ediyor. A9lsm mr, a9lmasm mr?

Tftrkler- Bin Ydm Yolculugu 6oo-16oo: The exhibition 'Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 6oo-16oo An' explored the art and culture of the Turks and took place in the main galleries of the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 21 January to 12 April2oo5.

filiiler Kitabt: The ancient Egyptian funerary texts called 'the spell for coming forth by day' were first nicknamed 'Book of the Dead' by the German Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius. It aimed to help the deceased pass through the dangers of the underworld and be reborn into new life.

Samanizm: This is a religion in which the shaman is believed to achieve various powers through trance or ecstatic religious experience. The shamans' powers vary from one culture to the next, but generally they are thought to have the ability to heal the sick, to communicate with the otherworld and often to escort the souls of the deceased to that otherworld.

The multiculturalism of Turlcs 55

Mehmed Siyah Kalem: little is known of the artist Mehmed Siyah Kalem, except that a remarkable series of paintings preserved in the Imperial Ottoman Palace library (fopkapt Sarayr, see below), has been attributed to him. His paintings suggest a personal vision that men or animals are little better than devils, which may be the origin of his name Siyah Kalem (Black Pen).

Selpiklu (imparatorlugu): A nomadic tribe of Turkish people led by the chief Seljuq settled in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya (J axartes) river in the tenth century. The Seljuq empire a-tended to include all oflran, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine under the sultans Alp-Arslan and Malik-Shah but its power started to wane after Alp-Arslan and by r2oo, it was at an end everywhere except Anatolia. The battle of Kose Dagh in 12.43, lost to invading Mongols, marked the end of the Seljuq empire.

r6oo: The Ottoman Empire took control of parts of Persia, most of Arabia and large sections of Hungary and the Balkans under Selim I (r. I5r2-2o) and his son Siileyman I (the Magnificent; 1520-66) and the year r6oo is considered to be the peak of Ottoman power.

Topkapt Sarayt: The Topkapt Palace, which was constructed by Fatih Sultan Mehmet (the Conqueror) in 1478, was the official residence of the Ottoman sultans and the centre of state administration for around 380 years. In r853, Sultan Abdiilmecid I decided to move the court to the newly built Dolmabahc;e Palace, although the Topkapt Palace retained some functions, such as the imperial treasury, the library, mosque and mint After the end of the Ottoman Empire, Topkapt Palace was transformed by government decree on 3 April 1924 into a museum of the imperial era.

Cizre Camii: Cizre is a small town in the south-east ofTurkey, situated in the province of ~rmak. The Cizre Camii, also known as the 'Ulu Camii' (Great Mosque), was converted from a church in 639.

Timurlular: The Timurid Dynasty started with the conqueror Timur (see Aksak Timur below), who ruled between 1370 and 1405. At the peak of its power this dynasty ruled over most of Central Asia but its reign came to an end in 1507, due to persistent struggles over territory with the competing powers of 'Akkoyunlular' and 'Karakoyunlular'.

Tiirkmenler: The Turkmens speak a language belonging to the south-western branch of the Turkic languages. The majority of them live in Turkmenistan and in neighbouring parts of Central Asia as well as in Iran, Russia and Iraq. There have been numerous Turkmen tribes or dynasties throughout history which have established various states in Asia including Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu, Dulkadir, Hamid and E§ref.

Aksak Timur, who was also known as Timur Lenk or 'Timur the Lame', was the founder of the Timurlular. He is best known for his conquests from India and Russia to the Mediterranean sea, the cultural achievements of his dynasty and also that he defeated the Ottoman sultan Beyazrt I in the Battle of Ankara in 1402, which pushed the Ottoman Empire into a long period of recession and instability.


Akkoyunlular was an important Turkmen tribal federation that from I378 to I508 ruled an area which covered Northern Iraq, Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia. In the second half of the fifteenth century they were threatened by the recovering and expanding Ottoman Empire, which inevitably led to a war in 1473, in which the Turkmen were defeated. Repeated defeats at the hands of the Ottomans eventually led to the end of the dynasty in r5o8.

Cengiz Han: Genghis Khan, who was born with the name Temiijin (or Tim~) in n62, was a Mongolian warrior-ruler, one of the most famous conquerors in history, who joined tribes together to create a unified Mongolia and then extended his empire to the Adriatic sea.

Alevi: The Alevi are a cultural and religious community in Turkey, who number in the tens of millions. Although Alevism is considered to be one of the many sects of Islam, worship takes place in assembly houses, cemevi, rather than mosques. The name derives from Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was the cousin, son-in-law and adopted son of the Prophet Muhammad.

Karakoyunlular: The Karakoyunlular were another Turkmen tribal federation who ruled Azerbaijan and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468. In 1400, they fled to Egypt after being defeated by the armies of Timurlenk but they re-captured Tabriz in 406 and Baghdad in 1410. Their struggle over territory with the rival Akkoyunlular ended with a devastating defeat in 468.

Uygurlar: The Uyghur or Uighur people are Turkic-speaking and live mostly in northwestern China, in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang; however, a small number live in other Central Asian republics. In the past, there was an Uyghur empire stretching from the Caspian Sea to Manchuria which lasted from 745 to 840.

Osmanldar: Osman I (r259-r326) was a Turkish prince who conquered neighbouring regions once held by the Seljuq dynasty and founded his own ruling line from 1299 which became known as the Ottoman Empire. By 1453 the Ottomans, under Mehmed II (the Conqueror), had destroyed the Byzantine Empire and captured its capital, Constantinople (now istanbul), which henceforth served as the Ottoman capital. Ottoman power reached its peak in the sixteenth century, declined for the next three centuries and finally came to an end after the Second World War with the proclamation of the Turkish Republic.

Binbir Gece Masallan: One Thousand and One Nights is a collection of oriental folk tales and other stories which is often known in English as the Arabian Nights. The variety of the tales and the range of geographical origin (including India, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Turkey, and possibly Greece) make single authorship unlikely.

Fatih: Fati.h Sultan Mehmet or Mehmet the Conqueror was an Ottoman sultan who reigned from 1444 to r446 and also from 1451 to 481. He is best known as the conqueror of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, in 453· This marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and has been considered by many historians as an epoch-changing event The city's name was changed to istanbul and was made the capital of the Ottoman Empire.


3· Murat: Murad III was the twelfth Ottoman emperor who reigned from 1574 to 1595. Murad III's reign was marked by wars with Iran and Austria and Ottoman economic decline and institutional decay.

Harem Dairesi: The Harem Quarter in the Ottoman Palace occupied one of the largest sections of the private apartments of the sultan at the Topkap1 Palace, encompassing more than 400 rooms which were enclosed and forbidden to men. This is where the polygynous private life of the sultan took place.

b~ma dert olmak a pain in the neck

bellekte yer etmek burned into one's memory

benimsemek adopt

(kendini) bir §eyin biiyftsiine kaptrrmak be enchanted by something

dayandrrmak originate, base on

dl§layra exclusive, exclusionary

dogrultusunda in accordance with, towards

duygusu uyandtrmak give the feeling of

ezber bozucu challenge to the conventional wisdom

harmanlamak blend, mix

ileoriilii intertwined with

ilk izlenim first impression

Uyu§turucu sorunu nedeniyle, yrllarca ailesinin ~ma dert olmayr siirdiirdii.

National Geographic'e kapak olan fotograflar, genellikle insanhk tarihinin ortak belleginde yer eden konulara vurgu yapryor.

Tiirkiye Cumhuriyeti, anayasasmda, Fransrz tarzr laiklik ilkesini benimsemi§ti.

Kendimi eski eserlerin hiiyftsiine kaptmp, biitiin giinii miizede ge9rdim.

Soylarmr Antik Yunan medeniyetine mi dayandmyorlar?

Osmanh imparatorlugu, dagrlmamak i9n dl§layra degil, kapsayra olmak zorundaydr.

iki halkm, karde§s:e beraber ya§ayabilmesi, ili§kilerini saygr ve anlayr§ dogrultusunda kurmasma bagh.

Tarihi binalarm arasmdan yiikselen bu gokdelenler, insanda his: estetik duygusu uyandtrmtyor.

E§cinsel kiiltiiriiniin toplumsal cinsiyet konusundaki yerini sorgulayan Prof. Dr Judith Butler, ezber bozucu saptamalarryla, cinsiyet sosyolojine yeni bir boyut kazandrrmt§trr.

Klasik miizik formlarrm s:agda§ ritimlerle harmanlayan sanats:r, Tiirkiye'deki ilk konserinde caz tutkunlanyla bulu§acak.

Her bucagr musiki ve edebiyatla oriilii istanbul, sonbahann melankolisini yansrtryordu.

Yeni bir ki§iyle tanr§trgrmrzda edinilen ilk izlenim, toplumsal ili§kileri bi9IDlendiren etkenlerden birisidir.


iFetetmek indicate

kayn3fbrma fuse, combine

miicadeleci fighter

olanak vennek make possible

sentezci

Nazilere ait antika ewalann, son zamanlarda miizayedelerde ~ok ragbet gormesi, Nazilere olan destegin her ge~en giin arttrgma ipret ediyor olabilir mi sizce?

istanbul kiiltiiriiniin, Babh ve Dogulu kimlikleri kucaklayan, pek ~ok kiiltiirii kayna§hran, farkhhklan i~selle§tiren bir yant vardrr.

Bu, miicadeleci, gii~ii adamm, bOylesine ~ocukla§mast §a§Irtlyordu insam.

G~i§te, siyasal istikrarstzhk, ozgiirliiklere kapt aralayacak tasartlardan h~birinin yasala§masma olanak verrnedi.

someone who synthesizes and assimilates

Soz konusu tarikatm, Dogu Anadolu'da, Tiirk-islam sentezci yaptdan, Said Nursi' eksenli bir olu§Uma donii§tiigu soyleniyor.

tanunlamak define

yer etmek ingrain, leave a mark

1 Exercise 1

Eski Tiirk Ceza Kanunu'nda, kusur, 'kastt' ve 'taksir' olmak iizere sadece iki bi9ffide tantmlanml§tlr.

Diinkii olay akhmda yer etmi§ olmah ki, gece karabasanlar gordiim.


I benimsemek a) degi§ik kiiltiirleri birbirine tsmdrrarak yakm~ ve birle¢rmek

2 miicadeleci b) iyice yerle§erek iz btrakmak; insanm unutamayacagt bir iz brrakmak

3 harmanlamak c) bir~ok ~e§itten hirer par~ altp kan§trrarak yeni bir birle§im olu§tnrmak; fark11 kiiltiirlerin ~e§itli yonlerini derleyerek bir araya getirmek

4 kayna§tlrma d) bir kiiltiire sahip ~karak, onu kabullenerek kendine mal etmek

5 yer etmek e) sava§mayt seven; ytlmayan

I 'Binanm geni§ on avlusuna girdiginizde ise ( ... )'

In the sentence above the clitic -(y)sA (ise) indicates a striking further development of the theme mentioned in the previous sentence.


Example:

Rak1n1n diler bir ay1rt edici Ozellili ise Uretiminde renklendirici kullan1lmamas1d1r. Another distinguishing feature ofrakl is that no colourant is used in its production.

2 'Bu gizemli ve hayli konu§kan~ res imler ( ... ) '

The adjective-forming suffix -GAn has been added to the verb konu§(mak).

Example:

Diktator, kU~Uk bir ~cuk gibi klnlgan bir adamd1. The dictator was a fragile man like a little child.

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I Sergiyi ziyaret etmek, ilk ba§larda gazeteciye anlamsiZ geliyor. 2 Par~dan, Tiirklerin, tarihte Budizm'e s1cak bakmadlklan anla§Ihyor. 3 Gazeteci, serginin tekdiizeliginden §ikayet9-. 4 Metindeki 'ezber bozucu' ifadesi, yalniZCa Avrupahlarm Tiirklere kar§I duyduklan

onyarguara gonderme yapiyor. 5 Metne gore, Aksak Timur ve Akkoyunlular, ges:mi§ten giiniimiize, Turk kiiltiirii i~in

birer tehdit olu§turmu§lardrr.

PartB


I Yaz1da, serginin, hangi yonleriyle Tiirkler i~ ezber bozucu oldugu dile getiriliyor? 2 Sergideki sanat yaprtlan, nasd bir i§leve sahip? 3 Metinde, Tiirklerin tarih boyunca ba§ka kiiltiirlere yakla§rml nasu yorumlan1yor? 4 Sergi, biiyiik hiikiimdarlarm sanat tarihindeki roliinii hangi yoniiyle ortaya koyuyor? 5 Metnin son satmndaki 'kap1' metaforuyla neye gonderme yaplimi§ olabilir?

I Exercise 3


I Giri§te isfahan'dan Anadolu'ya ~e§itli cografyalardan camilerin biiyiik fotograflan ve bir kaya par~asmm iizerine kazmmi§ islam oncesi Uygur mezar yaz1t1 izleyiciye nasu bir sergi gorecegine clair

2 <;in'den getirtilmi§ miikemmel kaselerin iizerine Osmanh ustalarmm kendi zevklerine gore i§ledikleri

a) ilk izlenimi ba§anyla aktanyor.

b) tarihi, bu sergide sanat yaprtlan araahgtyla anlatrhyor.

6o The multiculturalism ofTurks

3 iran'a Ort.a Asya'nm bilim ve sanat merkezi olan gorkemli kentlerine

4 Tiirklerin Qn'in ban smrrlarmdan Balkanlar'a kadar uzanan go<;ler ve fetihlerle oriilii

5 Miicadeleci ve tehditlclrlar ama yok edici ve ch§layrc1 degil

I Exercise 4

c) dogru uzanmaya olanak tamyor.

d) degerli ta§lar ve altrn, Tiirklerin sentezci yanm1 vurguluyor.

e) benimseyen ve yiicelten bir gelenege sahipler.


• Turklerin tarih boyunca g~irdigi kiilturel degi~imler • Turlderin islam oncesi kultUru • Turklerin Asyall kimligi • Turklerin tarih boyunca ba~ka kulturlere yakla~1m1 • Tu rkler ve sa nat

I Exercises



a) Tiirklerin ba§ka kiiltiirleri kucaklayrp yeni sentezler yaratmalan, omek almacak bir erdemdir.

b) Tiirklerin ba§ka kiiltiirleri taklit etmeleri, onlarm kimlik sorununa i§aret etmektedir.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


~imdiye kadar ya~ad1g1mz ve gordugunuz ulkelerde, Turk kulturune ili~kin hangi izlere rastlad1gm1z1; Turkiye'ye ziyaretlerinizde, tan1d1gm1z hangi kulturlerin etkilerini gozlemlediginizi; Turkiye'yle ilgili gezdiginiz sergilerden ya da muzelerde gorduklerinizden neler ogrendiginizi yazm1z.

The multiculturalism of Turks 61

Notes

* Radikal, 20.o1.2oos: http: /Jwww.radikal.com.tr Jhaber. php?haberno~14o841 1 Bedifizzaman 'Marvel of the Time' Said Nursi (1876-Ig6o ), an active member of the Nak§ibendi dervish

order and fundamentalist Muhammadan Union. He was arrested many times for alleged political use of religion.

2 Note the consonant assimilation: g changes to k after the voiceless consonant §·

Chapter g: Orhan Pamuk's contribution to the literary world

Meliz Ergin, Kov University

In the debates concerning Turkish literature and culture, one inevitably encounters questions that evolve along the axis of presumably stable notions such as EastfW est, modernity /tradition, and secularism/Islam. A common metaphor employed to describe the geopolitical position of Turkey is the inflexible 'bridge metaphor', which assumes two mutually exclusive worlds that can only come into contact through the assimilation of one culture by the other, or a severe clash of civilizations. Although the bridge metaphor seems to take dialogue as a foundation, and has a positive overtone, it relies on ahistorical and essentialist identity models privileging genealogical notions of origin and purity.

The Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk has made a valuable contribution to the literary world, both within and outside Turkey, by moving beyond such essentializing categories. Pamuk does not simply construct a bridge between East and West, and between what each of these markers represents within different ideological contexts. Neither does he bum the bridges down. The political-religious conundrums that contemporary Turkish society faces should no longer be perceived in terms of polar oppositions in need of bridging, but in terms of entangled histories, which necessarily involve one another.

From The House of Silence to Snow, Pamuk's works problematize the complicated relations between memory and identity, by addressing diverging and converging communities within the compass of the Ottoman-Turkish past. His novels trace the complex ways, at times productively and at times aggressively, in which we anchor selfhood. Pamuk sheds critical light on attempts at maintaining rigid identity boundaries, by dwelling on the desire and the failure to capture a sealed interiority. He reveals the tension and the undecideability inherent to the process of identity formation, and traces the socio-political ramifications of this existential condition. Often the characters and belief systems depicted in his works are multi-edged, and invite malleable readings of interdependent cultural and political legacies. It is, to borrow Pamuk's words, this 'secret anthropological history'' embodied in his novels that calls into question the monologic discourse of official history and displays resistance against cultural amnesia.

Pamuk's novels bring out the complexity of the ever-shifting interactions between different fractions in Turkey interwoven in a dynamic network of relations, variably loosening and tightening, both risky and promising. His work communicates the urgency of acknowledging what is at stake in thinking of these entangled communities whose ethos is to be found in their resemblances in difference, outside the repressive single body communities taking shape under the currents ofidentitarianisms such as Westemism, anti-Westemism or Islamism.

Orhan Pamuk's literary world 63

His writing stresses that even when antagonistic, identities both affirm their own position and respond to the other, thus reciprocally maintaining one another. A sensitized understanding of this space of relation is salutary, because it enables us to break the circular narratives of the past, and loosens the historic determinacy of the Turkish society. Once we acknowledge the risks involved in inhabiting segregared stares of being, we can also recognize the broader array of choices available to us in confronting one another without resorting to self-valorizing polarities. In the face of inrerlocking modes of living in the present society, Pamuk offers narratives that bear the traces of disjunctive histories co-developing through ceaseless undularory contacts. It is this srory of co-habitation that is worthy of atrention.

Orhan Pamuk's lirerary accomplishments, including his Nobel Prize for Lirerature, should be understood in terms of this nuanced readership he invites to the intricacies of the Turkish culture. Once a literary work is in circulation, it makes it possible and productive 1D perceive cultures in rerms of their vitality in a diversity of approaches. Pamuk reminds us that the narratives we construct for ourselves can offer a more subtle view of the inreractions surrounding us, and that aesthetic practice can help refashion social and political practice.

Orhan Pamuk'un Yazarhg1*

Fikret Bila

Nobel Edebiyat Odulu'nu kazanan ilk Turk yazar olarak Orhan Pamuk'un ve Turkiye'nin edebiyat diinyasmda her zaman ozel bir yeri olacaktrr. Orhan Pamuk bu odulu, Tur~e'ye ve Turkiye'ye de kazandmm§hr.

Y azar Orhan Pamuk'un, '1 milyon Ermeni, 30 bin Kiirt oldiiriildu' diye azetlenecek sozleri, yargi1anmas1 ve bu sozler etrafmda yiiriiyen tartl§ma, golgelere, ku§kulara, ke§kelere neden oldu. Pamuk'un Ermeni iddialan ve Kurt sorunu konusunda ne du§iindugu ayn konu. Tarti§ma, bu sozlerin Nobel'i almak i9n soylenip saylenmedigi iizerinde yogunla§tl. Pamuk'un bu yakla§Irmmn etken olup olmadi.gmi, etkense, ne derece etkili oldugunu ol~ek mumkiin degil.

Nobel almi§ bir yazar olarak Orhan Pamuk'a bundan sonra da bu konudaki gorii§leri sorulacaktrr, merak edilecektir. Bu tarti§malar i9nde Orhan Pamuk'un yazarltg1, edebiyat~I fazla tarti§I1amadi.

I Yarat1c1 yazarhk

Orhan Pamuk nasi1 bir yazardrr? Edebiyat ele§tirmenleri, Orhan Pamuk'un, Dogu anlatlm gelenegine, ~da§ aykii ve anlatlm teknikleri ekleyerek yeni bir roman tiirii yaratl:@., bu nedenle 'yaratla yazarhk' :19Smdan biiyiik ba§ar! saglachgl. yorumunda birle§iyorlar. Pamuk'un, giiniimiizde g~en olaylarla, mistik diinya ve tasavvuf felsefesi arasmda ustaca yapt® gondermeler yoluyla kurdugu ba§afili baglantr yine edebiyat ele§tirmenlerince takdir ediliyor. Bu baglamda 'Kara Kitap' Pamuk'un ba§Yapitl olarak gosteriliyor. Kara Kitap'1 anlamak i9n Mevlana'nm 'Mesnevi'si ve ~eyh Galip'in 'Husn-u A§k'm1 bilmek gerekiyor. Kara Kitap'taki 'Ruya ile Galip' oykiisii, ~eyh Galip'in 'Husn-u A§}<' oykiisiidiir. BazJ. edebiya~ Kara Kitap'l, '21. yiizyilm Husn-u A§}<'1 olarak tammhyorlar. Kara Kitap'taki Milliyet yazan Celal Salik, Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi; avukat Galip,

64 Orhan Pamukts literary world

Mevlana'clan 5 yiizyil sonra Mevlevilik yoluncla §eyhlik diizeyine eri§mi§ ~eyh Galip'tir. Galip, Hiisn-ii A§k'taki erkek kahraman A§k'I; Riiya ise kadm kahraman Hiisn'ii temsil ediyor.

I Tasavvufun benlik ~oziimlemesi

Edebiyat diinyasmcla, tasavvuf edebiyatmi giiniimiiz oykiilerine ta§Ima ustahg1 a~smdan Pamuk'un Kara Kitap'1 ~ok ba§anh bulunuyor. Orhan Pamuk, tasavvufun 'benlik ~aziilmesi' ve 'benlik biitiinlemesi' a§amalanm izlemi§tir. Tasavvufta a§k, Allah' I a§kla arayanm sonu~ onu yiireginde bulmas1drr. ~eyh Galip'te A§k, sevgilisi Hiisn'ii kendi yiireginde bulur. Avukat Galip'in de kendisini terk eden kans1 Riiya'yt sonu~ buldugu yer kendi yiiregidir. Avukat Galip (~eyh Galip), sonunda 'miir§it' gibi gordiigu, ozendigi Milliyet yazan Celal Salik'in yerini al1r, onun adma yazmaya ba§lar, onunla biitiinle§ir. Bu, Mevlana'yla biitiinle§mektir. Bu, tasavvufta 'kendisi degil ba§kaSI olma' isteginin yaratt@. ~eli§kinin 'benlik biitiinlemesiyle-ba§kaSI olmakla' ortadan kalkmas1 halidir. Orhan Pamuk'un edebiyatta yiizytllar oncesiyle kurdugu bu ba§anh 'koprii' Nobel'in konusu olmahd1r, Ermeni iddialan veya Kiirt sorunu degil ...

I Riiya kim?

Nobel toreni s1rasmda Orhan Pamuk'un kiZI Riiya babasma hep e§lik etti. Basmm ilgisi Riiya'mn iizerindeydi. Kitabm yay1mlanmasmdan bir yd sonra (1991) diinyaya gelen Riiya, adm1 Kara Kitap'tan ahyor. Kara Kitap'taki Riiya, ~eyh Galip'in Hiisn-ii A§k'mdaki 'Hiisn'ii temsil ediyor. iki anlamh sozciiklerle tasavvuf dilini ustaca kullanan Orhan Pamuk, kiZma verdigi Riiya ad1yla bu ozelligini gosteriyor. Tasavvufta 'hakikat' ile 'suret' arasmclaki ili§ki ve yolculukta da anlam ta§Iyor Riiya ...

Orhan Pamuk (1952-) is a Turkish author, who is best known for novels that probe Turkish identity and history. Pamuk's frrst novel, Cevdet Bey ve Ogullan (Cevdet Bey and his Sons), was published in 1982. He first achieved international fame with his third novel, Beyaz Kale (1985; The White Castle). His later novels, which have been widely translated, include Kara Kitap (1990; The Black Book), Yeni Hayat (1996; The New Life), Benim Adtm Ktrmlzt (1998; My Name Is Red), Kar (2002; Snow), and most recently, Masumiyet Muzesi (2oo8; The Museum of Innocence). He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2006.

'1 milyon Ermeni, 30 bin Kftrt oldiiriildii': (charges against Orhan Pamuk's words that can be summarized as 'thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians have been killed') In an interview for a Swiss magazine in February 2005, Orhan Pamuk stated, 'lhirty thousand Kurds have been killed here, and a million Armenians. And almost nobody dares to mention that. So I do.' For this remark he was charged with explicitly insulting the Republic or Turkish Grand National Assembly. However, the charges were dropped in January 2006.

tasavvuf felsefesi: Sufism is a mystical movement within Islam which arose after the death of Muhammad (AD 632), among groups who found Orthodox Islam to be spiritually stifling. It strives to find knowledge and divine love through direct personal experience of God.


Kara Kitap: The Black Book is a novel by Orhan Pamuk which was published in Turkish in 1990 and first translated and published in English in I994· lbe issues of Turkish national identity particularly in relation to the perceived Westernization ofTurkish society are featured several times.

Mevlana: Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi (1207-73) is known to be the greatest Sufi mystic and Persian language poet.

Mesnevi: (also Masnavi), literally translated as 'Spiritual Couplets', is a didactic epic by Mevlana Rumi, which widely influenced literature and mystical thought throughout the Muslim world.

~eyh Galip (1757-99) was one of the last great classical poets of Ottoman literature. His poems are characterized by highly symbolic language, complex concepts and wordplay and display his preoccupation with mystical religious themes.

Hftsn-ii .A§k (lit 'Beauty and Love') is an allegorical narrative poem by Galib Dede which describes the courtship of a youth (Husn or 'beauty') and a girl (A§k or 'love'). After many tribulations, the couple are finally brought together, which is an allegory for the fundamental unity of love and beauty.

tasavvufun benlik s:Ozftlmesi: Dissolution of the self is a stage, in Sufism, when the self becomes ready for the union and integration with God.

benlik biitiinlemesi (divine unity): The ultimate goal, in Sufism, is to spiritually become as one with God after the dissolution of the self.

tasavvufia 'kendisi degil ha§kast olma' istegi (desire for being someone else instead of being oneself in Sufism): In Sufism, human beings are merely reflections of God and they are in search of another self. lbe ultimate goal of this search is divine unity, when the illusionary self and real self come together as one.

anlam la§tmak convey a meaning

biitiinle§mek become one with, become a united whole

e§lik etmek accompany

gonderme allusion

Ahmedinejad'm2 ziyareti, Tiirkiye ile iran arasmdaki ili§kilerde yeni bir donemin ba§langrcr olarak goriildiigu is:ffi, ozel bir anlam la§tyor.

Y oksulluk diizeyi art:llks:a, kentle biitiinle§me egilimi azalmaktadtr.

0 nlii piyanistin oglu da, babasryla birlikte sahneye 9-karak ona e§lik etti.

Komedyen, cinsel gondermeler is:eren reklamlarla ilgili esprileri birbiri ardma srraladr.

66 Orhan Pamuk's literary world

ortadan kalkmak disappear, vanish

takdir edllmek be acclaimed, be praised enthusiastically, win recognition, be appreciated, recognize the worth, merit, or importance of someone

temsll etmek represent, embody, symbolize

yorumunda birle;mek be in unanimous agreement

1 Exercise 1

Farkh siyasi gorii§lere, degerlere, ya§am tarzlanna sahip olan toplumsal kiimelerin, kar§rhkh tahammiilsiizliigu ve beraber ya§ama isteginin ortadan kalkmasr, tehlikeli sonu<;Iar dogurabilir.

Belediyenin yapmakta oldugu ~I§malar, vatanda§lar tarafi.ndan da takdir ediliyor.

~iirinde betimledigi miize, aslmda Orhan Pamuk'un 'Masumiyet Miizesi' ni temsll ediyor.

~ehitlerin ardmdan, tiim basm yaym organlan, '~iddet uygulamayr ilke edinen teror orgiitiiniin, iilkeyi kana buladrgr' yorumunda birle;ti.


I gonderme a) bir §eyin belirgin ozellikleriyle ba§ka bir §eyi yansrtmasr, onun sembolii durumuna gelmesi

2 takdir etmek b) bir §eyin degerinin, oneminin, gerekliliginin anla§Ildrgrm belirtmek

3 temsll etmek c) atrf, referans, yazarken ilgisi dolayrsryla ba§ka bir kaynakta yer alan bir unsurla kurulan baglantr

4 biitiinle§mek d) bir ki§inin ba§ka biriyle ya da bir §eyle baglayrcr ve uyumlu bir birlik olu§!Urmasr durumu

5 e§lik etmek e) birinin beraberinde gitmek, bir yere giderken birine arkada§lrk etmek

'Edebiyat ele§tirmenleri, Orhan Pamuk'un, Dogu anlatrm gelenegine, ~da§ oykii ve anlatrm teknikleri ekleyerek yeni bir roman tiirii yarattrgr, bu nedenle 'yaratrcr yazarhk' a9-smdan biiyiik ba§an sagla4!& yorumunda birle§iyorlar.'

The suffix -DIK forms a subordinate clause with the object of the sentence saglachgt and is followed by the possessive suffix -(s)l referring to the subject (Orhan Pamuk) of the noun clause. -DIK in saglachgt expresses concepts such as truth and certainty and refers to a period of time which started in the past and extends to the present and hence is simultaneous with the main verb birle§iyorlar.


Example:

Uzmanlar, okullarda cinsel egitimin gerekli oldugu fikrinde birlefiyorlar. Experts agree that sex education in schools is necessary.

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I Fikret Bila, Orhan Pamuk'un Nobel Edebiyat Odiilii'nii, Ermeni ve Kiirt sorunu konusundaki ~Ila§ma bor9-u oldugunu dii§iiniiyor.

2 Fikret Bila, Orhan Pamuk'un Tiirk dill ve edebiyatma kazandrrdiklanyla degil, sansasyonel crtkr§lanyla ani1mas1 gerektigi gorii§iinii savunuyor.

3 Fikret Bila, Kara Kitap'm, Mevlana'nm Mesnevi'sini ve ~eyh Galip'in Hiisn-ii A§k'Im taklitten oteye g~emedigini ileri siiriiyor.

4 Fikret Bila, Orhan Pamuk'un, yaprtlarmda diin ve bugiin arasmda ba§ari11 bir sentez yarattlg1 i~n Nobel'i hak ettigini dii§iiniiyor.

5 Bila, Pamuk'un Ermeni ve Kiirt sorununa ili§kin soylediklerine kati11yor.

PartB


I Orhan Pamuk'un Nobel Edebiyat Odiilii'nii almas1, ne gibi tartl§malan beraberinde getirdi? 2 Y azJ.dan, Orhan Pamuk'un yaprtlarmm, yazm diinyasma ne gibi getirisi oldugunu ogreniyoruz? 3 Orhan Pamuk, Kara Kitap'la, nasi1 bir ba§anya imza atrm§tlr? 4 Orhan Pamuk, Kara Kitap'ta, ne gibi gondermelerde bulunmu§tllr? 5 Fikret Bila, Orhan Pamuk'un lo.zmm a& hakkmda nasi1 bir yorum yap1yor?

I Exercise 3


I Tarti§ma, bu sozlerin Nobel'i almak i~ soylenip

2 Tasavvufta a§k, Allah'1 a§kla arayanm 3 Pamuk'un, giiniimiizde g~en olaylarla,

mistik diinya ve tasavvuf felsefesi arasmda ustaca yapng1 gondermeler yoluyla

4 Edebiyat diinyasmda, tasavvuf edebiyatml giiniimiiz oykiilerine ta§lma

5 Bu, tasavvufta 'kendisi degil ba§kaSI olma'

a) saylenmedigi iizerinde yogunla§tl.

b) sonu¢1 onu yiireginde bul:masi.drr. c) kurdugu ba§arlll baglantl yine

edebiyat ele§tirmenlerince takdir ediliyor.

d) ustahg:I ac;ISmdan Pamuk'un Kara Kitap'1 ~ok ba§ari11 bulunuyor.

e) isteginin yarattigl ~li§kinin 'benlik biitiinlemesiyle-ba§kaSI olmakla' ort.adan kalkmas1 halidir.

68 Orhan Pamuk's literary world

I Exercise 4


• Orhan Pamuk'a Nobel Edebiyat Odulu verilmesi • Orhan Pamuk'un yazarl1g1 • Orhan Pamuk'un yap1tlan • Orhan Pamuk'un yap1tlannda tasawuf edebiyatm1n izleri

I Exercises



a) Orhan Pamuk, siyasi polemiklere alet edilmeden, Nobel Edebiyat Odiilii'ne layik goriilmii§ bir yazar olarak, kendi iilkesinde hak ettigi degere kavu§malrdrr.

b) Orhan Pamuk, Nobel Edebiyat Odiilii'nii oncelikle siyasi 9-h§larma bor9-udur.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Turkiye'de ve dunyada Orhan Pamuk etrafmda yogunla~an politik tart1~malan ele alan bir yaz1 kaleme alm1z.

Notes

* MiUiyet, 12.12.2006: http:/ fwww.milliyet.com.tr f 2006 /12/12/yazar fbila.html I Wroe, Nicholas, 'Occidental Hero', the Guardian, 8 May, 2004. <http:/ fwww.guardian.co.ukfbooksf2004/

may fo8 Jfiction.orhanpamuk> 2 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.

Chapter 10: The Turkish military's political role

/

Omit Cizre, Bilkent Uni11ersity

The founding fathers of the Turkish Republic in r923 were the military officers of the Ottoman Empire. Since then six out of eleven of the nation's presidents have had military backgrounds; the Turkish general staff means more than its counterpart in other Western democracies - so much so that the political class looks over its shoulder in fear of offending the military high command - and issues considered political, social, economic or cultural in normal democracies are turned into security issues about which the military institution has the decisive voice.

One fundamental and durable feature of Turkey's multi-party parliamentary democracy since r950 is the Turkish army's role in shaping politics by various forms of intervention. This power is confirmed by an embarrassingly high rrumber of successful, aborted and failed military interventions in different modalities in r96o, r97r, r98o, I997 and 2007. Two more should be added to this list beginning in 2003, the then force commanders conspired and aborted two coup attempts against the government, 'AYI§tgt' (moonlight) and 'Sank12' (blonde girl), two bizarre but beautiful pseudonyms chosen for these coups by the planners. The arrest of an alleged anti-government network, named Ergenekon, of ultrasecularists and ultranationalists including former commanders and officers in the summer of 2008 for plotting to provoke a military coup in 2009 -even after accession negotiations were started in October 2005 -by staging political assassinations and whipping up social turmoil, is the latest salvo in the political war between the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the TAF, Turkey's nationalist and staunchly secularist old 'guard'.

The impact of the military institution on state and society is not just a matter of historical memory. Turkey's is the second-largest standing army in NATO after the United States. Military service is compulsory; school books and teachings are heavily dominated by symbols, stories, and rituals of militarism; the almost daily public pronouncements of the high command on non-military issues are 'priority news' in the media.

The TAF holds sway by virtue of its role in pioneering modernization and guarding 'secularism', which it defines and redefines continually, but always in such broad terms as 'separation of state from religion'. Defending an official ideology, which is an anachronism in itself, creates the most powerful reason for the TAF to be able to act as a 'political army'. The 'guardian' mission is reinforced by the perception that Turkey occupies a unique strategic position regionally.

Large sectors of society have tended to hold the military institution in respect as they have become disenchanted with the political process over the years. However, the public retains a positive symbolic notion of the armed forces while harbouring negative sentiments regarding the military's policies and views, particularly towards continuing casualties of the war in the south-east and its alleged coup attempts. The result is a further paradox in the nature of Turkish nationalism: citizens are taught and socialized to uphold a nationalist and pro-military discourse, which shapes their everyday behaviour.

70 The Turkish militaryts political role

Turkiye'de Militarizm ve Kaynaklan*

~ahin A/pay, Bahge~ehir University

'Siyasal kiiltiiriin bunca onemli bir ogesi olmasma ragmen, Tiirkiye'de militarizm konusuna pek az deginildigi gibi, bu konuda bilimsel bir ara§tlrmaya bugiine kadar rastlanmad!. Bu bak1mdan milita.rizmin Tiirkiye'nin el siiriilmeye cesaret edilemeyen, tabu alanlanndan biri oldugu a9-k'

Bir siyaset bilimi kavrarm olarak 'milita.rizm'in us: degi§ik anlamda kullanildtgmi soylemek mumkun. Dar anlamda militarizm, sosyo- politik sorunlarm askeri giis: kullamm1yla s:oziilebilecegini savunan bakl§ a9smi tammhyor. Giinumiiz diinyasmda bu anlamda milita.rizmin belki en iyi omekleri, ABD'de Bush ve israil'de ~aron yonetimlerinin terorizm sorununu onu doguran nedenleri orta.dan kald1rarak degil, teroristleri oldurerek s:ozme politikalan. Geni§ anlam1yla militarizm ise, mutlak disiplin ve itaat gibi askeri ideal ve degerlerin yalmzca silahh kuvvetlere degil butiin topluma hakim oldugu kultiirel ve ideolojik durumu anlatryor. Bunun tarihteki en iyi omekleri 1930 ve 194o'larda Almanya, italya ve Japonya'da goriildu. Bir us:ftncii anlamda milita.rizm ise, askerlerin me§ru gorevlerini kotiiye kullanarak sivil politikaalarm alanma giren sorumluluklar1 ustlenmelerini ve sivillerce buna verilen destegi ifade ediyor. Bu tfu militarizmin en yaygm olarak 1960 ve 197o'lerde Latin Amerika'da ya§and!gi soylenebilir. Her us: anlamda milita.rizmin askerlere ozgii olmay1p siviller arasmda daha yaygm olabildigini; gerek kaba gerekse incelmi§ bis:iffileriyle milita.rizmin her tiirlusiiniin ozgurliik ve gonulliiluk ilkelerine dayah azgiirluk¢, liberal demokrasinin idealleriyle taban tabana zit du§tiigunu belirtmeye gerek yok.

Militarizmin Turk siyasal kiiltiiriinde azrmsanmayacak bir yeri var. Bunun Turkiye' de demokrasinin geri doniilmez bir bis:iffide yerle§ememi§ olmasmda payt bulunmah. Kfut sorununu PKK teroriiyle ozde§le§tiren, dolayisiyla yalmzca askeri gus: kullamm1yla halledilebilecegini savunan gorii§ler uzun siire bu alanda izlenen politikalara egemen oldu. 195o'de s:ok partili duzene ges:i§ten bu yana demokratik siires: 4 defa askeri mudahaleye ugrad!. Bu mudahaleler her defasmda, farkh ol¢lerde de olsa, toplumdan olduks:a geni§ destek gordu. Ara§tlrmalar Turkiye' de silahh kuvvetlere duyulan gil venin oteki ulkelere nazaran s:ok daha yiiksek duzeyde oldugunu gostermekte. Tiirk milletinin bir 'asker millet' olduguna, 'Her Tiirk'un asker dogduguna' dair soylemin hayli yaygm oldugunu biliyoruz. Tiirkiye'de silahh kuvvetlerin siyasette ve hatta. ekonomide oynad!g1 rol uzerine az da olsa bilimsel nitelikte inceleme ve ara§tlrmalar mevcut Bu baglamda oncelikle Bilkent Oniversitesi'nden Omit Cizre ve Bogazis:i Oniversitesi'nden Taha Parla'nm s:aJI§malan andabilir. Buna kar§Ihk siyasal kultiiriin bunca onemli bir ogesi olmasma ragmen, Tiirkiye'de militarizm konusuna pek az deginildigi gibi, bu konuda bilimsel bir ara§tlrmaya bugune kadar rastlanmad!. Bu bak1mdan milita.rizmin Turkiye'nin el siiriilmeye cesaret edilemeyen, tabu alanlanndan biri oldugu a9k. Sabana Oniversitesi'nden sosyal antropolog Ay§e Gill Altmay'm yeni yaytmlanan, The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender and Education in Turkey f Asker-Millet Soylencesi: Turkiye'de Militarizm, Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Egitim (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) ba§hgmi ta§Iyan ingilizce kitab1, bu alanda gers:ek anlamda bir ilk. Altrnay kitabmda, Turk politik kiiltiiriindeki milita.rizm ogesinin kaynagmda yatan 'asker millet' soyleminin Turk milliyets:iliginin kurucu unsurlanndan biri olarak nasil geli§tirildigini; zorunlu askerlik sisteminden okullarda verilen Milli Guvenlik Bilgisi derslerine kadar uzanan s:e§itli alanlarda nasd yeniden

The Turkish military's political role 71

iiretildigini ve militarizmin dogurdugu tepkileri inceliyor. Altmay'm son ylilarm en dikkate deger ara§trrmalarmdan birini i~eren kitabr dilerim en krsa zamanda Tiirk~eye ~evrilir. Bu kitabm vardrgr sonu~nn tartl§rlmasr, askeri giice ancak en son ~re olarak ba§VUIDlabilecegi; sava§m ka~rlmasr gereken buyiik bir kotiiliik oldugu; demokrasilerde silahh kuvvetlerin sivil otoriteye tabi, askerlerle sivillerin e§it hak ve sorumluluklara sahip yurtt.a§lar oldugu anlayr§mm Turkiye'de ne ol¢de yerle§tigi hakkmda bir fikir verebilir.

PKK: The Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan or Kurdistan Workers' Party is a Kurdish separatist organization that has been involved in an armed struggle against the Turkish army and the state. The PKK has been recognized as a terrorist organization by most Western countries and by major international organizations including the United Nations, NATO, and the European Union. The PKK was founded in 1978 by Abdullah Ocalan (Apo) as a neo-Marxist organization but later shifted its ideology to ethnic nationalism. The stated aims of the organization were an independent Kurdistan in the south-east of Turkey but these seem to have been lowered to greater Kurdish autonomy.

195o'de s;ok partlli diizene gep§: (see Tek Parti Yonetimi, p. 142) The young democratic republic was ruled by a single party, the Republican People's Party, for the initial couple of decades after its foundation. The first opposition party, the Progressive Republican Party, was founded as early as 1924 by the order of Mustafa Kemal and under the leadership of prominent generals Kazrm Karabekir and Ali Fuat Cebesoy and was later followed by another party, the Free Republican Party (FRP) of Ali Fethi Okyar in 1930. Okyar had to close down the FRP on 16 November 1930. The single party era came to an end in the 1950 elections when for the first time another party, the Democratic Party, came to power. After 1950, the Democratic Party stayed in power for a decade, winning three consecutive elections in 1950, 1954 and 1957 until the military coup in 1960. Although quite often interrupted by military interventions (see below), the Turkish political system has remained a multi-party one.

4 askeri mftdahale: The Four Military Interventions refer to four significant events in the political history of contemporary Turkey which occurred in the years 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997:

• 27 Mayrs ihtilali: The military intervention which took place on 27 May 1960 was the first in the Republic's history and took place only ten years after the transition to a multi-party system. It was carried out by a group of 37 Turkish army officers against the Democratic Party government of the time and three high-ranking members of the overthrown government were hung for high treason after the infamous Yassrada trials.

• The intervention on 12 March 1971 was not a fully fledged coup d'etat but an enforced change of government caused by a very strong military statement, or an askeri muhtrra. On 12 March, the president Cevdet Sunay received a military statement which said that unless a super-party consensus was reached and reforms carried out to get the country out of chaos, the army was determined to take direct control. The government resigned immediately and a technocratic government was formed under the leadership of Nihat Erim.

72 The Turkish militaryts political role

• The coup on 12 September 1980 was the harshest and most far-reaching of all the military interventions in Turkey. On r2 September, the Turkish military headed by Chief of the General Staff General Kenan Evren seized control of the country, the Grand National Assembly was dissolved, all political parties were closed and banned, and their leaders were tried and detained for several months.

• The last significant intervention occurred on 28 February 1997 and was called a 'postmodem coup' by many commentators. The early 1990s in Turkey saw an increase in the political power of the Islamist political movement and in 1995 the Refah Partisi (Welfare Party) ofNecmettin Erbakan emerged as the party with the largest number ofMPs and became the major partner of the coalition government. The military became more and more disturbed by this increase in political power and eventually a decree was declared by the National Security Council asking for immediate reforms to ensure the secular character of the Turkish Republic and threatening the government that unless such measures were to be implemented the army would not hesitate to defend secularism itsel£ This ultimatum forced Erbakan to resign and the government was dissolved.

MiDi Giivenlik BiJgisi dersleri: National security lessons have been a mandatory component of the education curriculum in Turkey since I979· The rationale of these lessons is: 'to reinforce the consciousness of national security among the youth; to enlighten all citizens about the political, psychological, and economic aspects of civil defence; and to promote the armed forces and to make the youth know and love the army'. These lessons are still being taught in Turkish high schools and questions from the lessons are included in all major central examinations such as the University Placement Exam (OSS).

halo§ aps1 point of view, standpoint, perspective

cesaret etmek be bold enough to, dare to, have the courage to do something

deginmek mention, touch upan, address

dikkate deger noteworthy, worthy of attentian

el sftrmeye cesaret edememek tiptoe around a subject, skirt around a subject

gijrevlerini kOtiiye kullanmak abuse of office, professional misconduct

Sosyalliberalizm, toplumsal eytsizlilderi azaltmak isteyen ve bunun i.¢1 firsat eytligine dikkat ~erken, devletin miidahalesinin yanh§ oldugunu savunan ba1a§ apstchr.

Tannla§trrilan siyasi onderlerin ozel hayah ve ki§iligi, el si.iriilmeye cesaret edilemeyen yasak alanlard1r.

Ba§kan Obama, konu§masmda, iran ve israil konusuna da degindi.

Son yerel se~lerin sonu9-an goz oniinde bulundurulursa, s~enin dikkate deger mesajlar verdigi a~tk~ ort.adadrr.

Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk, kimsenin e1 sftrmeye cesaret edemedigi konularda devrimlere imza atmi§ bir liderdir.

Uygulamada tarh§malara neden olan 'devlet idaresi aleyhine i§lenen gorevi kotiiye kullanma su~', Tiirk Ceza Yasas1'nm 240. maddesinde diizenlenmi§tir.

kumcu unsur founder element

ortadan kaldmnak eliminate, remove, eradicate

ozde§le§tinnek equate with

ozgn


Bazr Kiirt aydmlan, Kiirtlerin, Tiirkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurulu§Ulla katrlan kumcu unsur olduklanm ileri siiriiyorlar.

Baz1 akademisyenler, Tiirkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara§tJ.rma Kurumu (TOBiTAK) yasasmda yaprlan bir degi§iklikle, TOBiTAK'm ozerkliginin ortadan kaldmld:tg:t ele§tirisinde bulunuyorlar.

A§m saga Hollandah siyaset9 Geert Wilders'm, islamr §iddetle ozde§le§liren fllmi hakkmda, Hollanda islam Federasyonu'nun dava a<;t@. bildirildi.

peculiar to, specific to, unique to something/someone

Y eni bir sol dii§iince yarat:ma giri§imi, yalmzca Tiirkiye'ye ozgfi degil; bugiin biitiin diinyada, sosyalist dii§iincenin bilan~osunun ~masr

soylence myth, legend

taban labana z1t completely opposite, just the opposite, poles apart

-e tabi subordinate to

1 Exercise 1

ve diinyanm yeni ko§Ullanna uygun bir sentez yaratrlmasr ~basr soz konusu.

Halk arasmdaki bir soylenceye gore, bu ~orak bolge, eski ~larda, Amazon kadm sava§~ann ele gec;irdigi, mavi ~ aga9.anyla dolu, ormanhk bir yermi§.

Ba§bakan, 'Vatanda§ID giindemi ile muhalefetin giindemi laban labana Z1t' diye konu§lll.

Yiizyrllarca, Osmanhlara tabi kalan azmhklar arasmda bagrmsrzhk fi.kri fllizlenmeye ba§lamr§h.


r bakr§ a~J.Sl 2 deginmek

3 ortadan kaldrrmak

4 ozde§le§tirmek 5 saylence

a) bir meseleyi ele alarak ondan klsaca soz etmek b) bir konu ele almrrken izlenen belirli yon, gorii§

bi~i c) iki §eyi nitelik bakrmmdan birbirinin aymsr olarak

ele almak d) yok etmek e) eski gelenek ve gorenekler baglammda, onceki

donemlerin olaylan ve kahramanlan iizerine anlatrlanlar

74 The Turkish military's political role

I 'Gtintimtiz dtinyasmda bu anlamda militarizmin belki en iyi omekleri, ABD'de Bush ve israil'de ~aron yoneti.mlerinin terorizm sorununu onu doguran nedenleri ortadan kaldrrarak de gil, teroristleri oldiirerek ~ozme politi.kalan.,

This is a type of -(s)I compounding in Turkish by the omission of the genitive suffix -(I)n. The construction of the -(s)l compound giintimtiz dtinyast and of the genitive possessive construction giintimtiztin dtinyast are mostly interchangeable.

Example:

CiUnUmUz dUnyasmda tuhaf olaylara tan1k oluyoruz. We witness strange incidents in today's world.

2 'Bu baktmdan militarizmin Tiirkiye'nin e1 stiriilmeye cesaret edjlemeyen, tabu alanlarmdan biri oldugu a~lk.'

In the passive construction e1 stiriilmeye cesaret edllemeyen both the verb of the superordinate clause et- (ed-ll), and the verb in the -mAk clause stir- (stirl-iil), which is the object of the superordinate clause, are in the passive. Mllitarizm behaves as if it is also the object of the main clause.

Example:

istanbui-Londra u~g• ka~1r1lmak istendi. An attempt was made to hijack the istanbul-London plane.

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I Y azara gore, milit.arizm, sivil halk1ar tarafindan ho§goriiyle kar§rlanchgi. siirece, demokratik a¢rmlara onayak olabilir.

2 Yazar, Tiirk milleti.nin dogu§t.an 'asker millet' oldugunu ve bununla gurur duymasr gerekti.gini dii§iiniiyor.

3 Akademisyenler, kendilerini riske atmamak i9n, militarizm konusunda ara§trrma yapmakt.an ka~mryorlar.

4 Tiirkiye'de, silahh kuvvetler, milliyet~igin onlenmesinde onemli bir rol oynuyor. 5 Altmay'm kit.abr, okuyucuya, miimkiin oldugunca askerl giice ba§vurmama ve sava§tan

ka~mmanm onemini anrmsatrrken, asker-sivil e§itligi anlayr§mm, Tiirkiye' de, ne oranda i~selle§ti.rildigi konusunda ipu9an veriyor.

PartB


I Pro£ Dr ~ahin Alpay, militarizm olgusunu nasli tanrmlryor? 2 Yazar, militarizm ve ozgiirliik ili§ki.sine nasli bakryor?


3 Yazar, Tiirkiye'de, saz gelimi, Kiirt sorununa ili§kin izlenen politikalann, nic;in ve nasrl bir demokrasi sorunu haline geldigini ileri siiriiyor?

4 Yazar, Tiirkiye'de, sivil halkm militarizm olgusuna yakla§rrmm nasrl degerlendiriyor? 5 Altmay'm kitabr, hangi konu ~er~evesinde yogunla§ryor?

I Exercise 3


I Dar anlamda militarizm, a) sorunlann askeri gil~ kullanrmryla sosyo-politik ~oziilebilecegini savunan bakr§ a~rsmr

tanrmhyor. 2 Geni§ anlamryla militarizm ise, b) yalmzca silahh kuvvetlere degil biitiin

mutlak disiplin ve itaat gibi topluma hakim oldugu kiiltiirel ve askeri ideal ve degerlerin ideolojik durumu anlatryor.

3 Kiirt sorununu PKK teroriiyle c) oynadrgr rol iizerine az da olsa ozde§le§tiren, bilimsel nitelikte inceleme ve

ara§trrmalar mevcut

4 Tiirk milletinin bir 'asker millet' d) dair soylemin hayli yaygm oldugunu olduguna, 'Her Tiirk'iin asker biliyoruz. dogduguna'

5 Tiirkiye'de silahh kuvvetlerin e) dolayrsryla yalmzca askeri ~ siyasette ve hatta ekonomide kullanrmryla halledilebilecegini

savunan gorii§ler uzun siire bu alanda izlenen politikalara egemen oldu.

./

I Exercise 4


• Turkiye'de askeri gu~ kullamm1 • militarizm ve Turk siyasal kulturu • Turkiye'de halk tarafindan i~selle~tirilmi~ militarizm • silahl1 kuwetlere duyulan guven ve 'asker millet' olgusu • Turk milliyet~iligi ve militarizm alg1s1

I Exercises


I disagree 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ro I agree

76 The Turkish military's political role

a) Tiirkiye gibi a§m siyasi u~ kap1§1lg1I bir iilkede, halkm giivenligi ve istikrann saglanabilmesi i9n, askerin denetimi ve yeri geldiginde yonetime el koymasr ka9.rnlmazdrr.

b) Demokrasi ve insan haklannm bir geregi olarak, askerin siyasetten uzak durmasr gerekir.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Turkiye'de g~mi~ten gunumuze siyasi platformda ordunun ag1rhgm1 korumasmm neden ve sonu~lann1 irdeleyiniz.

Notes

* Zaman, o8 .03.2005: http:/ Jwww.savaskarsitlari.org/ arsiv .asp? ArsivTipl D~I&ArsivAnaiD~2497o#ilgili 1 kap!§mak 'snap at', 'tussle with' or 'Punch and Judy' politics.

Chapter 11: Turkey and the Middle East

Ozlem Tilr, Middle East Technical University

Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East during the 1990s was associated with tension and conflict. Turkey and Syria came to the brink of war in 1998 due to the PKK and water issues, the no-flight zone in northern Iraq was seen as a shelter for the PKK and Iran was perceived as a threat to the secular nature of the regime. Turkey tried to balance these threats by building close cooperation with Israel. The end of the 1990s witnessed a series of developments: the Adana Accords were signed with Syria in 1998 and the PKK was declared to be militarily defeated in I999· These developments changed Turkish foreign policy under ismail Cern to an active, multi-regional policy. Relations with the Middle Eastern countries were de-securitized and cooperation, albeit limited, began during this period. Within the following decade, this cooperation reached such a level that visa requirements were lifted with many Arab countries, joint cabinet meetings were held with Syria and Iraq, and possibilities of further integration were debated. The Palestinian issue became more important during this period and relations with Israel deteriorated in parallel fashion. Turkey's closer relations with the Middle East in the 2ooos have domestic, regional and international aspects. Domestically, the perception of decreasing threat from the region, the coming to power of the Justice and Development Party in 2002 and the impact of the former advisor to the prime minister, academician and now Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu, have been important. The 'zero-problem with neighbours' policy and the heated debate on neo-Ottomanism are important in this context. On the regional level, the Iraq War and its consequences have been significant. Turkey's rejection of the motion to allow US troops to open a northern front before the war negatively affected Turkish-US relations but this was readjusted in time. Turkey's facilitator/mediator role between Syria and Israel (now stalled due to Turkey's deteriorated relations with Israel since Prime Minister Erdogan's Davos row with Shimon Peres and the following Mavi Marmara incident), between Iraq and Syria and between different Lebanese groups has been noteworthy. The Iranian nuclear issue stands out as a controversial point in the region and Turkey's growing ties with Iran have become important. At the systemic level, developments after 9/II and democracy promotion policies must be mentioned. In this context the policies of the United States and its regional vision, and how it converges and diverges from that of Turkish policies, are important The convergences, like Afghanistan, Lebanon and Syria (after 2006) and divergences like Iran should be considered.

78 Turkey and the Middle East

Ti.irk-Amerikan Ortak Yap1m1 Yeni bir Ortadogu*

Miimtaz'er Tiirkone, Gazi University

Bu bir film degil, yeni bir uluslararas1 mimari proje. ABD a~smdan sadece Ortadogu'yu degil, bu bolgeden biiti.in diinyay1 diizenleme te§ebbiisii. Tiirkiye i9tl ise, yeni diinyanm temel yap1 ta§lan arasma kendisini bir bolgesel gii~ olarak yerle§tirme firsah.

'Biiyiik Ortadogu Projesi', 'Ihmh islam' gibi bizden ba§ka kimsenin dagarc1gmda kalmayan ideolojik sa~mahklan bir kenara b1raklp bu yepyeni mimariyi, bu mimarinin bize ve bolgemize getireceklerini kavramam1z laz1m. Olabildigince komplekssiz ve ger~ek9.

Soguk Sava§'m bitimi ve Sovyetler Birligi'nin dagilmas1 ile ba§layan donemin sonunda ve ne kadar siirecegi belli olmayan yeni bir donemin ba§mdaytz. ABD, hegemonyasm1 kaha kllmak i9tl yaptrg1 te§eb biislerde iki yakas1n1 bir araya getiremedi. Birinci Korfez Sava§I'ndan itibaren enerji kaynaklarm1 kontrol ederek potansiyel rakiplerini dezavantajh konuma iterken, Afganistan ve Irak'm i§galine odedigi fatura astan yiiziinden pahahya geldi. ~imdi, ikna giidinii seferber edecegi ve daha makul bir hegemonya pe§inde. Bu hegemonyay1, dikeni battrg1 yerden ~kartarak, yani lrak iizerinden, bolgemizden yapmak zorunda. Obama'nm ba§kanhk koltuguna oturmas1, bu yeni ba§langi~ i9tl sadece bir vesile.

ABD'nin hem Ortadogu, hem de biitiin islam diinyas1 i9n tutacag1 halka Tiirkiye. ABD diger zincirlere bu ana halkadan ula§maya ~h§acak. <;iinkii, her §eyden once Tiirkiye bolgedeki gii~ii konumunu zaman zaman ABD'ye ragmen kazand1. 1 Mart Tezkeresi'nden ba§layarak, Suriye ile ili§kileri, Liibnan Sava§I'm ve son olarak Gazze katliamm1 hatrrlayahm. ikinci olarak ABD'nin Tiirkiye'ye gosterdigi ozen, mesaj vermek istedigi islam diinyasma yonelik olacak. Bu yiizden ABD, Obama ile ba§lattrgi ban§ ve giiven politikasm1, Tiirkiye ile bir ortak yaprma donii§tiirmek zorundayd1. Tiirkiye'nin bu onurlu ve saygm konumunu, Ba§bakan'm Davos'taki tavnyla birlikte dii§iinmemiz lazrm. Bu taVIr yiiziinden, Ba§bakan'I ele§tirenlerin reelpolitik iizerine, bilgilerini de gozden ge9rerek yeniden dii§iinmeleri lazrm. Ortadogu'nun yeni mimari planlanna nihai §eklinin verilecegi ve bu planlara uygun in§aat faaliyetlerinin yiiriitiilecegi merkez Tiirkiye. Tiirkiye bu merkezi roliinii, son birka~ ythn eseri olan bolgedeki ahlaki onderligine bor~u. Siirdiirebilmesi i9n de bu ahlaki iistiinliigiinii korumas1; giiven veren adil bir otorite hiiviyetinde kalmas1 §art. Bolgedeki biiti.in aktorlerin ve tabii ABD'nin ~n, Tiirkiye'nin bu iistiinliigunii siirdiirmesine bagh. ~u husus ~ok onemli: ABD'yi bugiin geldigi yere getiren Tiirkiye oldu.

ABD'nin yeni ba§kani Obama'nm bir ay i~inde yapacag1 ziyaret bu tablonun biiti.inliigu i9tlde anlamh. Tiirkiye, oniimiizdeki k1sa bir zaman zarfmda hem ekonomik, hem de siyasi olarak diinyanm ilk on devleti arasma girebilir. Kar§ImiZa ~cak risklerin ~ogu di§arida degil, i~eride. Oncelikle Tiirkiye, bugiinkii bolgesel itibarm1 bor~u oldugu siyasi istikrarm1 korumak zorunda istikrarSI.Zla§tlrla her~ dinamik, Tiirkiye'nin bolgede elini-kolunu baglayacak. Kapatma davas1 ile one ~kan Anayasa Mahkemesi'ni bu gozle degerlendirmek laz1m. Sulandmlmi§ bir Ergenekon davas1 da, istikrarsizla§tina bir dinamik olacaktir. Tiirkiye ekonomik krizi hafif atlatryor; ancak bolgesel roller iistlenebilmesi i9n ekonomisinin ana iskeletinin saglam olmas1 §art. Diinya ol~egindeki krizi f1rsata donii§tiirecek faktorlerin ba§mda Tiirkiye'nin itiban geliyor.

Turkey and the Middle East 79

Hillary Clinton, kendisine 'Ilunh islam'1 soranlara rsrarla tekrarladrgr cevapta 'Demokrasi, laiklik ve dini ozgiirliikleri' birlikte vurguladr. Bu ABD dr§i§leri bakanma ait bir fi.kir degil, Tiirkiye'den beklenen ol¢. Demokrasi ile yonetilen, ozgiir, kamu erkinin hukuka (elbette laiklige de) riayet ettigi ve kendisini diger isla.m iilkeleri ile yakmla§trran kiiltiirel degerlere saygrh bir iilke. Tiirkiye'nin i~ zaaflarmr ortadan kaldrracak formiil bu kadar basit

Tarih tesadiiflerle ilerlemez. Sonu~ ortada olduguna gore diplomasimiz ba§arlh. Hala kii¢k bir azgeli§mi§ iilke gibi diinyaya bakanlarm, bugiinkii durumu hrzla hazmetmesi lazrm. Oniimiizde bir altm ~g uzamyor.

Biiyftk Orta Dogu Projesi: The 'Greater Middle East Initiative' was prepared by the Bush administration and presented in the G8 summit of 2004 as a 'forward strategy of freedom'. It was argued that the way to combat Islamist extremism was via the expansion of political rights and political participation in the Muslim world. The critics of this initiative argued that this was simply a political project to impose liberal capitalism on these countries in order to open up the mass markets of these countries for the Western economies using the excuse of democracy and human rights.

Ilunh islam: The term moderate Islam was coined in the US and reflects the efforts of the US government 'to fmd ways of preventing Islamic radicalism'. The involvement of the US in the debates within the Muslim world and its support of 'moderate Islam' has drawn some serious criticism.

I Mart Tezkeresi: On 25 February 2003, in the midst of the Iraq war, a permit was presented to the Grand National Assembly which was to be voted on on I March. The March I Permit, or in full the 'permit to be given to the government to authorize Turkish armed forces to be sent abroad and foreign armed forces to be allowed to enter the country', was rejected despite the fact that the ruling AK Party (Adalet ve Kalkmma Partisi) had a large majority and the official party line was to support the permit. The US had wanted to use Turkish air space and military bases in launching their operations in Iraq and therefore the refusal caused a serious setback in Turkish-American bilateral relations, as well as a significant amount of additional economic and logistical cost for the USA.

B~bakan'm Davos'taki tavn: At the 2009 annual summit, in Davos, the Turkish prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, attended a meeting concerned with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict which included the Israeli president Simon Peres among other participants. Erdogan's criticism of the Israeli actions and their policies towards the Palestinians elicited a long and heated response from Peres. When Erdogan wanted to respond again he felt that the moderator of the session, an American writer by the name of David Ignatius, did not let him speak fully and that he was treated with disrespect. Erdogan stormed out of the session before it was over, vowing never to return to Davos. Although the majority of Turkish and Arab people portrayed Erdogan as the 'hero of Davos', his actions caused a significant setback in Turkish-Israeli relations and he was criticized as being very undiplomatic by many commentators.

8o Turkey and the Middle East

Kapatma davast: The lawsuit against the AK Party requesting the permanent closure of the party together with the barring of as many as 71 of its members from politics was opened by Abdunahman Yal~ya, a High Court (Yargrt.ay) prosecutor, on 14 March 2008. The prosecutor argued for the closure of the party on the grounds that 'the AK Party has become the focal point of anti-secular activities' and was creating a significant threat for the constitutional system in Turkey. The Constitutional Court found on 30 July 2008, by a vote of 6 members against 5, that there was not enough reason to close the party.

Ergenekon davas1: The Ergenekon Case gets its name from the alleged organization named 'Ergenekon' which has a Kemalist and ultra-nationalist ideology. They are accused of trying to create the necessary conditions for another military intervention in which the military would take the control of the country away from civilian hands. The case has been portrayed by some as a struggle between the ruling AK party and a faction of the army because many of the suspected and accused members of the organization are current or retired soldiers.

giizden g~irmek look over, revise

hazmetmek digest, accept

hiiviyetinde kalmak maintain the identity of

tbmh moderate

istikrarstzla§brmak destabilize

kamu erki state authorities

kapatma davast case for the closurefbanning of a political party

konuma itmek push into deep water

Avrupa Komisyonu, Uzakdogu'dan ithal edilen zehirli maddeler i~eren baharatQar)la1 ilgili 'ithalat kontrol onlemleri' raporunu gozden g~irme karar1 ald1.

Boliim ba§kam, akademisyen meslekta§mm ba§ansmi hazmedemedigi i9n, ogrencileri ona kar§I ki§krrtmaya ~l§ml§.

Fatih'ten Kanuni devrinin sonlanna kadar kii¢k bir kasaba hiiviyetinde kalan izmir, ozellikle Cumhuriyet doneminde hiZla biiyiiyen bir §ehir haline gelmi§tir.

AcrmasiZ hiikiimdann kiZ1, tahta 9klnca, babasmm halka ya§attrgi acrlan unutturmak i~in, dnnb bir yonetim bi9mi izledi.

Ekonomik kriz, k1sa siirede ABD sm1rlann1 a§tl ve biitiin diinyay1 istikrarsizla§brdt.

Devletin ve diger kamu tiizelki§ilerinin (yasanm verdigi a9k yetkiyle olu§an tiizelki§ilige sahip kamu idare ve kurumlar1) sahip olduklan kamu erki, otoriteye bagh i§lerin yiiriitiilmesi i9n, kamusal alanda, kural koyma ve buyurma giiciine sahip olma anlarmna gelmektedir.

'Laiklige kar§I fikirlerin ve eylemlerin odagt haline geldigi' iddias1yla, AKP hakkmda kapatma davas1 a9lmas1, di§ basmm ilgi odag1 haline geldi.

Diinya Kupas1'nda, ingiliz taklmmm kar§Ila§malarda yeterli say1da gol atamamas1, taklm1, Brezilya kar§Ismda dezavantajh konuma itti.

riayet etmek respect, accept

seferber etmek mobilize

sulandmlml§ degenerated

1 Exercise 1


Diiriist devlet memurlan, mesaisine eksiksiz riayet etmesinden belli olur.

Y alova' daki deprem felaketinin ardmdan KI.ZI.lay tiim olanaklarm1 seferber etti.

Baz1 Ye§il~m filmleri, Amerikan fllmlerinin sulandmlml§ bir uyarlamas1 oldugu i9Il, sinemasal a~1dan belli bir kalite tutturamami§tlr.


I riayet etmek

2 gozden g~irmek

3 hazmetmek

4 I1rmh

5 seferber etmek

a) bir ama~ ugruna biitiin olanaklarm1 kullanmak

b) niteligini anlamak i~in bir §eyi her a~dan incelemek

c) ho§a gitmese de, ister istemez bir §eyin dogrulugunu kabul etmek

d) dii§iince ve eylemlerinde ol~lii davran1p a§mya ka~ayan

e) sayg1 gosterip uymak, boyun egmek

I 'Soguk Sava§'m bitimi ve Sovyetler Birligi'nin dagtlmasi ile ba§layan donemin sonunda ve ne kadar siirecegi belli olmayan yeni bir donemin ba§mdayiZ.'

The -(I)mf-(y)lm, which is an unproductive type of suffix, forms the noun bit-im from the verb root bit-.

Example:

Cierilim filminin ikinci balumunu izleyemedim. I couldn't watch the second half of the thriller film.

2 'Olabildigince komplekssiz ve ger~ek9.'

This construction functions as a possessive-marked postposition. The third person singular possessive suffiX -(s)I is followed by the pronominal n and the adverbial suffix -CA.

Example:

Tatilin tad1n1 olabildigince ~1karmaya ~hf•yoruz. We are trying to enjoy our (lit. 'the') holiday as much as possible.

82 Turkey and the Middle East

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I Prof. Dr Mfuntaz'er Tiirkone'ye gore, Mganistan ve Irak projelerinin altmdan kallalamayacak birer fi.yaskoya donii§mesi, ABD'yi, ikna giiciine dayah yontemlere yoneltti.

2 Tiirkiine, Tiirkiye'nin, ABD sayesinde Orta Dogu'da saygm bir konuma ula§l:@m ileri siiriiyor. 3 Yazar, ba§bakanm Davos'ta tam bir rezalet c;ll<ardrgmr dii§iiniiyor. 4 Yazara gore, Tiirkiye, Orta Dogu'da hatm sayrhr bir ekonomik giice donii§tiigi.i ic;in

dikkate almmaya ba§landr. 5 Yazrya gore, AKP'yi kapatma davasr, Tiirkiye'nin siyasi istikranm bozacagmdan, Orta

Dogu bolgesindeki itibanm da zedeleyecektir.

PartB


I Yazrdan, ABD'nin, Orta Dogu odakh siyasal proje giri§imiyle nasrl bir ama~ giittiigiinii ogreniyoruz?

2 Yazar, Tiirkiye'nin, ABD kaynakh bu siyasal projeden nasrl bir pay alabilecegini umuyor?

3 Yazar, ABD'nin, iktidarmr saglamla§trrmak i~n yaptrgr giri§imlerin nic;in ba§ansrzlrga ugradrgmr dii§iiniiyor?

4 Yazrda iddia edildigi iizere, ABD, Orta Dogu'ya yonelik giri§imlerinde, Tiirkiye'yi nic;in dikkate almak zorunda kalacak?

5 Yazar, 'flrmh islam' baglammda nasrl bir Tiirkiye tablosu 9ziyor?

I Exercise 3


I Tiirkiye ic;in ise, yeni diinyanm temel a) te§ebbiislerde iki yakasmr bir yapr ta§lan arasma araya getiremedi.

2 Soguk Sava§'m bitimi ve Sovyetler b) siyasi istikranm korumak Birligi'nin dagrlmasr zorunda.

3 ABD, hegemonyasmr kahcr krlmak i~in c) kendisini bir bolgesel gil~ olarak yaptrgr yerle§tirme firsatr.

4 Bu tavrr yiiziinden, Ba§bakan'r d) bilgilerini de gozden g~erek ele§tirenlerin reelpolitik iizerine yeniden dii§iinmeleri lazrm.

5 Oncelikle Tiirkiye, bugiinkii bolgesel e) ile ba§layan donemin sonunda ve itibarmr bor~u oldugu ne kadar siirecegi belli olmayan

yeni bir donemin ba§mdayrz.


I Exercise 4


• Turklerin Orta Dogu'daki siyasi ve ekonomik konumu • BuyQk Orta Dogu Projesi • 1l1mll islam • ABD, Turkiye ve Orta Dogu'da islam dunyas1

1 Exercises


I disagree I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 8 9 10 I agree

a) Tiirkiye, modem ve 'rhmh' bir islam iilkesi olarak, Orta Dogu'da onemli toplumsal ve siyasi degi§imlere onayak olmaya ba§lamr§tlr.

b) Tiirkiye, Orta Dogu'daki varhgmr abartmaya devam ederse, oradaki milliyet~lerin tepkisini iizerine ~ekecektir.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


'Turkiye'nin yeri Avrupa m1, Orta Dogu mu' sorusu uzerinde durunuz.

Notes

* Zaman, I0.03.2009: http:ffus.zaman.com.trfus-trfyazarDetay.do?habemo=39495 1 The word baharat of Arabic origin is already plural, but some speakers of Turkish use it with the Turkish

plural suffiX -lAr in order to construct the plural.

Chapter 12: Economic sustainability in Turkey and in the world

Ay§e Uyduranoglu, Bilgi University

There is an interaction between the environment and the economy. The environment itself is the resource supplier and waste assimilator. There are two conditions that must be fulfilled to achieve sustainable development:

1 Resources must not be used beyond the regeneration capacity of the environment. 2 The flow of waste into the environment must be kept below the assimilative capacity of

the environment.

If these two conditions are satisfied simultaneously, then sustainable development is achievable. Turkey has been enjoying rapid economic growth since the mid-1990s, resulting in an

increase in GDP per capita. Turkey also has high population growth rates. High economic and population growth rates, unfortunately, are threatening environmental resources and worsening existing environmental probleins. Although Turkey ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2009, it has no binding obligation to decrease carbon emissions during the 2008-12 period, unlike other countries which ratified the protocol. Although carbon dioxide einissions per capita in Turkey are low compared to developed countries, the rate of total increase in carbon dioxide emissions is high. The demand for energy as a result of population growth and increased purchasing power will worsen the current situation. A1; in many countries, the need for sustainable development is inevitable. Environmental law implemented in 1983 draws the main framework for environmental protection. Regulations have been issued on air quality, water pollution control, hazardous waste control and noise pollution control.

The main environmental probleins addressed in Turkey are:

water and sea pollution (dumping cheinicals into water and oil spills from vessels in the straits and bays) air pollution (the generation of electricity from polluting energy sources and the increased volume of transportation especially in urban areas) deforestation (mainly due to illegal logging) biodiversity and species extinction (as a result of the impact of climate change and deforestation) mismanagement of solid waste (the oldest methods of dealing with solid waste disposal are used, such as landfill).

Economic sustainability 85

Since Turkey aims to join the EU, it is upgrading its environmental legislation. Despite this, unfortunately, implementations and enforcements are weak. This constitutes a barrier to protecting the environment. That is why capacity strengthening in enviromental regulation is quite significant. It is also worth pointing out that compliance with the EU environment acquis requires significant investment, much of which is needed for water treatment plants, waste water treatment facilities and solid waste management

Ya~am1 Surdurebilmek*

Mahnaz Gilmriikviloglu, Sakarya University

Kalkmmanm smrr tammaz siirecinde, 'Diinya insanlar i~in yaratJ.ldr, insanlar diinya i~ degil' ifadesi ile bilgi ve teknolojinin dogal ve ~evresel tiim problemleri halledebilecegini dii§iinen Bacon'm yakla§rrm; sanayi devrimi, modem bilim ve kapitalizmin geli§imiyle paralellik gostermi¢r. 197o'li yrllara kadar da once geli§menin bir geregi oldugu iddia edilen kirliligin yaratJ.lmasr, claha sonra sorunlarm te§his edilerek tedavi yoluna gidilmesi yakla§rmi ile hareket edilmi§tir. Bugiin ise insanm diinya iizerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin hrz kazanmasr nedeniyle, giderek yiikselen bir sesle dogal dengenin bozulmakta oldugu konu§Ulmaya ba§lanmr§trr.

Sanayile§me, ormansrzla§ma, atrklar, hrzh niifus arh§I, yoksulluk, i§sizlik, ~rk kentle§me gibi nedenlerle ortaya ~ asit yagmurlan, ozon tabakasmm incelmesi, kiireselrsmma, radyoaktif serpintiler, su krthgr gibi sorunlar ~evre ile kalkmma arasmda ya§amsal bir koprii kurulmasr zorunlulugunu getirmi§tir. Sonu~; insanlann biiyiik krsmmm yoksulla§masr hatta yok olmasr ve doganm geri doniilmez bi~de tahrip edilmesi pahasma devam ettirilen kalkrnma siirecinde, bu tahribat ile artan yatrrrm maliyetlerini azaltabilmek ~ siirdiiriilebilir kalkmma kavramr ortaya atJ.lmr§trr.

Bu kavram, bugiinkii tiiketim ger~ekle§tirilirken, gelecekteki tiiketimin tehlikeye atrlmamasr, bunun i~ de do gal ~evrenin ihmal edilmemesi olarak tanrmlanabilir. Bu siire~e birlikte ba§layan 'kalkrnma ve ekonomik biiyiime temiz bir ~evre ile saglanabilir mi, yoksa ~evrenin zarar gormesi ka~mrlmaz mrdrr?' sorusu halen tarti§rlmaktadrr. Giiniimiizde gelinen noktada ise bilim ve teknolojinin biitiin sorunlarr halletmedigi, dogal kaynaklarm bir krsmmm geri doniilmez ol¢de tahrip oldugu ve geri kalanm da temizlenmesi i~ aslmda dii§iiniilenden daha fazla emek ve para harcanmasr gerektigi a~rk~ ortadadrr.

Bu tahribatrn nedeni, ekonominin ekosisteme bagrmh olmasma kar§m onunla uyum ve e§zamanlrlrk gozeten bir geli§me siirecinde ilerlemesidir. Ekonominin diinyanm dogal sistemleri ile ~tl§ma i~de oldugunun kamtlan; yok olan balrk yataklan, azalan ormanlar, tahrip olan topraklar, bozulan meralar, geni§leyen ~oiler, artan karbondioksit diizeyleri, azalan su kaynaklan, artan srcaklrklar, daha §iddetli fi.rtmalar, eriyen buzullar, yiikselen deniz seviyesi, yok olan mercan kayalrklan ve nesli tiikenen canlrlardrr. Aslmda, dogal kaynaklar aynr zamanda ekonomik kaynaklar olduguna gore ekonomiyi devam ettirebilmek, ekolojiyi korumakla miimkiindiir.

86 Economic sustainability

Dogal kaynaklardan yararlanmak biitiin canhlarm hakla.chr ve ya§am ortammm bozulmasma neden olan insanlar, kaynaklarm kendilerini yenileme kapasitelerini yitirmeden gelecek ku§aklara aktardmas1 bilinciyle hareket etmelidir.

Bugiinkii boyutlarda bir iiretimin, ah§dagelen kaynak kullamm1 ve yontemlerle ger~ekle§tirilmeye devam edilmesi durumunda, ne diinyarmzm hammadde kaynaklar1 yeterli olacak ne de ekolojik sistemlerimiz bu iiretim ve tiiketimden 9kacak artildan onemli zararlar gormeden asimile edebilecektir.

Diinya nufusunun yiizde 2o'si kaynaklann yiizde 8o'ini tiiketmekte, kirliligin yiizde 8o'ini iiretmektedir. Bu dengesizlik i9n ~oziim iiretmeden ~evrenin ve ekonominin problemlerinin halledilmesi miirnkiin goriinmemektedir.

Siirdiiriilebilir bir niifus diizeyini garantiye almak, gtda, enerji, su ve saghk konularmdaki temel ihtiya~lan kar§Ilamak, kaynak tabanm1 korumak ve zenginle§tirmek, teknolojiyi yeniden yonlendirmek, krizleri degil riski yonetmek, karar vermede ~evre ve ekonomiyi birle§tirmek, siirdiiriilebilir kalkmmanm hedefleri olmakla birlikte ashnda ya§amt siirdiirebilmenin mutlak gereklilikleridir. Bugiin hakim ekonomik sistemin iflas etmesinin ve ya§anan krizin sebeplerinden biri de bu gereklilikleri yerine getirmemi§ olmamtzchr. Bu durumda, ya§amm siirdiiriilebilirligi i9n biitiin canhlann ya§am hakkma saygt duymak, kaynaklann tiiketimini en aza indirmek, yeryiiziiniin ta§rma kapasitesinin iizerine 9kmamak, tiiketim ah§kanhklarimlZl degi§tirmek, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklann1 ve temiz iiretimi benimsemek, insanhga hizmet eden ama dogaya zarar vermeyen teknolojiler iiretmek, dogayla ban§Ik bir ya§amt hedeflemek, ekoloji ve ekonomiyi biitiinciil politikalar ~er~evesinde ele almak gerekmektedir. Bunun i9n, daha gii9u siyasi irade ve vizyon, etkin ulusal ve uluslararas1 ~evre politikalan ve artan bolgesel ve kiiresel i§birligi §arttlr.

Bugiin insanhgm oniinde iki s~enek varchr: Sadece kalkmma i9n iiretim ve tiiketimi siirekli arttrrmak ve boylece dogal kaynaklan daha fazla tiiketmek ya da yeni bir diinya diizeninde temiz iiretimi ve bilin9-i tiiketimi benimseyen yeni in san modeli ile 'ya§arm siirdiirebilmek'. Se9m bizim elimizde.

Bacon: Sir Francis Bacon (156I-I621) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer and author. He is known as the father of scientific method, which is often called the Baconian method. He served as both Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England but his political career ended in disgrace.

bart§tk contended, in peace with, at

peace with something or someone

biitiinctil integrated, holistic

Kendimize hi~ benzemeyen, bizden ~k farklt degerlere sahip olan insanlarla, ayrn toplumda bart§1k ya§ayabilmek i9n onlan tan1maya ve anlamaya ~alt§mahytz.

Uzman psikologlar, saglam bir altyap1 kazanmak baktmmdan, teori ve pratigin el ele yiiriidiigii biitiinctil bir egitimden ge9lmelidir.

~arptk kende§me unplanned urbanization, haphazard urbanization

e§zamanltltk simultaneity, concwrenc.e

geri donftlmez i1reversible

gozetmek regard, pay attention

ihmal etmek neglect

ile hareket etmek act upon, act according to

ldireseltsmma global warming

nesli tiikenmek e:~~:tinct, die out

ortaya atmak suggest, come up with, put forward

paralellik giistermek show parallelism, happen in parallel

smrr tammaz rampant, that which knows no bounds

sftrdiiriilebilir kallo.nma sustainable development

tahrip etmek destroy, devastate


Dogal alanlar, hi.zh niifus arti§mrn yol ac;t:Igt ~arptk kende§me nedeniyle, buyiik tehdit altrnda bulunmaktadtr.

Emniyet, 'iki bombalt saldmmn, e§zamanldtk gostermesinin rastlantisal oldugt.mu dii~nmiiyoruz' ac;:tklamasrnda bulundu.

Yanh§ devlet politikalan, iki etnik grup arasrndaki ili§kilerin geri donftlmez; bi¢nde bozulmasrna yol ac;tt.

Feminist gazeteci, politikaaya, 'Niyetiniz gers:ekten e§itlik saglamaksa, kadrnlann hakkrnt giizetmek zorundasrniZ' diye s:rkt§tl.

i§ hayatrnrn ba§ donduriicii yogunlugu, giinluk beslenme ah~kanliklartmtzt olumsuz etkilese de, beden saghgrmiZI ihmal etmemeliyiz.

Yuksekova'da ya§anan gerilimin ardmdan, ba§bakan, meydana gelen §iddet olaylannrn endi§e verici oldugunu belirterek, emniyet giis:Jerini ve halkt, sagduyuyla hareket etmeye s:agrrdt.

Kiireseltsmmanm yol ac;ttgt iklimsel degi~imler, dunyada milyonlarca insant yeni ya§am alanlan arayt§Iyla kar~t kar§tya btrakmaktadtr.

Gazetede yer alan habere gore, kaplanlar, nesli tiikenme tehlikesiyle kar§t kar§tya olan tiirler listesinin en ba~mda yer ahyor.

Einstein tarafmdan ortaya atdan fizik teorileri, bilim dunyasrnda crrgrr a¢.

Bazt sosyologlara gore, sosyalle§me ile beyin geli§imi paralellik gostermektedir.

A§m tiiketimin smrr lammaz hale gelmesi, dogal kaynaklan hrzla yok ediyor.

Kfiresel bir sorun haline gelen siirdiiriilebilir kalkmma, Tiirkiye'deki siyasi giindeme de yansrmaya ba§ladt.

Hafta sonu boyunca, dinmek bilmeyen saganak yagt§lll neden oldugu sel sulan, kiitiiphanedeki degerli kitaplan, artik onanlamayacak bic;jmde tahrip etti.

88 Economic sustainability

temel ihtiya~an lca.q:Ilamak meeting basic needs

te§his etmek identify, recognize, diagnose

1 Exercise 1

Barmma evleri, evsizlerin barmma, beslenme ve temizlik gibi temel ihtiya~anm bir ol¢de kar§rlayabiliyor ama onlarm yalmzhgmr gideremiyor.

Kadm Haklarmr Koruma Demegi, krrsal kesimde var olan sorunlan te§his edip, hedef kitleye gore ~oziim onerileri geli§tirmektedir.


I ban§rk a) kendine, birine ya da bir §eye kar§I yrkrcr degil, sevecen ve ho§goriilii olan

2 biitiinciil b) birbirini tamamlayrcr

3 e§ zamanlrlrk c) aym zamanda olu§ma durumu

4 ihmaletmek d) elde edilen verilere ve bulgulara bakarak bir

5 sorunun niteliklerini ve nedenlerini anlamak

te§his etmek e) birine veya bir §eye gereken ilgiyi gostermemek

'( ... ) dogayla ban§Ik bir ya§ami hedeflemek, ekoloji ve ekonomiyi btitiinctil politikalar ~er~evesinde ele almak gerekmektedir.'

In the construction btitiinctil, the suffix -en is added to the noun btitiin to form the adjective meaning 'integrated'.

Example:

Pek ~k ekonomist Bill Cates'in 'insanc1l kapitalizm' Onerisine ka111 ~1kt1. Lots of economists opposed Bill Gates' proposal of humane capitalism.

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I Giiniimiizde, bilim ve teknoloji, ~evre sorunlarmr kolayca ~ozebilecek bir noktaya ula§mi§tlr.

2 Dogal kaynaklarm ekonominin can damarlarmdan biri oldugu ger~egi, siirdiiriilebilir bir ekonominin saglanabilmesi i~in, ciddiye almmahdrr.


3 Diger canhlann ve gelecek ku§aklann hesaba katrlmadrg1 9-lgm tiiketim sistemi, bu haliyle i§lemeye devam ederse, dogal kaynaklarm kendini yenilemesi olanaksiZ hale gelecektir.

4 ~evre sorunlannm s:oziilebilmesi i<;in, ba§ka onlemlere ek olarak, insanlar arasmdaki e§itsizligin de giderilmesi gerekmektedir.

5 Bugiin diinyada egemen olan ekonomik sistemin tJ.kanmas1 ve ya§anan krizin nedenleri arasmda, yanh§ niifus planlamas1, temel gereksinimlerin dogal kaynaklan tahrip edecek bi<riffide giderilmesi, teknolojinin yanh§ yanlendirilmesi, s:evre ve ekonominin birbirinden soyutlanmas1 sayliabilir.

PartB


I Bacon'un diinya gorii§ii hangi yonleriyle kapitalizmle Ortii§mektedir? 2 Ge<;mi§te, s:evre kirliligine ili§kin nasli bir anlayt§ hakim olmu§!Ur? 3 Asst. Pro£ Dr Mahnaz Giimriik¢oglu, s:evre ve kalkmma olgulannm ni<;in birbirinden

soyutlanamayacagm1 dii§iiniiyor? 4 'Siirdiiriilebilir kalkmma' kavram1 nasli bir gereksinim sonucu ortaya atllmi§tl.r? 5 Yazar, 'siirdiiriilebilir kalkmma' kavramm1 nasli ozetliyor?

I Exercise 3


I I97o'li ytllara kadar da once a) ekonomiyi devam ettirebilmek, geli§menin bir geregi oldugu ekolojiyi korumakla miimkiindiir. iddia edilen kirliligin yarati1mas1, daha sonra sorunlann te§his edilerek

2 [Siirdiiriilebilir kalkmma b) sebeplerinden biri de bu gereklilikleri kavram1], yerine getirmemi§ olmamiZrur.

3 Bu siire<;Ie birlikte ba§layan c) mi, yoksa s:evrenin zarar gormesi kalkmma ve ekonomik ka~I1maz rmdrr sorusu halen biiyiime temiz bir s:evre ile tartl.§dmaktadrr. saglanabilir

4 Ashnda, dogal kaynaklar ayn1 d) tedavi yoluna gidilmesi yakla§rmi ile zamanda ekonomik kaynaklar hareket edilmi§tir. olduguna gore

5 Bugiin h.akim ekonomik sistemin e) bugiinkii tiiketim gers:ekle§tirilirken, iflas etmesinin ve ya§anan krizin gelecekteki tiiketimin tehlikeye

ati1mamas1, bunun i<;in de dogal s:evrenin ihmal edilmemesi olarak tanrmlanabilir.

go Economic sustainability

I Exercise 4


• surdurulebilir kalkmma • tUketim ~1lgml1g1 • dogal-~evresel sorunlar ve bilim-teknoloji • ~evre ve kalkmma • doganm geri donulmez bi~imde tahrip edilmesi • ekonominin ekosisteme bag1ml1l1g1 • uluslararas1 ~evre politikalan

1 Exercises



a) Siirdiiriilebilir kalkmma ic;in en koklii ve etkili ~oziim, dogum kontrol onlemleriyle diinya niifusunun azaltJ.lmas1drr.

b) Ekolojinin kaderi Allah'm elindedir; biz ne yapsak bo§.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Geli~en Turkiye'de surdurulebilir kalkmmanm gerekli ve ger~ek~i olup olmad1g1 uzerinde durunuz.

Note

* Cumhuriyet, 31.12.2008: http:/ fwww.cumhuriyet.com.tr J?im=yhs&hn=26846

Chapter 13: The Kurdish question in Turkey

Zeynep Gambetti, Bogazifi University

The history of the Kurds in Turkey is fraught with deprivation, unrest and oppression. The Kurdish uprisings that shook the first years of the young republic, from Sheik Said's KurdishIslamic revolt in r925 to the Dersim insurgency and subsequent massacres of r937-8, left the state elite mistrustful of the Kurdish population while instilling a bitter resentment toward the Kemalist regime among the latter. Kurdish intellectuals began to re-voice their discontent in the r96os, by forming groups within the Turkish Workers' Party (TIP) or by initiating parties and periodicals. The Eastern Meetings that took place in r967-9 were crucial in formulating and promoting Kurdish national consciousness. However, the r97r coup by ultimatum halted the institutionalization of the Kurdish movement, thrusting it underground. The TIP was closed; dozens of Kurdish leaders were imprisoned and tortured. This resulted in the radicalization of the Kurdish movement. The PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party) was founded as a secret armed movement in r978. Once again, the r98o coup was what provoked the most radical reactions among the Kurdish population. The Diyarbakrr prison is now known to be the most atrocious of Turkish prisons where daily torture incited hunger strikes and self-molestations by Kurdish inmates. The mainstream press remained at best indifferent When the PKK launched its first attacks against army outposts in the south-eastern regions, it was branded a terrorist organization with foreign backing. Eleven provinces were, however, placed under emergency rule in r987 and a 'low-intensity war' ensued until the I999 capture of PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan.

The armed conflict paradoxically created a public space in which what was now called the 'Kurdish question' could be debated. Although the mainstream media, reiterating the position of the Turkish army, continue to treat the question as one of 'security', other newspapers and groups in civil society espouse the demands of the Kurdish movement: a reform of the r982 constitution so as to allow for political and cultural rights for minorities; the setting of the appropriate conditions for the PKK to lay down its arms and tum civilian; the removal of the roper cent national threshold on elections; and so on. But bringing about peace after r5 years of dirty warfare is proving to be a highly thorny task. The accumulated effect of rights violations, para-legal activity and ultra-nationalist propaganda by the state elite and media alike, have thwarted efforts to seek peaceful means to promote democratic rights. In r990, an alliance between Kurdish and Turkish social democrats was razed owing to provocations from all sides. In the second half of the r990s, the change in the PKK's discourse (from separatism to Turkey's democratization) and its unilateral ceasefires were never acted upon by a Turkish establishment that seemed to have acquired an interest in keeping tensions high. Ironically, militaristic discxarse soared after

92 The Kurdish question

the war ended; lynching furies were sparked among Turkish civilians against Kurdish migrants scattered all around Turkey. Groups within the PKK also reacted against the establishment's lack of goodwill by launching attacks at moments that were critical to peace talks. The conservative AKP government's so-called 'Democratic Opening' initiative has also been extremely inconsistent and visionless.

Although the PKK and the Turkish army seem to be the major protagonists of the conflict, it has now become clear that peace cannot be brought about by disarmament only. The centuryold stigmatization of the Kurds and the social and political barriers to their recognition as full citizens of Turkey are perhaps the most important issues that still need to be addressed.

PKK Tasfiye Olacakt1r .. . * Ali Bayramoglu

Hatrrlayahm ... Donemin ba§bakam <;iller'in ispanya'ya gittigi ve Kiirt sorununun ~oziimii i~in Bask modelinden bahsettigi giinlerde, yani 199o'lann ilk ~eyreginde sorun yeniden ba§ gostermi§li ... Qiller'in ¢ziim arayr§lan ve Bask modeli tartl.§ffiaSl iizerine r2 Eyliil darbesinden uzun yrllar sonra ilk kez asker ki§lasmdan ba§mi 9karm1§, donemin Genelkurmay Ba§kam Dogan Giire§ sesini yiikseltmi§, Hiirriyet gazetesinde Qller'e ve Bask modeli tartl§malanna set ~eken, meydan okuyan bir a9klama yapmi§tl. Ardmdan Giineydogu ve Kiirt sorunu adrm adrm asayi§ politikalan ve tedbirleriyle oriilmeye ba§ladi. Sivil siyaset ve hiikiimetler hemen her alanda ipleri askeri otoriteye brraktr, terorle miicadele ad1 altmda ozgiirliikler alam iyice daraltilmaya yiiz tuttu. Dogan Giire§'in 'TBMM'de, basmda, okullarda hainlervar' sozlerinin iirettigi bir siyasi anlayr§ hakim oldu iilkeye ... Terorle Miicadele YasaSI ve benzer diizenlemeler bu don em de yap ddt. Aym donemde iilkede Ya§ar Kemal' den Ahmet Altan'a, Or han Pamuk'tan digerlerine yiizlerce aydm DG M'lerde teror yasas1 oniinde boyun egmeye itildi. Oral ~alr§lar bir roportajmdan dolay1 hapse mahkCtm oldu. Rag1p Duran hapis yatti.

Atilan her asayi§ adim1, terorle miicadele ad! alnnda askeri otoriteye yaradr, devlete yetki veren her diizenleme sivil siyasetin, ozgiir dii§iincenin altm1 oydu. Bu tiir siyasi atmosferin gotiiriileri bu denli a9kken hi~bir getirisi olmad1.

Tiirkiye bu otoriter iklim alnnda teroriin en azgm oldugu donemi ya§adi. Yasalar, toplumu suskunluga iten, her unsuru militerle§tiren adrmlar ~oziim olmaymca gayri me§ru adrmlar atrlmaya ba§ladi. Faili me~ul cinayetler, bombalamalar, Susurluk ~eteleri boyle ortaya 9kt1. Bunlar1 ~abuk unuttuk ... Unuttugumuz sadece bunlar degil ... Teroriin ve ~ti§malarm dinme ve alevlenmesi arasmdaki ili§kileri, bunlann nedenlerini de unuttuk ... Bugiin §iddet ve teroriin yiikselmesindeki ana faktor ortada.

Bu faktor teroriin arti§Iyla PKK'nm ya§adrgi sikl§Iklik arasmdaki ili§kiye vurgu yapmaktadrr. Teroriin yiikselmesi temel olarak demokratik adrmlarla PKK'nm tekelinin k1rdmasmm

ve PKK'nm demokrasiye sava§ a~asmm bir sonucudur. Ger~ekten de PKK'nm srkl§tlgr zamanlar, Kiirt sorununun temsili ve tan1mmm onun tekelinden 9kma egilimi ta§Idigl anlardrr. PKK boyle donemlerde tiim giiciiyle tekrar silaha sardarak, §iddete, asayi§ tedbirlerine, bask1 politikalanna davetiye 9karm1§, bu alanda devletle ba§ ba§a kalmak istemi§tir.

Bugiin PKK bu nedenlerle sikl§ma ya§Iyor. Bu sikl§madan dolay1 adz bir §ekilde tekrar silaha ba§VUruyor, Kiirtler iizerindeki egemenliginin silahm ve §iddetin egemenligiyle paralel

The Kurdish question 93

oldugunu biliyor. Bugiin gerek Tiirkiye'de gerek Giineydogu'da siyasi alanm ~ogulcula§masr PKK tekelini tehdit etmekte ve orta vadede Kiirt sorununun ~ozfuniiniin demokratik imlclnlan belirmeye ba§lamaktadrr. Tiirk demokratlarmm ve solcularm PKK'yla aralanna mesafe koymalan, hatta. tavrr almalan, §iddet kar§rthgr ekseninde birle§meye yiiz tutmalarr azgiirliikler alanmm geni§lemesinin netle§tirdigi deneyimler I§rgmda meydana gelmektedir.

PKK ve Ocalan'm §iddet oyunu ilelebet siirmez ... Giin gelecek PKK ger~ekten tasfi.ye olacaktrr.

~iller: Tansu ~iller is a Turkish economist and politician, who was born in 1946. ~iller joined the ruling True Path Party (Dogru Yol Partisi; DYP) in 1990, she was elected to parliament and was named economics minister in Prime Minister Siileyman Demirel' s coalition government. She succeeded Demirel as prime minister, Turkey's frrst female prime minister, in 1993, serving until the December 1995 general election when Necmettin Erbakan led the Welfare (Refah) Party, an Islamist party, to success.

Bask Modeli: The Basque Model refers to the autonomous community of the Basque country in northern Spain which was established by the second statute of autonomy in 1979. Its government consists of a president and a parliament.

Dogan Giire§ was the Chief of the General Staff of Turkey between 1990 and 1994. He retired from the army after 37 years and entered politics in the True Path Party (DYP), serving as an MP for two periods.

Teriirle Miicadele Yasast: The Prevention of Terrorism Act was adopted in 1991 in a context of heightened efforts to combat the terrorism of Kurdish separatists in Turkey. The act aims to define terror, terrorist acts, and terrorists and also identifies the exact measures of punishment

Yapr Kemal (Kemal Sadtk GOgceli) was born in 1953. He is a Turkish novelist of Kurdish descent who is best known for his stories of village life and for his outspoken advocacy on behalf of the dispossessed. His most famous novel, Jnce Memed, which is a popular tale about a bandit and folk hero, has been translated into more than 20 languages and was made into a film in 1984.

Ahmet Altan was born in 1950 and is a well-known Turkish journalist and author. He is the son of the renowned writer and politician <;etin Altan and elder brother of economist Mehmet Altan. He is currently the editor in chief and lead columnist of Taraf, a daily Turkish newspaper. In September 2oo8 he published an article titled 'Oh, My Brother' dedicated to the victims of the Armenian genocide, for which he was charged with 'denigrating Turkishness' under Article 301 of the Turkish penal code.

DGM (Devlet Giivenlik Mahkemeleri): The State Security Courts were frrst established by a 1973 amendment to the 1961 constitution. They were abolished in 1976 but were r~stablished by the 1982 constitution with enlarged authorities and a mandate covering loosely defmed issues that concern the security of the state. These courts were abolished once more in 2004 as part ofTurkey's political and legal reforms in the context of the EU membership process.


Oral ~all§lar is a Turkish journalist and author who was born in 1946. He had a very politically active youth during which he was involved in many activities of the revolutionary-leftist student groups and later started writing articles for leftist magazines and daily newspapers.

Ragtp Duran is a Turkish journalist and author who was born in I954· He is a lecturer at Galatasaray University.

Susurluk is a little town in Babkesir province which became famous throughout Turkey following a car accident that happened in 1996 at the town which indicated a relationship between the government, the armed forces and organized crime. Referred to as the 'Susurluk Scandal', the event came as a shock at a time when Turkey's struggle against the separatist PKK was at its peak lbe car crash included the deputy chief of the istanbul police, a parliament deputy who led a powerful Kurdish clan, and the leader of the Grey Wolves (who was a contract killer on Interpol's red list). lbe scandal provoked an immense social reaction and led to a popular nationwide event, known as 'Siirekli Aydmhk i9-n Bir Dakika Karanhk' ('One minute's darkness for the sake of perpetual light'), which was organized to protest about the 'satanic triangle' (a nationalist mafia leader, a high ranking police officer, and a member of parliament). Participants all around the country turned off the lights for a minute every night at 9 p.m. for several months.

tlcalan: Abdullah tkalan is the founder and leader of the PKK and was born in the small village of Urfa in 1948. He was actively involved in socialist and communist student organizations while studying in the Political Science Department of Ankara University and became overtly politicized. In 1978, he founded the PKK with a few friends. Ocalan was captured by Turkish military forces in 1999 and has been imprisoned ever since.

alb.m oymak undermine

b~ ba§a kalmak be one-on-one

b~ gostermek break out

boyun t>grnek submit, bow one's head, surrender

~ogulcul~ma pluralization

davetiye pkarmak facilitate, pave the way, open the way to

Uluslararasr sermaye hareketliligi, Tiirkiye' de devletin, §irketlerin i§leyi§ine bazr duzenlemeler getirme giiciiniin altmt oydu.

Ahmedinejad, Recep Tayyip Erdogan'la ba§ b~a kalmak istedigi i9-n, basm mensuplan odadan ~rldr.

Sava§ yrllarmda biiyiik bir veba salgmr b~ gostermi§ti.

Ulusalcr politikacr, 'Turkiye'nin sonu gelmeyen AB taleplerine boyun egmek zorunda kalmasr, Tiirklerin tepkilerini biiyiitiiyor' diye konu§tu.

Bir gazetede, farklr, hatta kar§It fikirlerden yazarlarm bulunmasr, Tiirkiye'de toplumsal zihniyet evrimine ve dolayrsryla ~ogul~manm basma yansrmasrna i§arettir.

Dun gece alkollii bir motosiklet siiriiciisiiniin neden oldugu kaza, zincirleme kazaya davetiye pkardt.

denli so ... that, such

faili m~hul unresolved assassinations

gayri MeljrD illegal, unlawfol

getiri gainings, advantage

gotiirii disadvantage

ipJeri -e btrakmak givingfoll scope to, leave control to, put someone in the d1iving seat

meydan okumak challenge in a threatening manner

militerle§tirme militarize

orta vadede in the medium term

set s:eken closing the door upon any discussion

sllaha sanJmak take up arms

tasfiye olmak eliminate, clear up

tavtr almak take a stand against, defy


Tiirkiye' de son zamanlarda reyting yan§I o denli ~tgnndan 9kn ki, her yeni yan§mayla birlikte, bir onceki yan§mamn ~ohretleri bir klVI.lctm gibi htzla parlaytp, yok oluveriyor.

Memleketini seven herkesin, faiJi m~huJ siyasi cinayetlerin aychnlatrlmasrn1 talep etme sommlulugu varchr.

'Karapara' kavram1, en geni§ anlamiyla, 'gayri mel_iru yollardan elde eclilen kazan~· olarak tammlanabilir.

Prof. Dr Necla Arat, 'Kemalizm'in kadrn haklarrna yonelik getirileri goz ard1 ediliyor' sozleriyle tepkisini dile getirdi.

Tanrnmi§ bir yazar olmanrn, saygrnhk, ki.§isel tannin, para vb. pek ~ok avantaj1 oldugu gibi, gOtiiriisii de varchr. Saz gelimi, tanrnm1~ yazarlann azel hayatlan hep mercek altrndadrr.

Parti is;inde istikrarh bir denge politikas1 saglayamayan siyasi iktidar, kayba ugramt~, ipleri muhalefete btrakarak klsa zaman i~nde eriyip gitmi§tir.

Beyoglu'nda ~eteler, polise meydan okuyor.

Sivil iradenin zayil oldugu bir iilkede, militerleljtirme ~abalan kolayca ba§anya ula~abilir.

Diinya Bankas1 Tiirkiye Direkrorii Ulrich Zachau, Tiirkiye'nin orta vadede, biiyiik bir olas1hkla, mali planda ongoriilenden daha da iyisini ger~ekl~tirme giiciine sahip olabilecegini soyledi.

Alevi ve Siinni genc;lerin evlenmesine set s:eken gelenek, Anadolu'da hala giincelligini komyor.

Bir siiredir silahh eylemlerini asklya almi§ gibi goriinen teror orgiitii, masaya oturma talebine s1rtlm doni.ip yeniden sllaha san1dt.

Tiirkiye'nin ko§Ullanna pek benzemese de, Kuzey irlanda'da IRA'mn nasi! tasfiye oldugu akillarda tutulmal1.

ogrenci orgiitleri, terore kar§l ortak tavrr aim.


tedbir precautionary measures

vurgu yapmak emphasize

yiiz tutmak begin to

1 Exercise 1

Ge~en yilki felaketi.n bir daha ba§Irmza gelmemesi i9n, su baskmr ihti.maline kar§I 'tedbir' anaht.ar kelime olmalrdrr.

E§itsizli.ge ve yoksulluga vurgu yapan bir frlmin, bu zengin iilkede gi§e yapma §ansi var mr?

Tarihi bozacrlar unutulmaya yiiz tuttu.


I bel§ gostermek a) ba§anyr ya da kazancr engelleyici etkisi bulunan unsurlar

2 boyun egmek b) birinin otoritesine genellikle istemeyerek uymak, katlanmak

3 geti.ri c) ba§an ya da kazan~ durumunda yararh goriilen unsurlar

4 gotiirii d) bir sorunun belirmesi, ort.aya 9kmasr 5 meydan okumak e) a9k~ gozdagr vererek kavgaya ~grrmak

I 'Sivil siyaset ve hiikiimetler hemen her alanda ipleri asker! otoriteye brraktr ( ... )'

-(v)i is an adjective-forming suffix borrowed from Arabic which was intended to be replaced by the suffix -sAl which was introduced as part of the language reform.

Example:

Hukukf konular1n tarllflldlil bir televizyon program1 izledim. I watched a TV programme in which legal issues were discussed.

2 'Bu tiir siyasi atmosferin gOtfir!!)eri bu denli a~en hi~bir getirisi olmadr.'

-I is an unproductive nominal-forming suffix which combines in this case with the verbs gottir(mek) and getir(mek) to create the words gottirii and getiri that function as nouns.

Example:

Cani MUjde'nin Osmanl1 Cumhuriyeti fllmi gUidUrU tUrUnde ~kilmifiir. Gani Mujde's film Osman/1 Cumhuriyeti has been produced in the form of a comedy.


1 Exercise 2

Part A


I go'h yillarda, pek ~ok Tiirkiyeli aydm, baslo.a devlet politi.kalarmm hedefi olmu§tllr. 2 Devletin asayi§ politikalan, askeri otoriteyi gii9endirirken, demokrasiyi zayrllatmi§hr. 3 Yazar, PKK'nm, §iddetten beslenen egemenligini kaybetme endi§esiyle silaha sanldrgmr

ileri siiriiyor. 4 Y azar, demokrati.k ve ~ogulcu bir siyaset izlenerek, Kiirt sorununa yonelik ~oziim umudu

yaratJ.ldrgmr soyliiyor. 5 Yazrya gore, solcular, PKK'yla aralanna mesafe koymadrklan i~n demokratlar onlara

kar§I tavrr almaktadrr.

PartB


I ~iller'in Bask madeline dayanan ~oziim arayr§lan, asker tarafmdan nasrl kar§rlanmr§? 2 Bayramoglu, go'h yillarda Giineydogu ve Kiirt sorunu konusunda izlenen resmi politi.kayr

nasrl betimliyor? 3 Yazar, Susurluk olayryla iyice goriiniir hale gelen derin devleti olu§tman ko§Ullan nasrl

tarif ediyor? 4 Bayramoglu, (yazryr kaleme aldrgr tarihte) PKK saldrrrlannm artmasmr neye baglryor? 5 Yazar, PKK ile devleti.n hangi ortak paydada bulu§tllklanm ileri siiriiyor?

I Exercise 3


I Ardmdan Giineydogu ve Kiirt a) askeri otoriteye brraktJ., terorle sorunu adrm adrm miicadele adr altmda ozgiirliikler

alam iyice daraltrlmaya yiiz tuttu.

2 Sivil siyaset ve hiikiimetler hemen b) asayi§ politi.kalan ve tedbirleriyle her alanda ipleri oriilmeye b<1§ladr.

3 Atrlan her asayi§ adrmr, terorle c) yaradr, devlete yetki veren her miicadele adr altmda askeri diizenleme sivil siyaseti.n, Ozgiir otoriteye dii§iincenin altrm oydu.

4 Bu tiir siyasi atmosferin gotiiriileri d) hi~bir geti.risi olmadr. bu denli a9kken

5 Bu faktor, teroriin artJ.§I.yla e) PKK'nm y3§3.drgr srlo.§I.klrk arasmdaki ili§kiye vurgu yapmaktadrr.

g8 The Kurdish question

I Exercise 4


• Kurt sorunu • terorle mucadele • asayi~ politikalan • terorle mucadele ve asker1 otorite • faili me~hul cinayetler • derin devlet • siyasi alanm ~ogulcula~mas1

I Exercises


I disagree I r 2 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 8 9 ro I agree

a) Terore kar§I en etkili miicadele, ancak asayi§ politikalanyla saglanabilir. b) ~iddet §iddeti doguracag1 i9rl, i§e silah kan§tlrmadan, Kiirt sorununa en etkili ~oziim,

e§it vatanda§lar olarak beraber ya§amanm yollarm1 aramaktrr.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Kurt sorunu ve PKK'nm dunyadaki benzer ornekleri uzerinde durup, aralannda bir kar~1la~t1rma yapm1z.

Note

* Yeni Safak, 12.12.2009: http:/ fyenisafak.com.trfyazarlarfdefault.aspx?i=I9928&y=AliBayramoglu

Chapter 14: Nationalism in Turkey

E. Fuat Keyman, Kof University

In the early republican era, where the rapid modernization of what was regarded as a backward and traditional society was the main motto of the governing elite, nationalism functioned as a dominant state ideology in linking modernity, security and Westernization through the construction of a homogeneous and secular national identity. The idea of a homogeneous and secular national identity, both as a carrier of the will to reach the level of contemporary Western civilization and as a republican citizensubject who is supposed to give a normative primacy to the realm of duties and responsibilities over that of rights and freedoms, on the one hand, and the protection of the security of the state and its territorial existence on the other hand, together defmed the discourse and practice of nationalism in this era, as well as its connection with modernity.

later, in the process of the globalization and then Europeanization ofTurkey, Turkish modernity was confronted by a number of identity-based conflicts challenging the homogeneous and secular national identity. From the resurgence oflslam the Kurdish question, the women question and the minority question to civil-societal call for individual and cultural rights and freedoms: in a wide spectrum identity politics, with its challenge to national identity, has become one of the important characteristics of post-1980 Turkish modernity. Since the 198os, there has been an increased dominance of security in state discourse, understood as the security of both the territorial state and the secular national identity of the republic. However, the most far-reaching impact of identity politics on Turkish modernity has been a shift in the ideology of nationalism from modernity to security. In other words, if in the republican period, rapid modernization with the intention of reaching the level of Western civilization had been considered an answer to the question of saving and securing the Turkish state, the post-1980 Turkey has witnessed the privileging of security over modernity, leading to an articulation of nationalism and security within the context of identity politics. This articulation has also created a change in the formation of Turkish nationalism, transforming it into a kind of paranoid nationalism. The resurgence of Islam, the Kurdish question, and the increasing ethnic and reactive Turkish nationalism, have generated serious impacts on the strong-state and its claim to secular and unitary national identity. Turkish nationalism has approached them as security threats to the sovereign and secular state. Thus, the more the identity-based conflicts voiced demands for recognition, the more Turkish nationalism began to speak of national identity with a heavy emphasis on ethnicity, and also approached social change in a very heavy sceptic tone and with a specific reference to the sovereignty and security of the nation-state. As a vicious circle, the more Turkish nationalism perceived the recognition-based claims and demands coining from identity as security threats and approached them with scepticism, the more paranoid it became, and the feeling of paranoia began to frame the terrain of nationalism as a whole.

1 oo Nationalism

'Hain'e 'Lin~' Gerek*

Murat Beige, Bilgi University

Ne oldu da, takvimin bu yapragmda, Ali Kemal'in ne oldugunun tartJ.§rlmasi gerekti, diye merak edebilirsiniz. Diin dedigim gibi, '§ehit' kadar 'hain'e de duydugumuz toplumsal ihtiya~, bunu klsmen a~lar. Ama §U somut olayda, Ali Kemal'in kendisi kadar hayatmm sona eri§ bi~inin de 'giincel' bir yam var.

Sakall1 Nureddin Pa§a, malum, Ankara'ya gotiiriilmekte olan Ali Kemal'i izmit'te durdurdu, halkm eline teslim etti ve lin~ edilmesini sagladi.

'Giincel' olan da bu. Ali Kemal'in 'basm §ehidi' olmas1 iistiine yaygarayt ~karanlar i§~ Partililer. Bunlar, i~inde en 'rlrmh'larm MHP'liler oldugu Klzrlelma koalisyonunda, her giin bir ba§ka clava pe§inde yumruk s1klp 'kahrolsun' diye bagrrmakla me§guller. 'lin~', onlarm bu davrani§ kahplan i~inde dogal olarak yerine oturuyor. 'Hain' bulmalan gerekiyor ki, 'lin~' ede bilsinler.

~imdi g~elim ba§ka bir konuya. Sakalh Nureddin Pa§a, dini yam agrr basan bir fanatikti. Bugiin ya§asa, i§~i Partisi'nden ~ok Hizbullah tipi bir orgiite yakm olurdu. Gaddarhg1yla iinliidiir, ama bir lin~ olayt daha vardir: izmir'e girildiginde oradaki Ortodoks metropolit Hrisostomos'u da lin~ ettirmi§tir. Herkese nasip olmaz, C.V.'sinde kap1 gibi iki 'lin~' olayt bulundurmak.

Peki, Kurtulu§ Sava§I bitti, bir~ok karga§ahk yatl§tl ve diizen kurulmaya ba§ladi. Bu diizen i~inde Sakalh Nureddin Pa§a'mn yeri ne oldu?

Bir §ey olmadi. Epey 'yalmz kurt' tipli bir adam&. Muhalifti ama oteki pa§alarm (Karabekir, Ali Fuat vb.) yanmda da yeri yoktu. Yalmz kendisine dii§kiindii. Onun i~n, izmir Fatihi, Karahisar ve Dumlupmar Galibi Gazi Nureddin Pa§a Hazretlerinin Terciimei Hali admda bir kitap yaytmlatti. Bu ad da, pa§anm akl-1 selimi, psi§ik dengesi hakkmda bir fi.kir vermeye yeter.

Ama sonu~, hele bugiinkii sunulu§ ~er~evesinde, o bir sava§ kahramam ve milliye~, onca miirekkep yalami§ Ali Kemal ise hain.

Ama o giinkii baki§ boyle degildi. Omegin Yahya Kemal, Ali Kemal'in lin~ edilmesinin yarattig! tiksintiyi anlatmi§tlr. Kimsenin Ali Kemal'i sevdigi, begendigi yoktu. Ama o zamanm insanlar1, ya§adiklan ~ok zor zamanlara ragmen, bugiiniin milliyet~leri gibi ol~iilerini kaybetmemi§lerdi.

Ba§ta Atatiirk. Atatiirk, Nutuk'ta, Nureddin Pa§a'nm bObiirlenmelerine cevap verme geregini duydu, dolaytsiyla onunla dogrudan dogruya ~tl§tl.

Ama zaten ~evresinde hi~ bulundurmad1. Ali Kemal'in oldiiriilmesinden sonra inonii'niin duydugu ofke de bilinir. Bugiin sagda solda milliyet~ gosteri yapan, milliyet~ige doyamayan kesim, Atatiirk9-iliigu

de elden b1rakm1yor. Ama kucaklad1klan milliyet~igin biiyiik k1sm1, Atatiirk'iin ve yakm ~evresinin reddettigi milliye~ilik kollan. Omegin, Tiirkiye Cumhuriyeti i~nde herhangi bir iiniversitenin admm 'Talat Pa§a' olmas1, herkesten once Mustafa Kemal'in tepkisini ~ekerdi. Bunun gibi ytgtnla omek sayabiliriz.

Milliyet~igin ba§ temsilcisi ittihat ve Terakki'nin ·~ete' mi dersiniz, 'yeralti orgiitii' mii dersiniz, kural tammaz tavrma kar§rlik, Mustafa Kemal, ya§adigi giiniin ko§ullarmda, legalizmi temel alan bir ~gi izlemi§tir. Bu onun aymcr ozelligidir.

Nationalism 101

Ama bugiiniin milliyet9-lerini kesmiyor bu 'legalist' 9-zgi. Onlar, biitiin a§mhklanyla milliyet9-ligi seviyorlar. 'Heyet-i Temsiliye'li degil, 'Te§kilat-1 Mahsusa'h, dolaytstyla srrasmda 'Susurluk'lu bir milliyet9lik. Yalmz duygusal bir tercih de degil bu: varolu§ ko§Ullan, verdikleri miicadelenin tipi, yeralh komploculugunu alabildigine te§vik ediyor.

Ali Kemal, who was born in r867, was a liberal Turkish journalist, newspaper editor, poet and politician who briefly held the offices of Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Education under the government of Damat Ferid Pa§OI, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. Ali Kemal opposed the 'Committee of Union and Progress' (see page ro3) and later the national movement of independence led by Mustafa Kemal. He was exiled to England for a brief period following a suppressed coup attempt '3r Mart Vakast' and he returned to Turkey in rgr2. He was captured in 1922 by the Anatolian movement of national independence in istanbul and he was taken to Ankara to be tried for treason. On 6 November 1922, the party was intercepted en route by the forces of General Nureddin, known as Sakalh Nureddin Pa§a (see below), and Ali Kemal was lynched by a mob.

Sakalh Nureddin P~a: Nureddin Pasha was born in r873 in Bursa and graduated from the Ottoman War Academy in r8g3. He is very well known as the general who arranged the kidnapping of Ali Kemal from British-controlled istanbul. It is alleged he let the angry mob murder Ali Kemal in the city of Izmit where his amputated body parts were displayed as an example. This brutality was strongly disapproved of by the leaders of the Kemalist movement in Ankara.

i§s;i Partisi: The Workers' Party is a left-wing Turkish political party which was founded in 1992 by the current president Dogu Perin~ek Although its members accept socialism as their main ideology, they have more nationalist ideas than the other left-wing parties in Turkey. They admire the founder of the nation, Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk, and they also defend the interests of the nation in issues concerning Cyprus, Greece or Armenia.

MHP (Mllliye4i Hareket Partisi): The Nationalist Movement Party is a right-wing, ultranationalist political party in Turkey which is currently under the leadership of Dr Devlet Bah~eli. In rg65, the previous president, Alparslan Tiirke§, who is still considered the eternal leader of the nationalist movement, gained control of the conservative-rural Republican Villagers Nation Party (Cumhuriyet9 Koylii Millet Partisi, CKMP) and changed the name to the Nationalist Movement Party.

Hrisostomos (izmir Metropoliti Hrisostomos): Chrysostomos of Smyrna was the Greek Orthodox bishop of izmir between rgro and 1914, and again from rgrg to his death in 1922 when he was brutally killed by a lynch mob provoked by Sakalh Nureddin Pa§a, after the city had been recaptured by Turkish forces at the end of the Greco-Turkish War. He has been declared a martyr and a Saint of the Eastern Orthodox church.

Ktzdelma Koalisyonu: The Red Apple Coalition represents a Pan-Turkist ideal. The Kemalist nationalists (ulusalcliar) gathered under the Klzlielma (red apple) Coalition together with

102 Nationalism

other leftist nationalists, military officers, rightist groups and the Turkist nationalists to revive the Kuva-i Milliye soul and counterbalance the imperialist powers.

Kurtulu§ Sava§l: The Turkish War of Independence started in the aftennath of the First World War. At this time Mustafa Kemal, one of the empire's most successfi.il officers during the war, was sent on an official mission to Eastern Anatolia and he immediately began to organize resistance against the occupation by the Allied forces. As istanbul was under British occupation, the centre of the resistance was moved to Ankara, where a new national parliament was established on 23 April, 1920 representing the birth of a new state with the name declared to be Turkey (Tiirkiye). A set of successful battles against the advancing Greek forces consolidated the new state and the war ended in 1923 with a comprehensive settlement which was eventually achieved via the Treaty of Lausanne.

Karabekir (Musa Kaznn Karabekir) was the son of an Ottoman general and was born in 1882. He attended military schools, joined the Ottoman army and quickly climbed the ranks, becoming Commander of the Eastern Army in the First World War. At the end of this he pledged with Mustafa Kemal to join the Turkish national movement and subsequently took command of the Eastern front in the Turkish War of Independence. After the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey Karabekir moved to Ankara and served in the parliament as Deputy of Edirne.

Ali Fuat (Ali Fuat Cebesoy) was born in 1882 and was one of the most important figures in the Turkish War of Independence. He became the commander of the XX Army Corps during the First World War. As the first commander to order resistance against the occupying forces in the aftermath of the war, he is accepted as the person who actually started the War of Independence.

Yahya Kemal, originally named Ahmet Agah, was born in 1882. He went to France for political science education and in his nine years in Paris he became familiarized and significantly influenced by French literature and poetry. Upon his return to istanbul, he taught history and literature at istanbul University. In 1923, he was elected a member of parliament of the newly founded Turkish Republic. He served in Turkish embassies in Warsaw and Madrid from 1926 until 1935, when he resumed his political career as a member of parliament until 1946.

inonft (ismet inonft) was born in 1884 in izmir and died in 1973 in Ankara. He was a Turkish army officer and statesman. He commanded the Fourth Army in Syria during the First World War, and at the time of the Ottoman surrender he was the undersecretary for war in Constantinople. Later, he joined Mustafa Kemal's movement to resist the Allied occupation of Anatolia. He was appointed chief of the general staff of the nationalist army and repelled the invaders in the two battles of inonii (near Ankara) in January and April 1921. He later took his surname from those engagements. In 1922 he was appointed foreign minister in the government of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara. With the support of Mustafa Kemal, ismet succeeded in gaining most of the Turkish de1nands in the Treaty of Lausanne. ismet became the prime minister when the Republic was proclaimed on 29 October 1923 and he remained in power until 1937. When Atatiirk died on 10 November 1938, inonii was elected president and became the permanent chairman of the Republican People's Party (RPP). He emerged as a champion of democracy despite being commonly

Nationalism 103

identified with one-party rule between 1939 and 1946. inonii was replaced in 1972 as RPP leader by Biilent Ecevit, the head of the leftist faction.

Talat Pap (Mehmed Talat Pa§a) was born in 1874 and became the leader of the Young Turks, an Ottoman statesman, a leading member of the Ottoman government from 1913 to 1918 and grand vizier (1917-18). Before the outbreak of the First World War, Talat sided with the Allied powers but the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of Germany. Talat, as minister of the interior, had to take responsibility for the deportation of the Armenians from the empire's eastern provinces and some historians blame him for the barbarity of the operation, which resulted in the death of some Armenians. In November 1918, shortly before the Ottoman surrender to the Allied powers, he fled to Germany, where he was killed by an Armenian three years later.

ittihat ve Terakki (ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti): The Committee ofU nion and Progress (CUP) began as a secret society in 1889. It became a political organization during the period of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the CUP came to power between 1908 and 1918 through theY oung Turk Revolution. Under this umbrella name one could find ethnic Albanians, Bulgarians, Arabs, Slavs, Jews, Greeks, Turks, Kurds and Armenians. Their common goal was changing the regime; after the revolution this goal lost its meaning and factions began to emerge.

Heyet-i Temslliye: The Delegation of Representatives was established at the Ermrum Congress in 1919 to act as the executive body to implement the decisions taken at the Congress. At the Sivas Congress this delegation was chaired by Mustafa Kemal himself and became an interim government for the national resistance movement

Te§kilat-1 Mahsusa was a secret special force unit established by the Committee of Union and Progress, which carried out intelligence gathering, propaganda and assassinations in line with the Turkist and Islamist ideology of the CUP. It became an official organization in 1914 and was dissolved in 1918 when the CUP left government.

akhselimf(akl-1 selim) spiritual, mental and emotional maturity, sensibility

a§mltk extremism

aymc1 distinctive

birini kesmemek not be sufficient, not satisfy, cannot get enough of, have an insatiable appetite

Boylesine bir acrmasiZhgr, akltselimi yerinde olan, yani sagduyu sahibi insanlarm yapabilecegini dii§iinmek istemiyor insan. (old usage)

Bu antidemokratik yonetim, a§tnhldanyla, kar§I tarafta da a§mhga zemin hazrrhyor.

Acrmasrzhk, diktarorlerin; insancrlhk, yani hiimanizm ise bilge insanlarm aymcr ozelligidir.

Onu bir kez §ampiyon olmak kesmez, her yrl §ampiyon olmak istiyor.

104 Nationalism

bobiirlenmek brag_ boast

dogrudan dogruya directly

dolayunyla therefore, so

doy(a)mamak can't get enough of

elden brrakmamak not to let go of

kapt gibi influential, powe1fo.l reference point, door opener

miirekkep ya1amt§ well-educated, well-informed, intellectual

nasip olmak for a big opportunity to come one's way

ol~iinii kaybetmek show bad form, display a lack of decorum, forget one's manners

tepki(sini) ~kmek provoke a reaction, cause outrage

yaygara pkarmak make a fuss, have a tantrum

ytginla loads of

Politikacrlann bir §ey ba~arml§ gibi bobiirlenmelerine, afra tafralanna bu milletin kamr tok.

Ba~bakan, dogrudan dogruya kendi gorii~leriyle tartl~maya katrlmak yerine, yardrmcrsma basm a¢damasr yaptrrmayr yegledi.

DolaytStyla, boylece senin de ne dii§iindiigiinii anla.mr~ olduk.

Eskiden beri en sevdi.gim yazardJ.r o; bin kere okusam kitaplarmr, yine de doyamam.

liberal soylemine ragmen, sosyalistligi de elden btralamyor.

i ~ bulma konusunda kaygrlanmana hie;: gerek yok; Oxford'dan kapt gibi diploman var.

Tann vergisi degil; ba~ansmda, aile terbiyesinin, gorgiisiiniin ve miirekkep yalaml§ olmasmm etkisi var.

Acaba Olympos'u, bir daha boyle bozulmamr~ haliyle gormek nasip olacak mr?

Annem ve babam c;:ok nadiren didi§ir ve tartr~malan srrasmda asia ol~erini kaybetmezlerdi.

Belediyenin koprii ges:i~ i.icretlerine zam yapmasr, her giin arabayla i~e gidip gelenlerin tepkisini s:ekti.

Gen9erin s:tkardiklan bu yaygara, sence hakh bir nedene mi dayamyor?

Diktatoriin zora dayalr asimilasyon politikalanna ytgmla ornek sayabiliriz.

Nationalism 105

1 Exercise 1


I bobiirlenmek a) iistiinliik taslayarak abarti.h bir bi9Inde oviinmek

2 dogrudan dogruya b) araya ba§ka bir aracr yada bir ara~ girmeden dolaystz bir bi~mde

3 miirekkep yalarm§ c) sert ve olumsuz bir ele§tiriyle kar§I kar§Iya kalmak

4 kapl gibi d) dayanak noktas1 saglam ve gii~ii olan

5 tepki ~ekmek e) iyi bir egitim almi§, bilgili ve entelektiiel kimse

I 'Bu ad da, pa§anm akl-1 selimi, psi§ik dengesi hakkmda bir frkir vermeye yeter.'

akl-1 selim has been constructed according to the izafet (Persian origin), by which the head of the noun phrase was linked to the modifying noun that followed it. izafet is seldomly used today and can mainly be observed in the linguistic habitus of the schooled Turkish-speaking upper classes or as a sign of showing political identity.

Example:

Bu farkl sOzleri, Umut'un i~inde bulundutu halet-i ruhiyeyi' ~k gUzel anlat1yor. These lyrics express very well the mood which Umut is in.

2 'Diin dedigim gibi, '§ehit' kadar 'hain'e de duydugumuz toplumsal ihtiya~, bunu losmen a~Iklar.'

The adverb lusmen has been constructed by attaching the -en suffix of Arabic origin to the noun lostm (of Arabic origin). (Note that the vowel '1' of the final syllable in lustm does not appear when the -en sufftx beginning with a vowel is attached to it. The word los1m in Turkish is constructed by inserting a vowel in the final syllable oflosm, which does not originally contain a vowel between's' and 'm' in Arabic.)

Example:

Yang1n tamamen kontrol alt1na ahnd1. The flre has been completely taken under control.

106 Nationalism

1 Exercise 2

Part A

Are the following sentences are true or false according to the content of the text? Please correct them if necessary.

I Prof. Dr Murat Belge, Kizrlelma koalisyonundan avgiiyle soz ediyor. 2 Yazrdan, i§9- Partililerin MHP'lilere kar§Ilin~ giri§iminde bulunduklanm anhyoruz. 3 Bugiinkii milliyet9-ler, Sakalh Nureddin Pa§a'nm, Tiirkiye tarihinde benzersiz bir

kahraman oldugunu dii§iiniiyor. 4 Yazrda, Talat Pa§a'nm, Mustafa Kemal'in yanmda yeri olmadrgr ileri siiriiliiyor. 5 Y azara gore, ittihat ve Terakki milliyet9-ligi, Mustafa Kemal'in siyasi tutumunun bir

yansrmasr sayrlamaz.

PartB


I Y azrdan ve a9klamadan 9karsadrgmrz kadanyla, Kizrlelma koalisyonu nasrl bir olu§umdur?

2 i§~i Partililerin Ali Kemal'e yakla§rmlan nasrl? 3 Prof. Dr Murat Belge'ye gore, Sakalh Nureddin Pa§a nasrl bir tarihsel tipleme? Bu

konuda yazarm ki§isel gorii§ii nedir? 4 Atatiirk ve ~evresinin, Sakalh Nureddin Pa§a'ya kar§I tutumu nasrl olmu§tur? 5 Yazrya gore, Cumhuriyet'in ilk yrllarmdaki milliyet9-ligi bugiinkiinden ayrran en onemli

ozellik nedir ve Mustafa Kemal, bugiin ya§asaydr, yazrda 9-zilen tablo ~er~evesinde Atatiirk~ olur muydu?

1 Exercise 3


I Ali Kemal'in 'basm §ehidi' olmasr a) Atatiirk~lugu de elden brrakmryor. iistiine

2 Bugiin ya§asa, i§9- Partisi'nden ~ok b) Hizbullah tipi bir orgiite yakm olurdu.

3 Herkese nasip olmaz, c) C.V.'sinde kapr gibi iki 'lin~' olayr bulundurmak.

4 Atatiirk Nutuk'ta Nureddin d) geregini duydu, dolayrsryla onunla Pa§a'nm bobiirlenmelerine cevap dogrudan dogruya ~tl§tl. verme

5 Bugiin sagda solda milliye~i gosteri e) yaygarayr ~rkaranlar i§9- Partililer. yapan, milliye~ilige doyamayan kesim,

Nationalism 1 07

I Exercise 4


• Turkiye'de milliyet~iligin dunu ve bugunu • Turkiye'de politik ~iddet ve lin~ olaylan

I Exercises


I disagree I r I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 6 7 8 9 ro I agree

a) Vatanlan ugruna her tiirlii azveriyi gaze alan milliye~iler olmasa, diinya devletleri dagilrr; tam bir karga§a ya§amr.

b) Milliyet¢ik, bir milletin digerleri iizerindeki iistiinliigii fikri iizerine kurulu oldugu i9tl, diinya ban§ml saglamanm tek yolu diinya vatanda§hgmdan gec;mektedir.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Tan1d1gm1z ba~ka toplumlardaki milliyet~ilik(ler)le, Turk milliyet~iliginin neden ve sonu~lan uzerinde durunuz.

Note

* Radikal, 2 3 .I o.2oos: http: I lwww .radikal.com.trlhaber. php?haberno=I678I6&tarih=2 31Io I 2005 I 'halet-i ruhiye' may be regarded as old usage, but it is returning as a result of the fashion of Ottomanism

in Turkey.

Chapter 15: Turkish cinema and politics

Can Diindar

The relationship between the Republic of Turkey and its founder is usually compared to that between a son and his father. If that is the case, then Mustafa may be considered the growing pains of Turkey. When we decided to make a movie that would embrace Atatlirk with all his authenticity, we could anticipate the reactions we would receive because Atatlirk was a taboo, hidden more and more to 'meet the needs' with each military coup. He resembled a giant statue smeared in lies, its original appearance obscured. Every nation needs such dogmas during the process of nationalization but there were two handicaps in the case of Atatlirk. First of all, the dogma lasted too long; it was meaningless that after 70 years of his passing, he was still commemorated with the same stereotypes, hidden and censored. Second, it was created despite himself. He was one of the rarest leaders, who was able to say 'I'm leaving no dogmas behind', and this was what distinguished him, prevented him from freezing in time, and kept him alive for all these years. It was a betrayal to him to deify such a leader as himself. Our idea was simple: to chip off the statue-like cast that had been built afterwards, made firm with each coup, protected by law. It was to bring him 'closer', to bring him 'from the sky down to earth', to touch him with cordiality and love, to reach his true identity with the help of texts which were written by him. But the work we were trying to complete took a laborious and dangerous turn in relation to the thickness of the plaster of the statue and the weight of the idolization. We focused on ftrst-hand documents during the preparation phase of the movie: we obtained notebooks that had never left his pockets, letters, circulars, notes that he made on the comers of the pages of the books he read. The Atatlirk we found there was much different from the one we had been told about. He said things we had never heard about the Kurdish problem, brought new approaches to topics regarding the Prophet, talked about a night he spent in the arms of a woman, or the negligence of Turkish doctors regarding his health. With great surprise, we came to see that these lines had been censored and hidden as they carried the risk of going against the history built later on, or damaging the statue that was built after his passing.

The first reaction once the movie hit the cinemas was, just like ours had been, surprise. And in turn came criticism, anger and attack. The journalists of a polarized country, who have come to doubt everyone, started attacking. It was demanded that the movie be banned; those who broke into cinemas hindered viewers; posters were burned, a lawsuit was filed. They wanted me to be sentenced to seven and a half years for insulting Atatlirk. A fraction of the reactions emanated from the assumption that the information presented was false. Those who admitted that the movie was based on fact, found a movie created on the seventieth anniversary of his passing 'untimely', and feared it would hurt Atatlirk. I, on the other hand, felt a little like Luther, who was accused of 'rejecting religion'. A believing but liberal Luther who wanted Mustafa to be based on substantive fact, instead

Turkish cinema and politics 109

of that made up by bigots, and those who defended Mustafa against 'the religion of Kemalism'. I should say that there were as many people who found the movie to be brave and who liked it, as there were who criticized it, and Mustafa broke a record in the history of Turkish cinema as a documentary, with 1,1oo,ooo viewers. It was shown on TV later on. About 6oo articles were written about it in the Turkish media. It grabbed the attention of world famous newspapers such as the New York Times, Der Spiegel, I.e Monde and the Independent. Then two other movies about Atatiirk were made. Most importantly, people started talking about Atatlirk, discussing him, and understanding him, thanks to Mustafa. Years later, it will be better understood that the actual contribution of the movie was this. And after all, doesn't the real acquaintance of a child with his father begin with him starting to work to reach the truth, and searching through his father's suitcase?

Aram1za Ho~geldin Atati.irk*

Baskln Oran, Ankara University

Niye §imdiye kadar kimsenin Atatiirk fi.lmi yaprnad@. anla§Ilch. U<;n§an internet iletilerinden biri 'Can Diindar bir Ermeni olarak ... ' diye ba§hyor, bir digeri 'Liitfen ozellikle s:ocuklanmzr bu fi.lme gotiirmeyin. Sizde gitrneyin' (-de eki biti§ik, tabii) diye uyanyor, bir tanesi de artrk olaym achm koyuyor: 'Benim de bir Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk'iim var ve bunu degil Can Diindar, Allahr gelse benden kimse alamaz'. Bu 'Liitfen Y,cuklarmrzr Gotiirmeyin' fi.lmini ben goreli hem s:ok oldu, hem de her yil goriiriim. Her yil dedigim, Miilkiye ikinci smrfta Atatiirk'iin nitelikleri bahsini dinlerken yatlli okuldan doniince evde bir iivey baba buldugunu duyan ogrenciler inanamazlar. Birbirlerine bakarlar. Goreli s:ok oldu dedigim ise biraz daha sivri. Tarih 1996. Ge<;en yil kaybettigim ablamm mezunlar demegi ba§kani oldugu izmir Amerikan Koleji'nde konferansa <;agrrrm§lar, konu§ma srrasmda sanki bugiinii bilmi§ gibi Atatiirk'iin totemle§tirilmesinin her §eyden once bu biiyiik adarna zararh oldugunu soyliiyorum: 'Atatiirk'ii bize oyle bir ogrettiler ki sesi giildiir giildiirdiir, boyu dev gibidir. Boyle bir imaj olu§tUrdular kafarmzda. ~imdi, bir s:ocuk Onuncu Yil Nutku'ndaki sesi duyunca hayalkmkhgma ugrarsa s:ok mu iyi olur? Boyunun en fazla orta oldugunu, bu yiizden biitiin resimlerde gruptan bir achm onde durdugunu ogrenirse kafasmdaki Atatiirk imajr ve ona bagh olarak Atatiirk<;iiliik zarar gormez mi? insan'r ortadan kalchrmanm manngr var mrchr?' 0 giin ardr ardma iki olay patlak verdi. Bir ogrenci babasr ben konu§urken kalktr ve 'Beyfendi, siz de pek uzun sayrlmazsmrz hani!' diye bagrrdrkta.n sonra dolu salonu giim giim giim terk etti. Bu komikti; zaten giilii§melere yol as:tr. ~u ise trajikti ve biraz iirpertti: Bir krz ogrenci firlach on tarafa, oturan velilere ve ogretmenlere hitaben 'Bize At.atiirk'ii nasil anlattrnrz yillarchr! Bunu nasil yaparsmrz! Bizi nasil aldatrrsmrz!' diye hr~arak bagrrmaya ba§ladr. Zaten o giinden sonradrr ki bir daha liselerde konferans kabul etmedim.

I insani zaaflar, politikacrlider

Filmi gormii§siiniizdiir. Veya daha iyisi, en §iddetle ele§tirenler gibi hakkmda yazilanlan okuyarak kanaat olu§tlirmu§sunuzdur. Ulu Onder gen~iginde biiyiik §ehirle ilk t.am§I§mda

110 Turkish cinema and politics

eglenceye clahyor, clerslerini aksatryor. Mum bitince hizmet neferine 'Ben karanhkta yatamam ~ocuk, bir ~e bul' cliyor. Meclis I92o'cle ilk a~Ilrrken Cuma giiniine rastlatrp Sakal-1 ~erif 9kartryor, Vilayet'te hatim inclirtiyor. Duruma hakim olunca tersini yap1yor: 'islamiyet Tiirk milletinin milli baglanm gev§etti; milli hislerini, milli heyecanm1 uyu§turclu' cliyor. Bazen Sovyetleri, bazen Kiirtleri pohpohluyor: 'M iisliiman karde§lerim, Komiinist yolda§lar! Yakrn bir gelecekte biitiin islamiyet komiinizm ile birlik olarak onlann intikamm1 alacaktrr!'. Srk agl1yor. 'Bir kaclm1 iclare eclemeclim' cliye yakrn1yor. ilk cumhurba§kan1 se¢cligincle ~ok krsa te§ekkiir edi§inin sebebini yillar sonra a9khyor: '~iinkii di§lerimi yeni ~ektirmi§tim. Yeni cli§ler konu§urken 1slrk gibi bir ses 9kanyor ya cia agzrmclan clii§iiyorlarclr'. Muhalefeti s1fi.rhyor. Her yere heykellerini cliktiriyor. Her sozii kanun. Heykeller ~ogalclrg1 orancla yalmzla§1yor. 'Beni UnutmaymrzfBeni Hatrrlaymrz' cliyor. Ak§amiistiileri uyan1yor, tek ba§ma bilarclo oynayarak sofra zamanm1 bekliyor: Giincle I biiyiik rakr, 3 paket sigara, I5 kahve i~yor. Ozellikle, 'Beni ~ya'nm kayahklanna, Dolmabah~e'nin karanlrk oclalanna hapsettiniz' cliye yalnrzhktan §ikayet ecliyor. Bunlan birle§tirin, iki §ey ~yor: Ka~Ilmaz pragmatizmiyle bir Politikaa ve clogal zaaflanyla bir insan.

I Neclen bu kaclar paniklecliler?

Bu filmi emperyalizmin Tiirkiye'cleki oyunlarma yormalan saat meselesiycli. ADD !sparta §Ube ba§kam 'CIA ajam Fuller patentli, Soros clestekli' olclugunu bize a~ayarak bu boyutu cia tamamlacl1 (Taraf, 04.n.o8). Boylesine hrr~la§manm sebepleri clerinlercle olmal1: I) Tam, Sakall1 Celal'in 'Bu kaclar cehalet ancak tahsille miimkiin olur' clecligi clurum. Sembolik olarak soyleyeyim; Atatiirk'iin karanlrktan korktugunu cluyanlarcla sarsmtr biiyiik olclu. Olclu cia, bunlar ne kaclar yeniycli? Hi~ clegil. ~iinkii hem Atatiirk'iin mesela srkr i~ci olclugunu bilmeyen yoktu, hem yalmzhgm1 F. R. Atay ve ~- S. Ayclemir gibi en yetkili Kemalist kalemler clone clone yazrm§larcl1, hem de §imcli 'Nercleee o film, nercle bu!' cliyenlerin ozlemle anclrklan San Zeybek de tam bir insan oykiisiiyclii: Hastalrgmm son 300 giiniinii anlatryorclu. 2) Anlatryorclu ama, ilah'm siyasal boyutlanna clokunmuyorclu. Mustafa clokunuyor. Hem de, §U ancla zaten clizginlerinclen bo§anrm§ vaziyetteki Sevr Paranoyas1'nm temel iki unsuru olan Kiirt ve islam konulanna. Filmin 'M. Kemal Kiirtlere ozerklik vaat etti' clemesine kimseler inanmaclr. ~uraya yaz1yorum, 'Sozcle azerklik vaacli' icaclmm eli kulagmclaclrr. Ama ffimcleki 'haber' clogru. Okuyalrm: 'Binaenaleyh, ba§h ba§ma bir Kiirtliik tasavvur etmekten ise, bizim Te§kilat-1 Esasiye Kanunu mucibince (mel. n'clen bahsecliyor) zaten bir nevi mahalli muhtariyetler (yerel ozerklikler) te§ekkiil eclecektir. 0 halcle hangi livanm (ilin) ahalisi Kiirt ise onlar kencli kenclilerini muhtar olarak iclare ecleceklerclir.' Dahas1, hesaba katrlmazlarsa Kiirtlerin sorun ~rabilecegi uyans1 var: 'Bunclan ba§ka, Tiirkiye'nin halkr mevzuubahs (soz konusu) olurken, onlan cia beraber ifacle lazrmclrr. ifacle olunmaclrklan zaman, bunclan kenclilerine ait mesele ihclas etmeleri claima variclclir'. Ocak I923 izmit basm toplantrsmm orijinali. Hep sansiirlenmi¢, 2ooo'e Dogru I987'cleki 35· sayrsmcla ilk clefa a~rklaclr. Ama yine Sakalh Celal hikayesi. insanlann ne bunclan haberleri var, ne de haberleri olsun istiyorlar. 'Tahsil'leri oylesine kavi ki, M. Kemal'in Kiirtlere ozerklik vermeye hi~ niyetli olmaclrgmm, biitiin amaanm Kiirtlerin o srracla sorun ~rkarmamalanm saglamak olclugunun farkrncla bile clegiller. Duyacak inanacak halleri yok. Onlar ancak Che Guevara'nm Bolivya'cla vurulclugu zaman ~antasmclan Nutuk ~rna inanrrlar (bunu aynca yazr konusu yapacagrm). Yahu, ne ugra§1yorum, adam sozii bitirmi§: ' ... bunu clegil Can Diinclar, Allah1 gelse benclen kimse alamaz'. Rabbim imansrz brrakmasm.


I Esas olay nerede?

3) Esas nedeni galiba bizzat Atatiirk'iin, filmde dinledigimiz r Kasun 1937 son Meclis nutkunda aramak laztm: '(Prensiplerimizi], gokten indigi santlan kitaplarm dogmalanyla asla bir tutmamahdtr. Biz, ilhamlanmtzl gokten ve gaipten degil, dogrudan dogruya hayatt.an almt§ bulunuyoruz'. Siyaset bilimi terminolojisiyle soylersek, iktidart gokyiiziinden yeryiiziine indirmekten bahsediyor. Machiavelli (r469), Bodin (1529) ve Hobbes (r588) gibilerinden ogrendigimiz Tann'dan Prens'e ges:i§ bu! Atatiirk'iin en hiiyiik yapttl! iktidan yeryiiziine indiriyor, c;iinkii gokte durdugu siirece din adamlar1 Allah'm dudaklarmdan konu§maya devam edecekler, 'Allah boyle buyurdu' diye kesip atacaklar. Nastl itiraz edeceksin? Geldik Tam buras1. Ort.adogu'da hurjuvazi olmadrgt i9n sekiilerle§me zaten ~ok zor, Ata'nm saghgmda dikilen onca heykelin de biiyiik yardtrmyla r96o, 1971, r98o askeri darbeleri Atatiirk'ii Kitab-1 Mukaddes'iyle (Nutuk) ve Kutsal Kudiis'iiyle (Amtkabir) komple bir Hz. isa yaptp 9ktl. Hz. Muhammed veya Hz. Musa degil isa; c;iinkii o diger ikisinden farkl1 olarak aynen Eski Mtsrr firavunlan gibi yart-tannsaldt. $imdi Mustafa, Kemalistlerin zaman i9nde tanrda§tlrdtklan Atatiirk'ii gok'ten yer'e indiriyor. Galiba esas kavga, 'Atatiirk bOyle huyurdu' nun artrk zorla§acak olmasmdan. Can Diindar, aktlh Kemalizm yaptlgt i~in oteki Kemalistler tarafmdan ~rmtha geriliyor. Hepsi bu. ( ... )

Dr Can Diindar, born in r96r, is a journalist and author who has worked for many important TV news shows as well as for many widely followed newspapers as a columnist. In his work he reveals the political, social and historical structure of Turkey. His most recent film, entitled Mustafa, a biographical documentary on Atatiirk, has been the subject of much heated debate in Turkey.

Miilkiye: The Faculty of Political Sciences (Siyasal Bilgiler Fakiiltesi) of Ankara University is one of the most prestigious political science faculties in Turkey. It was founded in r859 by Sultan Abdiilmecid as Mekteb-i Miilkiye or School of Public Administration, although some people have traced the roots of the school back to the fifteenth century. The school was moved from istanbul to Ankara with the proclamation of the Republic and the declaration of Ankara as its capital.

Onuncu Yd Nutku: The Tenth Year Speech is the speech that Mustafa Kemal gave on 29 October 1933 at the Ankara Hippodrome to mark the tenth anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic. The speech was both inspirational and motivational, describing the adverse conditions in which the national struggle for independence had been waged and setting ambitious goals for the future of the Republic and the country.

Sakal-1 Serif is believed to be from the beard ofthe Prophet Muhammad. It is an important part of a group of items known as the sacred relics (kutsal emanetler), which are currently preserved and displayed at the Topkap1 Palace.

ADD: Atatiirk~ Dii§iince Demegi, seep. I43·


Sakalh Celal: Born Celal Yalmz, Sakalh Celal was a Turkish thinker and philosopher who died in rg62. Despite having been a major influence on a number of very important writers, poets, thinkers and scientists including Yusuf Ziya Orta~:;, Ahmet Ha§im, Nazrm Hikmet and Ord. Prof. Ali Yar, he was little known outside intellectual circles during his lifetime.

Falih Rrllo. Atay was a famous writer who was born in r894 and died in 1971. He served as a secretary to the Grand Vizier and at the Ministry of the Interior, and as the private secretary ofTalat Pa§a and Cemal Pa§a in Syria and Palestine during the First World War. He founded the newspaper Ak§am in rgrg, which defended the War of Independence. For this he was sentenced to death. Alongside his political life, which lasted until 1950, he continued to write articles, essays and poems. He is most famous for .;ankaya (rg6r), in which he described the events during the establishment of the Turkish Republic. He was an advocate of Westernization and the Kemalist revolution all his life.

Sevket Stireyya Aydemir (r897-1976) was a famous Turkish writer and part of the Kadro movement (see Kadro Dergisi, p. 142). He completed his higher education in Moscow and then worked for the state following a period in jail for his political activities. His political views initially leaned towards Turanism, then Marxism and finally a synthesis of Marxist and Kemalist ideas. He is best known for his biographies in which he wrote about the political developments which occurred during the lives of Mustafa Kemal and ismet inonil.

San Zeybek is a 1953 documentary frlm of the life of Mustafa Kemal which was written and directed by Mimir Hayri Egeli. The film specifically showed the last 300 days of Mustafa Kemal' s life and portrayed his ordinary human characteristics rather than his military prowess or political talents.

Sevr ParanoyastjSevr Endi§esi: The Treaty of Sevres, signed between the victorious Allied powers and the defeated Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War, obliged Turkey to renounce all rights over Arab Asia and North Mrica and also allow for the presence of the Allied powers within Anatolia. The treaty was rejected by the National Movement oflndependence and was eventually replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. The heavy terms of the treaty have always remained deeply ingrained in Turkish nationalist minds and the terms Sevres paranoiafSevres worry jSevres syndrome are ironic descriptions of the nationalist fears that Western powers are again trying to divide Turkey.

Te§kilat-1 Esasiye Kanunu, the initial constitution of the new Turkish State, was adopted on 20 fanuary rg2r. The 1921 document was amended in October 1923 and the 1923 constitution, which was formally the first constitution of the Republic, included only a few changes to Te§kilat-I Esasiye Kanunu.

b~hb~ma on its own, by itself

binaenaleyh therefore, consequently

di7ginlerinden bopnml§ unbridled, be out of control

-m dudaklanndan konll§mak reiterate what someone has said

eli kulag.nda imminent, about to happen

gtildtir gtildiir strong voice, sonorous voice

gtim gtim gtim loudly, with bangs, sound of strong steps, with loud thumps

hatim indirmek have someone finish a complete reading of the Koran

hesaba katmak take into account, take into consideration

ihdas etmek create, invent

intikam almak take revenge

itiraz etmek object to something


Bir insam sevebilmek ba§lt b~ma bir sanattJ.r.

Eski cumhurba§kam Suleyman Demirel'in dilinden dii§meyen 'binaenaleyh' sazrugii, TDK'nm Tiir"4e sazlugune gore, 'bundan dolayi, bundan Oti.irii, bunun i9n, bunun iizerine' anlamma gelmektedir. (old usage)

Dizginlerinden bopnmJ.§ bir ekonomik kriz doneminde bir yerlere tutunmaya ~h§tyoruz.

Kendi fikriymi§ gibi, herkesin fikirlerini ezbere bildigi teorisyenlerin dudaklanndan konll§up duruyor; bu nedenle de ikna edici olamtyor.

Eli kulag.Dda, bugiin yann dogurur bebegini.

Dev kayahklardan akan suyun sesi gtildtir gtildiirdii. I

Sabaha kadar gtim gtim gtim miizik sesiyle, mahalle sakinlerini rahatsiZ ettiler.

Hatim indiren kursiyerlere, Diyanet i§leri Ba§kanhg. tarafindan sertifika verildi.

Ba§bakan, 'Kurt sorununun ~oziimiinde PKK yoriingesindeki parti ve ~evreleri de hesaba katmak laztm' diye konu§tugu i9n, tepkileri uzerine ~ekti.

Krali~e, 'Baz1 azmhklar, bunca zenginlik i9nde ya§arken, durduk yere kendilerine mesele ihdas ediyorlar' diye ofkelendi. (old usage)

istanbul'da bir kadm, kendisini aldattlgmdan §iiphelendigi kocasmdan intikam almak i9n yemegine zehir kattJ.gr su9amasryla gozaltma almdr.

Genel se9mlerin hemen ardmdan, muhalefet partisi, Ankara'nm ~e§itli semptlerinde, resmi olmayan sonu9ara itiraz etti.


kanaat olu§turmak fmm an opinion of someone or something

ortadan kaldrrmak eliminate, remove, abolish

azerklik autonomy

padak vermek occur unexpectedly, empt

pohpohlamak flatter, massage one's ego, suck up to someone

SakaJ-1 ~erif a hair of Prophet Muhammad's beard

tasavvur etmek suppose, imagine

te§ekktil etmek be formed, take shape

totemJe§tirmek put on a pedestal

ftrpertmek make one shudder, give (someone) the chills, tremble

vaat etmek promise

vaziyetteki in the condition of, in the state of

-a yormak interpret something in a certain way

zaaf weakness

Cumhuriyet'in ilk ytllannda yazrlmt§ romanian okuyarak, zamanm toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri hakkmda kanaat oiU§turmak miimkiin.

Devletin amacr, gen~eri su~ iten nedenleri orladan ka1dtnp, ellerine sus: aleti yerine kitap verebilmek olmalrdrr.

Azmhklann ezici bir s:ogunlugu azerklik istemiyordu.

Yunanistan ile Tiirkiye arasmda hava sahas1 ihlali kavgasr patlak verdi.

Yazilarmdan oti.iri.i, yazarr yillarca pohpohJayanJar, §imdi onu dovmeye kalkr~ryorlar.

SakaJ-1 ~erif gibi kutsal emanetleri ziyaret eden ya§h bir dede, gozya§larma hakim olamadr.

Kayseri'yi tasavvur ettigi kadar modem bulmadr.

Orta Avrupa'daki ilk donem imparatorluklarmm dagrlmasmdan sonra, bunlarm yerinde pek ~:;ok kii<;iik derebeylik te§ekkiil etti. (old usage)

Bir insan1 totemJe§tirmek, daha dogrusu tanrilaljtrrmak, aslmda onu unutmak degil midir?

Kedi kant i<;ti.gini itiraf eden adam ti.iyler ftrpertti.

Y art§mada birinci olan iiniversiteli, vaat edilen odiiliin kendisine bir an once verilmesini istedi.

Depremden sonra, yrkilrm§ vaziyetteki binalar yeniden inlja ediliyor.

Son geli§meleri hayra yormanm ne derece dogru oldugt.mu kestiremiyordu.

Her insanm zaaflan olmasr dogaldrr.


1 Exercise 1


I hesaba katmak a) birini dikkate almak, goz oniinde bulundurmak 2 intikam almak b) Qs: almak i9rl kotiiliige kOtiiliikle kar§Ili.k. vermek

3 eli kulagmda c) ~ok yakmda olmas1 beklenilen

4 ozerklik d) bir (etnik) toplulugun ayn bir yasaya bagh olarak kendi kendini yonetme hakki

5 pohpohlamak e) birini gereginden ~ok overek §Imartmak

I 'Atatiirk'ii bize oyle bir ogrettiler ki, sesi giildftr giildftrdiir, boyu dev gibidir.'

The doubled adjective gtildftr gtildftr occurs in this construction with an adverbial function (as in sesi gtildftr gtildftr s;tluyor). The doubling draws attention to the quality denoted by gtildftr gtildftr and indicates a large quantity of the modified item 'ses' (also: gtildftr gtildftr ses)

Example:

Futbolcu, sakath1'1na ratmen, sahaya gUmbUr gUmbUr d6necetini s6yledi. The football player said that sjhe would return to the football fleld with a big bang

despite herfhis injury.

2 'Biz, ilhamlarimiZI gokten ve gaipten degil, dogrudan dogruya hayattan a.lm1§ bulunuyoruz'.

In the construction aim!§ bulunuyoruz 'we have taken', the seldomly used free auxiliary bulun- forms a compound verb with al- and supplements the tense marking that is present on alrm§.

Example:

Bakan, 'GUneydolu B6lgesi'ne ~ kalmlf yat1nmlan baflatmlf bulunuyoruz' diye konuftu. The minister stated: 'We have started the overdue investments in the south-east region.'

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I Mustafa fllmine §iddetle kar§I 9kanlar, bunun Tiirkiye aleyhine ~h§an ajanlarm ve somiirgeci gii9-erin bir tezgahJ. oldugunu ileri siirmii§lerdir.


2 Prof. Oran, Mustafa ffiminin, islam ve Kurt meselesi gibi konularda At.atiirk'un siyasi yakla§ImiDI konu ettigi i9n, 'Sevr Paranoyas1' sendromunu ki§larthgmi du§iinuyor.

3 Pro£ Oran, Mustafa Kemal At.atiirk'iin, aslmda Kiirtler'e azerklik vermeye niyetli olmachgun, yalmzca sorun c;Ikarmasmlar diye, pragmatik soylemlere ba§vurdugunu ileri siiriiyor.

4 Prof. Oran'a gore, Mustafa Kemal At.atiirk, 'Biz, ilhamlarrmiZI gokten ve gaipten degil, dogrudan dogruya hayattan alrm§ bulunuyoruz' sOziiyle, din adamlarmm Tann'yt referans gostererek, iktidara ortak olmalarm1 engellemek i~in iktidan gokyiiziinden yeryiiziine indirmek istemi§.

5 Prof. Oran, At.atiirk heykellerine gonderme yaparak, askeri darbeler yardirmyla da, Mustafa Kemal'in yan t.annsal bir varhga donu§tiiriildugunu du§iinuyor.

PartB


I Yaz1dan, Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk'un ki§iligine ve giindelik ali§kanhklarma ili§kin neler ogreniyoruz?

2 Prof. Baskm Oran, 'Niye §imdiye kadar kimsenin Atatiirk ffimi yapmarug1 anla§Ildi' soziiyle ne demek istiyor?

3 Prof. Oran, Atatiirk'u totemle§tirmenin ne gibi sakmcalan olacagm1 du§iinuyor? 4 Prof Oran, ni~in liselerde konferans vermeme karan almi§? 5 Prof. Oran, Atatiirk'iin siyasi pragmatizmine yonelik hangi omekleri veriyor?

1 Exercise 3


I ( ... ) At.atiirk'un totemle¢ril mesinin her §eyden

2 0 giin ardi ardma iki 3 'Bizi nasil aldatrrsmiZ!'

4 Heykeller 5 Mustafa dokunuyor; hem de, §U

anda zaten dizginlerinden bo§anmi§ vaziyetteki

I Exercise 4

a) diye hi~arak bag~rmaya ba§ladi.

b) ~ogaldigt oranda yalmzla§Iyor. c) once bu biiyiik adama zararh

oldugunu soyluyorum. d) olay patlak verdi. e) Sevr Paranoyas1'nm temel iki unsuru

olan Kurt ve islam konularma.


• Ataturk'un totemle~irilmesi • Mustafa filmi baglammda 'emperyalizmin Turkiye'deki oyunlan' • 'Sevr Paranoyas1' • Atatlirk'un sekulerle~me projesi ve din adamlan • Kemalizmler


I Exercises


I disagree I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 8 9 10 I agree

a) Atatiirk'ii, sozde zayif yonleriyle srradan bir insan gibi gostermek, onun anrsma hakaret ve biitiin Turk ulusunu incitmek demektir.

b) Atatiirk'iin duygusal diinyasma da yer veren Mustafa filmi, onu, bu insan yamyla izleyicilerin goziinde daha da sempatik kllmaktadrr.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Mustafa filmini izleyip, hakk1nda yap1lan ate~li tart1~malan yorumlaym1z. Boyle bir f1lm, ba~ka bir onemli ki~i hakkmda yap1lsayd1, benzer tepkilere yol a~ar m1yd1; ni~in?

Notes

* Radikal, og.II.2oo8: http:/ jwww.radikal.com.trjRadikal.aspx?aType=RadikalEklerDetay&ArticleiD=go7 672&Date=22.04.2oog&CategoryiD=42

I Note that it is more common to use gilldiir gilldiir as an adverb, such as in the sample sentence: Su, dev kayahklardan gilldiir gilldiir akJ.yordu.

Chapter 16: Arabesk music in Turkey

Martin Stokes, Oxford University

The idea of an 'Arab style' entered Turkish musical discourse in 1928,' joining the by-then well-established debate on cultural Westernization. According to O'Connell: 'musical styles associated with Sufi religious houses, Christian drinking establishments, and gypsy festivities were scrutinized for their non-Turkish attributes, labeled for their discursive interest, and vilified for their heterodox character.' The term 'Arabesk' appears in the 1950s, partly signifying its Western meaning (girift tezyinat - 'highly wrought ornamentations') and partly signifYing 'Arab style' more generally.~ Later in the 196os the term began to be applied to various popular musical practices springing up in the nightclubs, eventually sticking to Orhan Gencebay. His 'Bir Teselli Ver' (of 1969), which Inight be described as a mix of Western popular, popularized Turkish art music and Turkish folk music, is often referred to as the first Arabesk hit.

Is Arabesk purely a Turkish story? Was 'the Arab style' nothing but a placeholder, an empty signifier for anything that fell on the 'wrong' side ofTurkish cultural nationalism? It is important to consider the broader regional traffic in musical style, one that continues to this day.3 Before the spread of national radio in the Iniddle of the twentieth century, many people in Turkey listened to Radio Cairo and developed a fainiliarity with the ~najor stars of the Arab world, particularly Umm Kulthum and Mohammed Abd al-Wahhab. Their fihns were known through Turkish versions, to which newly composed music (often by Sadettin Kaynak) was added. But important figures in the Turkish music industry travelled to and learned their trade in Egypt. The soundscape of the Arab world has been familiar for much of the twentieth century, and remains so. The large string choruses of Arabesk, its instrumental styles (particularly in the rhythm sections) and its vocal qualities testify to Cairo's enduring influence. 'Arabesk' should, then, be considered in regional terms as a kind of musical cosmopolitanism, linked to others (rebetika, chalga and so forth).

Arabesk became highly popular in the 1970s and the early 198os. It was associated in the Ininds of many with rural-urban Inigra.tion, but its appeal was nationwide. By the end of the 198os, residual opposition to Arabesk in official circles had melted away: Ibrahim Tathses, Biilent Ersoy and others marked the cultural hegemony of a populist neo-liberalism aggressively pursued by Turgut Ozal's ANAP and its successors. Arabesk started to fuse with popular musical practices, notably those of Sezen Aksu and her 'school'. By the early 2ooos it had become the subject of nostalgia on the part of the intelligentsia (note, for instance, Aljk Tesadiifleri Sever of 2006, a Murathan Mungan 'project' involving veteran Arabesk star, Miisliim Giirses). Many stylistic features of Arabesk are maintained today in popular religious music, for example that of Mehmet Emin Ay.

Arabesk music 119

Bir Haller Oldu Arabeske*

Orhan Tekelioglu, Bahve§ehir University

Arabeskin gitgide giindemden dii§tiigiinii fark etmemek miimkiin degil. Arllk 'eski elitler' olarak isimlendirebilecegimiz ~evrelerde bile 'arabesk' bir kii~iimseme tabiri olarak kullamlmryor. Ote yandan, arabeskin miizikteki riizgan azalmadan esmeye devam ediyor. Ornegin g~en yrl Krra~, Mahmut Tuncer'in 8o'lerden kalma bir hitini tekrar soylemi§, klibini de ~ekmi§ti. Klra~'m ebedi sahne partneri Funda Arar ise, 'Acrlann Kadmr' olarak bilinen Bergen'in bir §arkrsmr son albiimiinde yorumladr. Bu ilgi sadece bildik pop starlara degil yeni gruplara da sirayet ediyor. Hepsi'den sonra tiireyen 'tiki ge~ krzlar' gruplanndan MP3, Ne§e Karabocek soylemeye ~h§Irken, tenorluktan popstarhga evrilen Ferhat G~r ise 'Kiic;iik Emrah'm eski bir hitini yorumlamakta beis gormiiyor. Farkmdaysamz, yrllardrr arabeskin yeni bir 'krah' ya da 'krali~esi' de ortaya 9kmryor. ilk 9ktrklarr yrllarda kiic;iik ya§ta olduklarmdan Emrah ve Ceylan halen ortalarda ama, Emrah krhk kryafeti de yola koyduktan sonra popa ~k etti. Ceylan, halen aym miizikal kulvarda da olsa, sahnesi, 'agrr abla' makyajr, estetikli goriiniimiiyle bamba§ka bir kadrn. Son 'kral', bir on yrl kadar once ne§et eden Hakan Ta§ryan'dr, onun da 'kraliyet tacmr' ne kadar ta§ryabildigi pek belli degil. Bu arada, arabeskin asrl 'babalanna' ne oldu derseniz, keyifler grcrr, reklamlarda oynuyor, jiirilerde yer ahyor, §Ovmenlik yapryorlar. Merkezi elitleri onlarr ~oktan benimsedi, neredeyse akil adam muamelesi gorecekler. Ashnda durumda tuhafhk var da, nedense kimse bunun iistiine kafa yormuyor. Dii§iinsenize, bir yanda yiiziine kezzap atrlan, hunharca olduriilen Bergen, Ote yanda sahnesi, diksiyonu, miizikal formasyonuyla tipik bir orta smrf mensubu olan Funda Arar. Ya da bir dii§iiniin, yrldrzla§tlgr yrllardaki imajryla 'Kiic;iik Emrah' ve doktor Ferhat G~er! Boyle bir §arkr alr§veri§i 8o'li yrllarda olabilir miydi? Sakm bu donii§iimii ele§tirdigimi dii§iinmeyin, aksine donii§iimiin neden fark edilmedigi, fark edilse bile kayrtsrzca ge9§tirildigini anlamaya ~h§ryorum. Arabeski 'arabesk' yapan, ondaki sosyolojik melezlik haliydi ve tabii ki bu halin iirettigi srradr§I muzikal yapr. Arabesk9ler kabul etmeseler de arabesk, Turkiye modernitesinin son 50 yrlda ya§adrgr nufus donii§iimiiniin hem sosyolojik bir dr§avurumu hem de miizikal bir 'senteziydi'. Bir dr§avurumdu, ~ku g~e i~in, go~e gelen insanlarm kiiltiirel begenilerini yansrtan, §arkr sozlerinden ('Ben koyliiyiim') miizikal ~lgrlarma (elektrobaglama) kadar toplumsal degi§im ve donii§iime i§aret eden melez bir yaprya sahipti. 0 stelik, orne gin 'Turk~e sozlu hafif miizik' gibi yapay bir iradeyle kurulmami§tl, son una kadar sahiciydi, yeni §ehirle go~ edilen diinyalar arasmda kiiltiirel bir koprii kuruyor, §ehrin ~eperinde orgiitlense de hrzla merkeze huruc ediyordu. Bestecileri, icracrlan fark etmese de, Tiirkiye modernle§mesinin Dogu-Bat1 sentezi fikrini ala§agi etmi§ti ilk giinden itibaren. Ortiik bir 'sentez' onerisi oldugu sezildigi i9n yasaklandr, 'Arap etkisi' alt1nda oldugu yalamyla hem sagdan hem de soldan cumle aydrn taifesi tarafmdan 'arabesk' diye isimlendirildi. Rahatsrz olunan, Dogu-Batl sentezinde 'Dogunun' galebe ~masrydr, halbuki bu i§ 'Batt' yoniine dogru olmahydr. Ezgilerimizi 'Batl armonisiyle' ve i§i bilenler (konservatuarhlar) tarafmdan ~oksesli hale getirmeliydik. Bu nedenle arabesk, bir protesto, bir 'isyan' olarak algrlandr, bu yiizden lanetlendi, 'yoz' ilan edildi. Saga elitler, hem miizikal yaprda degi§iklige pek taraftar degildiler hem de bu i§in popiiler kiiltiir mecrasmda olmasmdan rahatsrzhk duyuyorlardr.

120 Arabesk music

I ~ehirliden ~ok §ehirli

Hikayeyi uzatmaya gerek yok, arabesk o giinlerden ba§layarak §ehir mekanmda ortaya 9kan, merkezi kiiltiire kafa tutan bir siirii 'denetimsiz' degi§im i~ jenerik bir isim olarak kullamhr oldu. G<Js: tabii ki durmadr, sadece §ehrin demograflk yaprsmr degil, kiiltiirel kurgusunu da donii§tiirdii. Arabesk begeni ve ondan tiireyen 'melez begeniler', §ehrin merkezini ~oktan teslim aldr. 9o'lara gelindiginde '§ehir arabeski' olu§mU§, yeni kral (omegin Kayahan) ve krali~eler (omegin Sezen Aksu) arzr endam etmi§ti. ~ehir arabeski merkezi begeniyi temsil ettigi i~ fark edilemez, lanetlenemez, 'yoz miizik' olarak yaftalanamaz zaten. Merkezde oteden beri varolan, yiikselen melez begenileri fark eden, arabeske arabesk9lerden ~ok daha fazla sahip 9klyor. Bu nedenle, merkezde ate§li bir tutku var 'arabesk klasiklerine', onlan ehlile§tirmek, baglamlarmdan koparmak i~in 9rp1myorlar. Ote yandan, arabeskin 'kurucu babalan' bu faaliyetlere kar§I koymak bir yana, ellerinden geldigince destek oluyor, '§ehirliden ~k §ehirli olmak' i9n binbir parende atlyorlar. G~enlerde, Taraf'm Pazar ekinde (2r ~ubat 2oro) okudugum soyle§isinde Orhan Gencebay hem fi.kren hem de manen ne kadar 'merkezile§tigi' hususunda §ahikalar yaratlyordu. Gencebay, daha once yapngr soyle§ilerinde hi~bir zaman siyasal gorii§lerini belli etmez, ser verir srr vermezdi. Omegin, Oray Egin'le yrllar once yapt1g1 bir soyle§ide (Radikal, 21 ~ubat 2002) 'Oliim oru~lan gibi haberleri goriiyorsunuz. Hi~ gorii§ bildirmeyecek misiniz?' sorusuna, '[a]rkada§lanmrzm kendi politik gorii§leri dogrultusunda daha dogru olduklanna inandrklarr ve vermek istedikleri mesajlar vardrr. Ama politik olunca beni a§Iyor' demi§ti. Taraf'taki soyle§ide ise gorii§lerini a9klamada hi~ imtina etmiyor, 'arabesk9' ve isyankar ruhundansa eser kalmami§. Omegin, ~ok hassasiyet gosterebilecegi bir konuda, 3o'lu yrllarda aylarca uygulanan radyodaki Tiirk miizigi yasagr sorulunca, 'Atatiirk hi~bir zaman kendi kiiltiiriine saygr duymayan biri degildi. Yasagr radyoyu idare edenler getirmi§tir' diyor. iyi de, Pa§a aylar boyunca hi~ mi radyoyu a~mami§, yasagr fark etmemi§, aklma bile gelmiyor. Sonra saz 'Kiirt realitesine' geliyor, 'yok ayle §eY' diyor, Demirel'in sozii hatrrlatrhnca, 'ben siyaset9 degilim' deyip ~rm atlyor. Kii~e klip ~ekecegim dedigi i9n iilkesini terk etmek zorunda kalan, gurbette olen Ahmet Kaya i9n soyledikleri ise ibretlik 'Kiirt oldugundan dolayr degil, anla§dmadrgmdan dolayr' acr ~ekmi§. Aynca, milliyet9 soyleme ~ok hakim, aynen §Oyle diyor: 'En ba§mda insamm ama birisi "ben §U milletim" derse rsrarla, bana eziyet etmeye kalkarsa ben de "Tiirkiim" demek durumunda kahnm. Bana ne olur bunu hatrrlatmaym'. Neyse, soyle§i boyle siiriip gidiyor ve ironide zirve yapryor. Fakir fukaranm babasmm e§iyle bir iddiala§masr varmi§ ki, okuyunca §apa oturuyorsunuz. E§i 6o kilonun altlna insin diye te§Vik mahiyetinde 20-30 bin lira nakit para ve bir de hediye sozii vermi§. Sevim hanrm bunu ba§aramami§ ama ~baladrgr i~ sonunda hediyesine kavu§mU§. Hediye neymi§ acaba? 'Bir Lincoln cip. ihtiyacr da vardr. Boyle te§Vikler oluyor ama ba§armak da kolay degil.' Arabeskin esamisinin artrk neden okunmadrgr anla§Ilmryor mu?

Ktra~: Ali Tufan Ktra~, often shortened to Krra~, is a popular Turkish singer who was born in 1972. He is one of the pioneers of the Turkish musical genre 'Anatolian rock' which combines Turkish folk music and rock.

Arabesk music 121

Mahmut Tuncer is a Turkish folk singer and composer who was born in 1961.

Funda Arar is a popular Turkish singer of'Anatolian rock', pop and classical Turkish music, who was born in I975·

Bergen: Belgin Sanlml§er, whose stage name was Bergen, was born in 1958. She was an Arabesk singer with songs on the themes of inequality, injustice and social exclusion.

Hepsi: Grup Hepsi is a pop band composed of four young girls. The oldest member of the group was born in 1984, and the youngest one in 1986.

MP3: Group MP3 is another girl pop band, similar to and, in fact, a major rival of Grup Hepsi (see above).

Nf!§e Karabocek: Nf!§ecan Goktiirk was born in I947· ismet inonii, who was president at the time, saw her in a theatre play at the age of five and gave her the surname Karabocek. She is best known for her Arabesk and Turkish classical music albums and she has also appeared in n films.

Ferhat Go~r is a Turkish pop singer who was born in 1970 and is also a practising medical doctor.

~ Emrah: Emrah ipek is a popular Turkish singer and actor who was born in 1971. He recorded his first professional album at the age of 13, received widespread attention and gained the nickname 'Kii¢1< Emrah'. Emrah's early albums were composed of Arabesk songs but with his 1993 album he attempted to shift musical genres to pop music and lose his nickname.

Ceylan: Ceylan Avo was born in 1974 and started her career as an Arabesk and Turkish folk music singer at the age of ro.

Hakan T3flyan was born in 1973 and is a Turkish Arabesk singer in Ankara. He has been seen as a younger version of one of the most famous names in his genre, Miisliim Giirses, perhaps because he started his career as a back-up vocalist behind Giirses.

Elektro-baglama: The baglama is a traditional stringed musical instnunent which features in Turkish folk music and also exists in various cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East and Central Asia. The elektro-baglama retains the basic structure but has magnetic pick-ups placed inside it making its sound more in tune with rock music; it is used by Orhan Gencebay.

Tftrks;e stlzlfi hafif mfizik: The term 1ight music with Turkish lyrics' was used to refer to popular foreign songs which were sung with Turkish lyrics or adapted to a Turkish music style. This music genre was replaced in the early 1990s by 'Turkish pop' music.

Dogu-Batl sentezi: The concept of'synthesis of East and West' has been an important aspect of Turkey's modernization from the very early days of the Turkish Republic. The founding

122 Arabesk music

fathers of the Republic embraced the idea of modernization as Westernization; however, trying to achieve a synthesis of East and West was a way of making this difficult transformation easier. For instance the musical styles of the West could be merged with Turkish themes and lyrics. One of the most articulate defenders and theorizers of this idea was Ziya Gokalp.

Kayahan: Kayahan A91r is a singer and composer and one of the cult names in Turkish pop music. He was born in 1949.

Sezen Aksu is the female pop singer, composer and poet of Turkey. She was born in 1954 as Fatma Sezen Yddmm and recorded her first album in 1975. She has over 25 solo albums and has composed numerous popular songs.

Taraf is a Turkish national daily newspaper which was published for the first time on 15 October 2007. The paper claims to be the most liberal and the only independent major newspaper in Turkey and has received several international journalism prizes for being so.

Orhan Gencebay, born in 1944, is a very popular composer, singer, producer and actor, who is mostly famous for his Arabesk music which he prefers to label as 'free Turkish music'. Throughout his prolific career, Gencebay has produced or played a part in over 35 music albums, 30 films, and several TV shows, documentaries and serials.

Ahmet Kaya (1957-2000) is a popular Turkish singer of Kurdish ethnic origin. He has produced over 20 music albums in what could be considered to be the Arabesk musical genre although his musical style is also called 'protest music' or 'revolutionary Arabesk' by some people. Ahmet Kaya was also known for his political activism and Kurdish identity, and was accused of being a supporter of the Kurdish terrorist organization PKK, an offence for which he was tried and sentenced to jail.

agJ.r abla someone who pretends to be a serious-minded woman

akll wise, intelligent

al~etmek topple, overthrow, knock down

arz-1 endam etmek stride into, make an entrance

Onlii §aklcr, kendisinden beklenen 'giizel, seksi kadm' roliinden srlnhp, sert dilli, kavgacr, silah§or, kiifiirbaz ag.r abla imajcyla yeniden dikkatleri iizerine ~ekmeyi ba§ardL

Samyorum, akll insana, ba§ka bir deyi§le bilge ki§iye duyulan gereksinimin bu kadar yogun oldugu bir donem daha ya§anmami§tlr. (old usage)

Feminist kuramm temel eserlerinden 'Gender Trouble', toplumsal cinsiyetin algrlam§ryla ilgili ezberleri bozarken, homofobiyi de alapgi ediyor.

Antalya Film Festivali'nde, iinlii yrldrzlar, krrmrzr hahda servetlik giysi ve takdar1yla arz-1 endam etti.

aym kulvarda olmak be thinking along the same lines, agree

(birini) ~mak it is beyond one's ability

beis gor(me)mek not minding getting their hands dirty with

binbir parendejperende atmak jumping through hoops, falling over themselves

~abm ahnak dodging the question

~ark ehnek changing direction, turn to, sweroe towards

dtp.vurum externalization, expression, manifostation, embodiment

ehlile§tinnek tame, domesticate

esamisi4 okun(ma)mak be no longer popular

eser kal(ma)mak be sold out

Arabesk music 123

'Din ve ~iddet aym siyasi kulvarda' diyen milletvekili tehdit mektuplan almaya ba~lamt~.

Emniyet miidfuii, hara~ kesen ~eteler konusu a¢dtgi.nda, 'Bu, beni de apn bir meseledir' diyerek sorumluluk iistlenmekten geri durdu.

Dilnya, bu insanhk dram1 kar~tsmda susup ba~ka yone balanakta beis gormfiyor.

Hocanm, camide vaaz verirken, 'Batt'ya terorist olmadtgm1 kamtlamak i9n bin bir parende atan ~e~itli islami cenahlar kafrrdir' st>zleri ilzerine, Diyanet i~leri Ba~kanhgi. tarafindan i~ine son verildi.

M illetvekili, Erciyes 0 niversitesi'nde yaptrg1 konu~mada, 'AB'nin Tiirkiye'ye ytllardrr ~ahm atan bir hristiyan kulubii' oldugunu soyledigi iddialarm1 yalanladr.

Muhalefet partisi, 'Terori.ln k6kii kazmmadan, herhangi bir affi gilndeme getiremeyiz' sozleriyle genel af teklifinden ~rk etti.

Sanat, yalmzca bireyin duygulannm dtp. vurumuyla smrrh degildir; aym zamanda toplumsal bir dtp.vurumdur.

Sosyalist yazar, sosyalliberallere, 'protestocu ruhlan siyasi rehabilitasyonla ehlile¥irilmi.§, sisteme entegre edilmi~ kaytp bir ku~ak' benzetmesi yapmca, eski arkada~larmr krzdtrdt.

Tfukiye'de, yerli sinema ba§andan ba~anya ko§Up gi~e rekorlan krrarken, artrk o dev Hollywood prodiiksiyonlannm pek esamisi okunmuyor. (old usage)

~oluk ~ocuga kan§tiktan sonra o militan ruhundan eser kalmaml§ diyorlar.

galebe ~a1mak Toplum yararma projeler yaratmak varken, ticari conquer, prevail, gain the dii~ilnceler galebe ~byor ve insanlar birer ti.iketici upper hand, come out on top kimligine indirgeniyor. (old usage)

ge9§1innek brush over

giindemden dii§mek drop off the radar

Muhafazalclr milletvekili, internette bir porno sitesine iiyeligine yonelik ele§tiriyi yi.izeysel ifadelerle ge~tirdi.

Futbol ma<;lan ba~ladtgi.ndan beri, ekonomik kriz giindemden dii§tii; yazilrp 9zilmiyor.

124 Arabesk music

hurucs etmek force its way to

ibretlik make an example of something

i~kin defining characteristics, inherent

imtina etmek avoid, abstain from

kafatutmak stand one's ground, oppose challengingly, defy, stand up to

kafa yormak think hard, rack one's brain

keyifler gtctr living the life of Riley

ldi.lttirel begeni cultural taste

lanetlemek curse, damn

mahiyetinde as

muamele(si) gormek be treated as

ne§et etmek emerge, be born

oliim orucu hunger strike

sahici genuine, real, not manufactured

Osmanh ordusu, Viyana'ya hurus: etmek ic;in haz1rlik yapb.. (old usage)

Yakalanan teroristlerin verdi.gi ibretlik ifade, ytllardtr sfuegelen kanh ic;sava§m boyutlanm biitiin c;:rplakhgryla gozler oni.ine seriyordu.

Yurtseverlik, sadece milliye~ili.ge is:Jdn midir?

'Ki.lrt sonmu' demekten imtina eden ve konuyu yoksulluk sorununa indirgeyen politikac1, bOylelikle KUrt sorunu konusundaki yakla§tmiyla ilgili ipucu vermi§ oldu. (old usage)

Bir TUrk §irketi di.lnya devlerine kafa tutuyor.

Kimlikler, modemle~me, siyaset, felsefe, edebiyat gibi bir ytgtn konuya kafa yoran, c;ok yonlii bir yazarla kar§I kar§tyayrz.

Sec;imleri ikinci kez ezid bir oy c;ogunluguyla kazanan particle keyifler gtetr.

Aile kllltiiru, arkada§ c;evresi, egitim di.lzeyi, ekonomik durum gibi pek c;ok etken, bireyin knltiirel begenilerini olu~aktadtr.

~ehit cenaze torenlerinde teror orgiitii lanetlendi.

Vakfirmz, Tfuk kiiltiirii Uzerinde <;:alt§ma yapanlara yonelik te§vik mahiyetinde odi1ller vermektedir.

Ne var ki, di.lnyamn pek c;:ok yerinde, kadmlar genellikle ikind sm1f vatanda§ muarnelesi gorftyorlar.

Necmettin Erbakan'm partililerce ele§tirilen siyasi yakla§rmmm sonucunda, bugiinkU AKP ne§et etti. (old usage)

1996'daki olnm omcu, bir milletvekilinin devreye girmesiyle sona erdi.

Aklt bir kan§ havada; sahici olan sevgiyle yalan olant, oze ili§kin olanla 'mt§ gibi' olam aytrt edemez bir durumda.

phikalar yaratmak excel in doing something, be too bigfor one's own boots

ppa ohtrmak be up a gum tree, get in a pickle

ser verip s1r vermemek would not breathe a word about, take the secret with them to the grave

sirayet etmek spread

siirlip gitmek persist

tesJim aJmak conquer, take over. seize control of a place

yaft:alamak label, tarnish

}'lldlZla§mak make it big, become a star

yoluna koymak improve dress sense, tum dress sense around, turn things around

yoz simple

zirve yapmak swpass oneself

Arabesk music 125

Y alancrhkta. phikalar yaratan bu adamla nasil evlendigini anlamak mumkiin degil.

Banka, kredi ba§Vllrusunu reddedince gii~ bir duruma du§til, yani tam anlamryla ppa oturdu.

Talam kaptam, transfer etmeyi planladrklan basketbolcular hakkmda ser verip srr vermedi.

Anayasa oylamas1 nedeniyle, disiplin kuruluna sevk edilen milletvekilinin muhalif partiye ges:mesiyle ba§layan kopu§lar, belediyelere de sirayet etti. (old usage)

Butftn dunyada mketim ~ilgmhgr siirtip gidiyor.

Ba§rbo§ kedi ve kopekler, istanbul sokaklanm teslim aJdi.

Patti orgiitft, hangi hatalan yaptl ki, boludi olarak yaft:alandllar?

Turk milli talamr, kaptamnm ylldiZ13§tltt Dftnya Kupas1'nda, Brezilya'yr 4-r yenerek yan finale yftkseldi.

i §lerini yoluna koyar koymaz luks bir ev ald1.

Caz da bir zamanlar 'yoz muzik' olarak yaftalanmarm§ mrydr zaten?

Gopnenlik yasaSllll degi§tiren ulke, koydugu kurallann sa~ahgmda zirve yaptt.

126 Arabesk music

1 Exercise 1


I ala§agi etmek a) belli bir dogrultuda giden ve belli ozelliklere sahip olan bir kimsenin ba§ka bir yone yonelmesi

2 ~hm atmak b) (miizigi) kendisinden yararlandabilecek duruma getirmek; evcille§tirmek

3 ~ketmek c) toplumda yerle§ik bir dii§iinceyi kotiileyerek ges:ersiz ve degersiz gostermek

4 di§avurum d) toplumsal olgulann belli i§aret veya betimlemelerle yansitrlmasi

5 ehlile§tirmek e) bir ki§inin lo.vrak soz oyunlanyla kendisine sorulan soruyu yan1tlamaktan ka9r1mas1

I 'Bu ilgi sadece bildik pop starlara degil yeni gruplara da sirayet ediyor.'

The nominal-forming suffix -DIK that attaches to the verb bil(mek) creates the new word bildik 'familiar', which functions as an adjective. The nominal-forming suffix -DIK of this type is unproductive.

Example:

Konferansta tan1d1k yUzlere rastlad1m. I came across familiar faces at the conference.

2 'Arabes~iler kabul etmeseler de arabesk, Tiirkiye modemitesinin son 50 ydda ya§adtgi niifus donii§iimiiniin hem sosyolojik bir d1§3vurumu hem de miizikal bir "senteziydi".

-(I)mf-(y)Im forms the noun c:h§avurum from the expression c:h§avur(mak).

Example:

Tek bildigi, bunun ~ok ilgin~ bir deneyim olacal"!ydl. The only thing sfhe knew, was that it was going to be an interesting experience.

3 '( ... ) Orhan Gencebay hem fikren hem de manen ne kadar "merkezil~" hususunda §ahikalar yaratryordu.'

The suffix -en of Arabic origin which is attached to the noun fikir forms the adverb fikren meaning 'mentally'.

Arabesk music 127

Example:

~ahsen senin yerinde olsayd1m bu partiye oy vermezdim. Personally, if I were you, I wouldn't have voted for this party.

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I Arabesk miizik, eskiden s~kinlerce kii¢msenen bir miizik tiiriiydii. 2 Sag gorii§lii se~ler, tutucu olduklanndan ve popiiler kiiltiire s1cak bakmadlklanndan,

arabesk miizige kar§I tepkiliydiler. 3 Sadece miizik tiirii degil, 'iistiin' kiiltiiriin begenilerine ters dii§en her §ey 'arabesk' diye

tanrmlanrr olmu§tll. 4 Prof. Dr Orhan Tekelioglu, 3o'lu ylilarda, Atatiirk'iin radyoda uygulanan Tiirk miizigi

yasagmdan haberdar olmadtgi konusunda, Gencebay'la hemfikir. 5 Yazar, Gencebay'm e§inin lincoln marka cipe ihtiyaa olduguna kanhyor.

PartB


I Prof. Dr Orhan Tekelioglu, Funda Arar ve Ferhat GQs:er'in eski arabesk §arhlan yorumlamalann1 nic;in olagandi§I buluyor?

2 Yazara gore, arabesk miizigin toplumsal arka plan1 nedir? 3 Yazar, se~lerin arabesk miizigi ni9n otekil~digini dii§iiniiyor? 4 Tekelioglu, Sezen Aksu miizigini hangi s:ers:evede degerlendiriyor? 5 Yazar, orta smlfm arabesk klasiklerine duydugu ilgiyi neye dayandmyor?

I Exercise 3


I Arabeskin gitgide giindemden a) fark etmemek miimkiin degil. dii§tiigiinii

2 Artrk 'eski elitler' olarak b) isimlendirebilecegimiz s:evrelerde bile 'arabesk' bir kii<;iimseme tabiri olarak kullamlrmyor.

3 Ote yandan, arabeskin miizikteki c) riizgan azalmadan esmeye devam ediyor. 4 Aslmda durumda bir tuhafllk d) var da, nedense kimse bunun iistiine

kafa yormuyor. 5 Sakm bu donii§iimii el~digimi e) aksine donii§iimiin neden fark edilmedi-

dii§iinmeyin, gini, fark edilse bile kayttsiZca g~i§tiril-digini anlamaya <;ali§Iyorum.

128 Arabesk music

I Exercise 4


• ~agda~ elitler ve sagc1 elitlerin Arabesk'e yakla~1m1 • Turkiye modernitesi • go~e i~kin kulturel begeniler • Turkiye modernle~mesinin Dogu-Bat1 sentezi flkri • Arabesk begeni ve 'melez begeniler' • ·~ehir arabeski' • Turk muzigi yasag1

1 Exercises


I disagree I r 2 3 1 4 1 5 6 7 8 9 ro I agree

a) Arabesk, katlanumaz bir giiriiltiidiir ve miizikal degeri yoktur. b) Arabesk, yoksullann miizigi olmasaych, en az Klasik Bah Miizigi kadar ses:kincilerin

begenisini kazamrdr.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Sizce, Bat1'da caz muzigin zamanla ula~t1g1 saygm konuma benzer bir bi~imde, Turkiye'de arabeskin s~kinlerin muzik dagarc1gma dahil olma ~ans1 olabilir mi; ni~in?

Notes

* Radikal, 07.03.2010: http:/ fwww.radikal.com.tr fRadikal.aspx?aType=RadikalEkler Detay&Article ID=984144 &Date=I4.03.20Io&CategoryiD=42

1 O'Connell, J. M. 'From Empire to Republic: Vocal style in twentieth century Turkey' in Danielson, V., Marcus, S. and Reynolds, D. (eds) The Middle East, New York Garland, 2001, p. 784.

2 Oz~lk. E. Musiki Sanau, 1963, p. 208. 3 Buchanan, D. A. (ed.) Balkan Popular Culture and the Ottoman Ecumene: Music, Image, and Regional

Political Discourse, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2007. 4 Also esamesi okun(ma)mak 5 Also h~ etmek

Chapter 17: Recent relations between the EU and Turkey

Saime Ozfilrilmez, Bilkent University

Perhaps the defining moment in European Union (EU)-Turkey relations of the twentieth century was the decision to grant official candidate status to Turkey in December 1999. Between 1999 and 2004, Turkey introduced reforms to meet the Copenhagen criteria mainly concerning the rule oflaw and human rights. As a result of the December 2004 European Council, accession talks were opened with Turkey on 3 October 2005 for negotiations over the 35 chapters representing the acquis communautaire. As of April 2010, the only chapter that has been provisionally closed is on science and research, and there are eleven chapters remaining open while negotiations on another eight are currently suspended.

While the context and framework of the accession negotiations between 2005 and 2010

point to a multitude of troubles in EU-Turkey relations, the interaction is likely to continue on its course. In terms of the context, despite the decision to launch negotiations, heated controversy among EU member states over Turkey's prospects for membership continues. While some countries (e.g. France, Germany and Austria) propose an alternative to full membership in the form of 'privileged partnership', others (e.g. Britain, Sweden, Spain) contirrue to support the full membership option on the basis of honouring the EU's earlier commitments. Opposition to Turkey's full membership is based on a wide range of themes: large population (close to 75 million) which might create immigration pressures, geography (proximity to the Middle East and challenges concerning the EU's security and border control), essentialist questions around Turkey's 'Europeanness' (emphasizing Turkey's religious and cultural traditions with a predominantly Muslim population), Turkey's approach to fundamentll rights and freedoms, human rights (including various minorities and the Kurdish issue), its relations with its neighbours such as Armenia and Cyprus.

Concerning the framework of negotiations, there remains uncertainty around the finaliti of the process as they are 'open ended' (i.e., no guarantee of membership but ensuring that Turkey remains in European structures in full); as closing decisions on the chapters requires unanimity; as the EU may consider imposing transition periods, derogations, special arrangements or permanent safeguard clauses for each chapter; as the talks may not be concluded before 2014 due to the budgetary horizon of the EU, and as accession negotiations may be suspended with the approval of one-third of the member states and a qualified majority in the Council while informing the Parliament should there arise a 'serious and persistent breach ... of democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freed01ns and rule of law'. Recent empirical studies show that such a framework breeds increasing scepticism and distrust on the part of the Turkish elite, marring further the reformjEuropeanization process.

130 Recent EU-Turkey relations

Despire an adverse context and uncertainty regarding the endgame of the negotiation process, there remain several reasons for confidence in the relationship. First, the Turkish economy and those of the member states of the EU (especially the large ones) are tightly inregrared in rerms of goods and financial markets. Second, in the light of new economic growth theory Turkey's educared and young population may constiture a panacea rather than anathema to an adverse demographic trend in the EU. Third, since the launching of the negotiations, Turkey has carried out a series of significant administrative and political reforms. Fourth, advancing on the road to becoming a liberal democracy Turkey may contribure to the EU's declared ideal of 'unity in diversity'. Fifth, Turkey's foreign policy converges with that of the EU as not only reflecred in increasing compliance with the Common Foreign and Security Policy declarations in general but also manifested in deepening of cooperation with her neighbourhood. While there is still room for improvement, the track record of the EU-Turkey accession negotiations suggests that the debate should revert to an emphasis on accelerating reforms and away from unproductive discussions on options alremative to full membership.

Avrupa Birligi'ne ~1kan Dort Vol*

Fuat Keyman, Kof University

Cumhurba§kani Saym Abdullah Giil, bu makamda garevine ba§lachktan sonra, srk srk, '2oo8 yrhnm AB yrh olacagr'm tekrarladr. Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde, tam iiyelik miizakere siireci ba§ladrktan sonra hem bir yava§lama, hem de ciddi bir giiven sorunu ya§andr. Bunda her iki tarafm da ciddi hatalan var.

Ge~en hafta A~ Garii§'te yayrmlanan 2oo8 yrlmda Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerini degerlendiren yazrmda vurgulamr§trm: Tiirkiye'nin proaktif, yaprcr ve ~ok-boyutlu dr§ politikasmda AB ekseni, ·~ok-boyutlu dr§ politika i~de ana ekseni olu§tnran tarihsel ve stratejik bir ili§ki' olarak ele almmah ve Tiirkiye'nin AB tam iiyelik ili§kileri yeniden-canlandmlmalr. Bu Tiirkiye i~, stratejik temelde, akrllr, yararh ve iyi bir karar. 0 zaman, yanrtlamamrz gereken soru, bu yeniden-canlandrrma i~n ne yaprlmasr gerektigi? Bu soruya, bazrlan birbirleriyle baglantrlr dart farkh yamtm verildigini gariiyoruz. Bu yazrda, bu yanrtlan tarh§arak, 2oo8'de Tiirkiye-AB ili§ki.lerini yeniden-canlandrrmak i~ ne tiir bir yantem ve giri§imde bulunmamrz gerektigi iizerinde duracagrm.

I Giivenin yeniden in§aSI

Bugiin Tiirkiye'de 'Tiirkiye-AB ili§ki.lerinde giivenin nasrl yeniden-in§a edilecegi ve bu ili§kilerin nasrl yeniden-canlandmlabilecegi' sorularma dart anemli aneriyle yamt veriliyor. Bu aneriler §Unlar:

(a) Miizakerelerin 'belli bir siire i~n durdurulmasr'nm faydalr oldugunu ve her iki tarafi.n da, daha saghkh ve nesnel dii§iinebilmek i~ boyle bir zamana gereksinim duyduklarmr sayleyen; (b) Tiirkiye-AB ili§ki.lerinde 'tam iiyelik miizakere siirecinin, Tiirkiye i~ en az sonu~ kadar yararh oldugunu' ve bu siir~e Tiirkiye'nin AB tam iiyeligine tam anlamryla hazrr olmasr gerektigini sayleyen garii§ (Tam iiyelik i~ 2014'ii angaren bu garii§, bu yrlda AB'nin bii~esi ile yani yeni iiyelerle ile de ilgili karar alacagr, bu yiizden de Tiirkiye'nin AB'den

Recent EU-Turlcey relations 131

kendisi ile ilgili kesin karanm vermesini isteyebilecegini sayliiyor. ); (c) Tiirkiye-AB ili.§kilerinde bugiin ya§anan tam iiye miizakere siirecine belirginlik kazandrracak bir 'aday kati.hm tarihi koyma'nm, kaybolan giivenin yeniden saglanmasr i9rl onemli oldugunu ve bu tarihin de Cumhuriyet'in yiiziincii yrh olan '2023' gibi anlamh bir yil olabilecegini soyleyen gorii§; (d) Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde giivenin yeniden-in§asmm taraflarm bu ili§kiye yakla§rmlarmda ya§anacak bir 'model degi§ikligi'yle olasrhk kazanacagrm, bu degi§ikligin de ancak Tiirkiye'nin AB'ye tam iiyelik perspektifinin 'kar§rhklr kazan~ ve sorunlara ortak ~oziim bulma ilkesi'ne yerle§tirilmesiyle ya§ama g~ebilecegini soyleyen gorii§.

Bu gorii§lerden ilki, onemli dogruluk payr i~erse de, sonu9an ya da ya§ama g~mesi temelinde ciddi sorunlar i~riyor. Birinci oneride, belli bir siire i9rl durdurulan miizakerelerin tekrardan ba§lati.lmasr §ansmm ne oldugunu bilmiyoruz, dahasr miizakerelerin belli siire durdurulma durumunun siireklilik ve yaprsalhk kazanma olaslirgr yiiksek goziikiiyor. Dahasr, bu oneri, son ii~ yrlda Tiirkiye'nin AB tam iiyelik siirecinde gosterdigi siyasi irade eksikligi ve ertelenen demokratikle§me reform siireciyle ilgili ne bir §ey soyliiyor, ne de yapi1mas1 gerekenleri a~k olarak ortaya koyuyor.

Bu anlamda, birinci oneri, hem Tiirkiye'nin AB i9rldeki konumunu zayrllati.cr nitelikte, hem de Tiirkiye' de gerekli olan reform siirecinin gelecegi temelinde ciddi bir belirsizlik ta§Iyor. Miizakereleri belli bir siire i~n durdurma onerisi, 2oo8'de, agrrhklr olarak, tepkici milliyet~ik i9rlden ve MHP, BBP vb. siyasi partiler tarafindan seslendirilecek. Ama bu onerinin siyasi zemin ve gii~ kazanmayacagmr dii§iiniiyorum.

ikinci onerinin, agrrhkh olarak, ~ok a~ ifade edilmese de, gerek AK Parti tarafmdan, gerekse de TOSiAD gibi ekonomik aktorler tarafindan yaplidrgrm, dile getirildigini goriiyoruz. Bu onerinin Tiirkiye i9rl dogruluk ve yarar derecesi yiiksek. Tiirkiye ger~ekte de, tam iiyelik miizakere siirecini, tiim belirsizliklerine ve bazr AB iilkelerinin ~fte standart i~eren ayncallkh iiyelik ve kiiltiirel olarak dr§layrcr onerileri ve soylemine ragmen yiiriitmeli. ~iinkii tam iiyelik siireci, nesnel olarak baklldrgr zaman, Tiirkiye'de idari yaprda ve devlet-toplumfbirey ili§kileri temelinde yararh bir siir~: Tiirkiye AB tam iiyeligi i~n yapmasr gerekenleri yapmada siyasi irade ve ~I§kanhk gosterdigi siirece, 2014 yrhnda AB tam iiyeligine hazrr olacakti.r.

I Siire~ mi onemli sonu~ mu?

Bununla birlikte, siirece sonu~ kadar onem verildigi zaman, hem Tiirkiye'nin Avrupa'ya verecegi onemli katkllan yeterince dile getirmemi§, hem de sonucun tam iiyelik olmasr i~in AB iilkelerini, azellikle Tiirkiye'ye ayncallkh ozel statii vermek isteyen iilkeleri yeterince zorlamarm§ oluruz. Bu gorii§ Tiirkiye i9rl yararh bir a~rm yaratmakla birlikte, tam iiyelik sonucunu zayrllatma riskini i~eriyor. Aynca, AB iilkelerinin ¢e standarth soylem ve onerileri ve Tiirkiye i~inde tepkici milliye~igin gii9enmesi sonucunda, AK Parti'nin siireci ileri gotiirmek i9rl gerekli siyasi iradeyi gostermeme olaslirgr da var.

0 <;fincii oneri, Tiirkiye'ye tam iiyelik tarihi verilmesiyle ilgili. Bu oneri, gii9ii olarak, hem Tiirkiye i~inde, hem de Avrupa basmmda yazdrgr yazliar ve yapti.gr degerlendirmelerle, AB uzmanr Cengiz Aktar tarafmdan seslendiriliyor. Tiirkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 100. kurulu§ yrlr olan 2023'iin Tiirkiye'nin AB'ye tam iiye olarak kati.lrm yrlr ilan edilmesi onerisi, kendi i~nde manti.klr ve ciddi bir oneri.

Bu oneri, hem Cumhuriyet'in, bir modem ulus in§a etmek, ~da§ medeniyet seviyesine ula§mak idealleriyle, bugiinkii ve yannki demokrasisi derin, farkliliklar arasr birlikte ya§amayr


saglami§, ekonomik olarak gii~lii ve diinyanm geli§imine katl<I veren bir iilke olma ideali arasmdaki uyum ve paralellik i~e Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerini yerle§tirmesi, hem de, aday kanhm t.arihiyle Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde belirlilik duygusunun kazandmlmasm1 ama~maSI a9Smdan onemli. Fakat bu AB t.arafindan kabulii zor bir oneri. Aynca 2023'e 15 yil gibi uzun bir siire oldugu i~n Tiirkiye, reform siirecinin yeniden-canlanmas1 i~n gerekli itici giice sahip olmayabilir. Bu nedenle, tam iiyelik t.arihi verilmesini istemekle birlikte, Tiirkiye'de dordiincii bir oneriyi daha geli§tirmemiz gerekiyor. Bu da Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde bir 'model ve zihniyet degi§ikligi'ne gitmeyi gerekli k1hyor.

ikinci ve ii~cii gorii§leri ya§ama g~irmek i~in, dordiincii bir gorii§e, diger bir deyi§le Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde bir model ve zihniyet degi§ikligine gitme talebine gereksinimimiz var. Bu talep, Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinin 'kaq1hk11 yarar, 9kar ve ortak sorun ~ozme' model ve zihniyetinde yeniden-canlandmlmasm1 i~ermektedir. AB bugiin, (a) kendisinin kurumsal ve yonetimsel gelecegi, (b) ekonomik gelecegi ve kiireselle§me i~deki yeri, (c) diinya siyasetinin §ekillenmesindeki kiiresel rolii, (d) smrrlar1 i~ ve sm1rlarma kom§U yerlerde var olan sorunlan ~ozme kapasitesi ve etkisi ve (e) kendisini ta§Iyan kimligin ve vatanda§hk anlayt§mm i~erigi gibi be§ temel konuda ciddi bir vizyon krizi ve gelecege kar§I giivensizlik durumu ya§amaktadrr.

Tiirkiye, tiim bu alanlarda AB'ye katk1 verecek bir kapasiteye sahiptir. Fakat Tiirkiye'nin katkilar1 iizerine geli§en soylemin inandma olabilmesi i~n, AK Parti hiikiimetinin demokratikle§meye ve siirdiiriilebilir ekonomik kalkmmaya bagliltgmm, hem retorik, hem de uygulama diizeylerinde ger~ek~ olmas1 gerekmektedir.

I ili§kilerde model degi§imi

Tiirkiye'nin Avrupa'nm §ekillenmesine verecegi katkmm inandmciltgi, Tiirkiye'nin kendi i~inde demokratikle§me-ekonomik kalkmma eksenindeki, ozellikle uygulama diizeyinde gOsterdigi ba§anyla ger~kle§ebilir ve inandma olur. Ve bOylece, Tiirkiye-AB ili§kileri, olumlu ve giiven i~eren bir kar§Ihkh ili§ki duygusuna donii§tiiriilebilir.

Daha somut soylersek, Tiirkiye ve AK Parti hiikiimeti, '301. madde'nin degi§imi ya da kaldirumasi ve 'sivil ve yeni anayasa' i~ndeki performans1yla, Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinin Tiirkiye'nin temel di§ politika ekseni oldugu iizerine gosterdigi siyasi iradeyle ve Avrupa kamuoyuna Tiirkiye'nin Avrupa'ya ve AB'ye verecegi katkllan somut ve inandma olarak ortaya koymas1yla, giiven sorununun a§Ilmasi i~in onemli ad1mlar1 atabilir. Stratejik akil, Tiirkiye'nin Avrupa'nm siyasi, ekonomik, jeopolitik ve kiiltiirel gelecegine onemli katkllar verecek bir iilke oldugunu, AB tam iiyeliginin de Tiirkiye'nin demokratik, adaletli ve istikrarh bir topluma donii§mesi i~ onemli katkllar saglayacagm1 bize soyliiyor. Ger~ekten de, Tiirkiye ve Avrupa kar§Illkh kazan~ ve beraber hareket etme yoluyla sorunlarma ~oziim bulma ili§kisine girdikleri zaman, kiireselle§en diinya i~inde gii9ii olacak, bu diinyanm demokratik yonetimine katkl verecek toplumsal olu§Umlardlr.

Abdullah Giil, who was born in 1950, is the eleventh and current president of the Republic of Turkey. He has a conservative, right-wing political background. He was first elected as an MP representing the Welfare Party ofNecmettin Erbakan in 1991 and remained within

Recent EU-Turkey relations 133

this Islamist political stream for many years. He left this party after failing in his bid for the leadership and then played an active role in the foundation of the AK Party. Gul served as prime minister for about five months in 2002-3 until the political ban on the leader of the party, Tayyip Erdogan, was repealed. Gul was elected president on 28 August 2007.

Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde, tam iiyelik miizakere siireci: The Ankara Association Agreement was signed in 1963 between Turkey and the European Economic Community, which at the time had only the six founding members. This initial agreement set the goal of full accession of Turkey into the Community in the future. However, half a century on this goal has yet to be realized. Turkey's candidacy for full membership was recognized at the 1999 Helsinki Summit and a rigorous reform process started in Turkey so that accession negotiations could begin. Full membership negotiations over 35 negotiation chapters eventually started on 3 October 2005.

BBP (Biiyiik Birlik Partisi): The Great Union Party embraces a nationalist conservative ideology also including religious elements.

AK Parti (Adalet ve Kalkmma Partisi): The Justice and Development Party came to power in Turkey in the general elections of 2002. It increased its share of the vote in the 2007

elections and the current leader of the party, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, is the prime minister. The party faces strong objections from some segments of Turkish society who are concerned that it harbours an Islamist agenda that could undermine Turkey's secular foundation.

TOSiAD (Tiirk Sanayicileri ve ipdamlan Demegi): The Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association was established in 1971 as a reaction to the closed economy system in Turkey which was the official state economic policy between 1950 and 1970. Since its inception TOSiAD has increased its influence and today it is one of Turkey's strongest civil society organizations, with approximately 6oo members representing 2,500 companies.

Tiirkiye'ye ayncabkb ozel statii: There are a number of EU governments that oppose Turkey's full membership in the Union yet also do not want to alienate Turkey altogether and hence the concept of a privileged partnership between Turkey and the EU has been devised as mid-way solution. This concept has led to heated debates; the official position of Turkey has been to strictly deny any such prospect as this would be considered to be a second-class position, unacceptable for Turkey, whose bid for full membership has stretched over decades.

301. madde: Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code makes 'humiliating and belittling' the 'Turkish nation, Turkish state, Turkish Grand National Assembly, Turkish government and the judicial organs of the state' punishable. It has been subject to much criticism and heated debate since it is seen as a major barrier to freedom of expression, a restriction on human rights in Turkey, and can be misused by the government or state as a tool to quash opposing ideas. Orhan Pamuk, Hrant Dink and many other authors and intellectuals have faced legal action or threats of legal action because of this law. The article has been amended, which has not satisfied its domestic and international critics, who want it repealed in its entirety.


Sivil ve yeni anayasa: Civil and new constitution refers (on p. 132) in the text above to the debates in Turkey concerning whether or not a new constitution is needed, and if so, what the new constitution might contain. It is argued that the current constitution is not civil or democratic since it was created by the military junta following the military intervention in rg8o and that this constitution has many flaws with respect to democracy, human rights and freedoms.

aphm political opening, talking about the elephant in the room

agJ.rhkh olarak predominantly, mainly, mostly

ayncabkh privileged associate [membership]

belirginlik clarity, precision

c:h§layta exclusionary

(siyasi) irade political willpower, political desire

istikrarh stable

itid gftce sahip olmak drive, spur, having the propellent power

kummsal institutional

miizakere negotiation

Hiikfunet, demokratik as;thm siirecini ba§latabilmek i9-n, aydmlar1 destek vermeye ~agrracak.

Ba§bakan Recep Tayyip Erdogan'm CHP Genel Ba§kani Kemal Kilt~daroglu ile bir araya geldigi toplantrda, ag.rhkh olarak teror konusu gorii§i.ildii.

Tiirkiye'de pek ~ok ki§i, AB'nin ayncaltkh ozel statii onerisinin bir oyalama taktigi oldugu gorii§iinde birle§iyor.

Ktbns meselesinin belirginlik kazanmas1, hem Rum, hem de Tiirk halkmm yararma olacaktrr.

Rakel Dink, 'Ele§tirel yakla§Imma ragmen, Hrant Dink, asla c:h§layta ve gerginlik iireten bir bi~eme sahip olmami§trr' diye konu§tu.

i§gal sonrasmda, yagmalamalar, yolsuzluk, etnik gruplar ve mezhepler arasmdaki ~tl§malar; hepsinden onemlisi siyasi irade eksikligi gibi ~ozfunsiizliige terk edilmi§ temel sorunlar yiiziinden, iilke, teror sorunuyla ba§edebilecek pozisyonda degil heniiz.

IMF ba§kani, istikrarh bir diinya i9-n, istikrarh bir kiiresel para biriminin gerekliligine dikkat ~ekti.

Diinya pazarlanndaki rekabet §artlan her ne kadar agrrla§tyor olsa da, son yillarda Tiirkiye gayrimenkul piyasasmda istikrarh hale gelen fiyatlar, konut selctoriiniin itid gftce sahip olmasmt saglamr§tlr.

Bakanhk, kummsal yonetim uygulamalannda ger~ekle§tirmek istedigi ilerlemeleri, geni§ kapsamh ve ivedilikle uygulamaya koymaltdrr.

Tiirkiye ile A vrupa Birligi arasmdaki miizakere siireci ~ok yava§ ilerliyor.

sftreklllik continuity, persistence, permanence

tepkici reactionary

yapto constructive

yaptsalbk kazanmak become structuralized

yapma g~irmek implement, put into practice

1 Exercise 1

Recent EU-Turkey relations 135

Avrupa Komisyonu'nun fmanse ettigi bir ara§1:1Imada, Avrupa'da evsizlik sorununun siireklilik arz ettigi belirtildi.

Politikacr, bu soruyu, 'Farkh kimliklere giivensizlik, halklrmzr tepkici milliyet9-lik girdabma siiriikliiyor' diye yamtladr.

Tiirkiye, kendi i9-ndeki farkhhklardan ve kom§Ularmdan korkmayan, diinyaya katla verme potansiyeli olan, ~ok boyutlu ve yapto bir dt§ politika vizyonuyla, Avrupa Birligi'nin kaprsmr aralayabilir.

Uzmanlar, Tiirkiye'de, siirdiiriilebilir ekonomik biiyiime, dar vizyonlu yakla§rmlar yiiziinden sekteye ugrachgr i9-n, ~evre sorunlannm giderek yaptsalbk kazandJg~nt dile getirdi.

Toplum hazrr olmadrgr siirece, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlannm yapma ~irilmesi zor goriiniiyor.


r ayncahkh 2 belirginlik

3 siireklilik 4 yapro 5 dt§layro

a) olumlu yakla§rmlar i9-nde bulunan b) bir durumun a¢< se¢<, tek anlamlr ve otekilerden ayrrt

edilebilme ozelligine sahip olmasr c) kesintisiz olarak devam etme durumu d) ba§kalanndan iistiin bir konumda bulunan e) (bir toplumu) yok sayan, onunla ilgilenmeyen

'Ger~ekten de, Tiirkiye ve Avrupa kar§thkh kazan.£ ve beraber hareket etme yoluyla sorunlarma ~oziim bulma ili§kisine girdikleri zaman, kiireselle§en diinya i9-nde ~ii olacak, bu diinyanm demokratik yonetimine katla verecek toplumsal olu§Umlardrr.'

Kazans: is constructed by adding the suffiX -s: which is added to verbs ending in -n, to the verb kazan(mak) in order to form the noun kazans:.

Example:

Hava bas1nc1n1 Ol~mep yarayan alete barometre denir. The device which is used to measure air pressure is called a barometer.


1 Exercise 2

Part A


I AB'de, gelecege ili§kin yi)netimsel, ekonomik, siyasal ve kimliksel belirsizlige ek olarak, kendi i9ndeki ve kom§U bolgelerdeki sorunlan ~ozme yetisi iizerine de bir giiven eksikligi saz konusudur.

2 AB'de ya§anan belirsizlikler ve giivensizliklerin giderilmesine, Tiirkiye'nin katla verebilecegine clair saylemin inandma olabilmesi i9-ll AKP'nin, demokratikle§me ve siirdiiriilebilir ekonomik kalkmmaya yonelik ger~ek9 adrmlar atmas1 gerekmektedir.

3 Tiirkiye, kendi i9-llde, uygulama diizeyinde, demokratikle§me ve ekonomik kalkmma ger~ekl~emedigi siirece, AB ile, giivene dayal1 bir i§birligi saglamas1 kolay goriinmiiyor.

4 Tiirkiye, di§ politika eksenini, Orta Dogu'daki jeopolitik ve kiiltiirel onemi ~er~evesinde olu§turabilirse, ancak o zaman AB'ye kendini kabul ettirebilir.

5 AB tam iiyeliginin Tiirkiye'ye ekonomik getirisi olacak, ancak Tiirkiye'nin bu alanda AB'ye katla saglayabilmesi, ~ok uzak bir olas1hktrr.

PartB


I Prof. Dr Fuat Keyman, Tiirkiye'nin AB miizakerelerinin ge9ci olarak dondurulmas1 gerektigini savunan gorii§ii, nasil degerlendiriyor?

2 Prof. Keyman, AKP ve TOSiAD'm Tiirkiye'nin AB iiyeligiyle ilgili onerilerini, hangi yonleriyle dogru buluyor?

3 Prof. Keyman, Tiirkiye'nin AB iiyeligi siirecine vurgu yapan gorii§e yonelik hangi zaytf noktalarm altrm ~iziyor?

4 Prof. Keyman, Tiirkiye'ye tam iiyelik tarihi verilmesine yonelik oneriyi nasd yorumluyor? 5 Prof. Keyman, Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde anlayt§ degi§ikligine gitme yoniinde nasil bir

model9ziyor?

1 Exercise 3


I

2

Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde, tam iiyelik miizakere siireci ba§ladlktan

Bugiin, Tiirkiye'de 'Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde giivenin nasil yeniden-in§a edilecegi ve bu ili§kilerin nasil

a) ve baZI AB iilkelerinin ¢te standart i~eren ayncahkli iiyelik ve kiiltiirel olarak di§laytci onerileri ve soylemine ragmen yiiriitmeli.

b) yeniden canlandrrllabilecegi' sorularma dart onemli oneriyle yanrt veriliyor.

3

4

5

Bu gorii§lerden ilki, onemli dogruluk payt

Dahasr, bu oneri, son ii<; yilda Tiirkiye'nin AB tam iiyelik siirecinde gosterdigi siyasi irade eksikligi ve ertelenen demokratikle§me reform siireciyle ilgili Tiirkiye gers:ekte de, tam iiyelik miizakere siirecini, tiim belirsizliklerine

I Exercise 4

Recent EU-Turlcey relations 137

c) is:erse de, sonu<;Ian ya da ya§ama ge<;irilmesi temelinde ciddi sorunlar i<;eriyor.

d) ne bir §ey soyliiyor, ne de yapilmasr gerekenleri as:rk olarak ortaya koyuyor.

e) sonra, hem bir yava§lama, hem de ciddi bir giiven sorunu ya§andr.


• Turkiye-AB ili~kilerinde tam uyelik muzakere sureci • Turkiye-AB ili~kilerinde guven sorunu • Turkiye'de farkl1 siyasi goru~lerin (tepkici milliyet~iler, ulusalc1lar, sosyalistler, solcu liberaller, '1hml1' muslumanlar, koktenci islamc1lar v.b.) muzakere surecine yakla~1m1 • Turkiye'ye ayncahkl1 ozel statu ya da tam uyelik onerisi

I Exercises


I disagree I 1

a) AB'ye tam iiyelik siireci, Tiirkiye i<;in, idari yaprda, toplumun demokratikle§mesi ve insan haklan temelinde yararh bir siire<;tir.

b) AB'ye tam iiyelik siireci, engellerle dolu oldugundan, Tiirklerin gururu incinmi§, AB-Tiirkiye ili§kilerine yarardan s:ok zarar vermi§tir.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Turkiye'nin AB'ye tam uyeliginin her iki taraf i~in olas1 getirilerini tart1~1mz.

Note

* Stmgazete. 28.o1.2oo8: http:/ Jwww .stargazete.comjacikgorusjavrupa-birligi-ne-cikan-dort-yol-haber~5IO.htm

Chapter 18: The Turkish left and Kemalism

Cemil Kofak, SabanCl. Uni11ersity

Leftist thought, and more specifically Marxism, was imported to Turkey like many other ideologies. After the First World War and during the Turkish War of Independence, the initial Turkish leftist groups and concep1S emerged in concrete form; these incipient leftist groups covered a wide political spectrum, from left-leaning elemen1S in the Committee of Union and Progress (ITC) to the Turkish Communist Party (TKP). In Turkey, the Marxist left's nature was determined, to a great extent, by the TKP. Because the Turkish left was established during the Turkish War of Independence, anti-imperialist concep1S held primary importance from the beginning. For the same reason, the Turkish left supported and actively took part in Mustafa Kemal's successful resistance movement in Anatolia; this is true despite the fact that Mustafa Kemallater separated the leftist elemen1S from his own movement and eliminated them. Another important contemporary Turkish leftist concern was the effort to expand the already close relations between Ankara and Moscow, and to emphasize Turkish-Soviet friendship. For that reason, one aspect of Mustafa Kemal' s foreign policy that the Turkish left supported was close relations with Moscow. The Turkish left also supported another project, known in modem Turkey as the Kemalist era, which was the effort initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk to modernize Turkish society. As a result the Turkish left, even if it politely criticized the harsh stance taken towards labour by the Kemalist leadership, continued to generally support the Kemalist government's domestic and foreign policies.

The dilemma that the Turkish left found i1Self in, i.e. supporting the policies of a bourgeois government, resuhed in the Turkish left being indelibly marked by its relationship with Kemalism. The Turkish left consequently became one of Kemalism's most heartfelt advocates, to the extent that some intellectuals who broke away from the TKP in the r920s sought to play a role in Kemalism's ideological formation, and worked towards this end while writing for the influential Kadro journal in the early r930s. These intellectuals' ground-breaking aims were to find theoretical and practical solutions for the development problems of third world nations, as well as to join Kemalism with the left and even with Marxism. This intellectual trend - Kemalist leftism - continues, even if it has been largely marginalized in today s Turkey. The Turkish left was outlawed during the era of single-party dictatorship, and remained largely invisible to the majority ofTurkish society.

The Turkish left's and Turkish Marxism's reemergence into the political arena, except for some minor instances, occurred only in the latter half of the r96os. Even at that time the Turkish left largely continued in its previous tendencies and, at that point in Turkey's historical experience, did not feel a need to distance i1Self from Kemalism. If we set aside the close relationship between the Turkish Worker's Party (TiP) and labour unions, the vast majority of the r96os

The Turkish left and Kemalism 139

Turkish left thought of themselves as not only revolutionary socialists or Marxists, but also as Kem.alists. The lack of defming barriers between socialism and Kemalism was an essential aspect of the era's Turkish leftist movements. Furthermore, the assumption that socialism/ Marxism could be reconciled with Kem.alism eventually brought an important segment of the 196os Turkish left into atrempts to forge ideological alliances with the Turkish military. Thus, not only the Turkish left's ideology, but also its political incarnation, developed important statist, nationalist and Kemalist features.

The 12 March 1971 military coup damaged leftist ideas about alliances with the military, but did not completely illegitimize them. The 12 September 1980 coup, on the other hand, dealt a nearly fatal blow to the Turkish left's admiration for Kem.alism. The Turkish left began to realize that their love for Kem.alism was unrequited, but even then could not completely give up their hope of a reconciliation. In a period when socialist ideas were dismantled and, especially in Turkey, repressed, Turkish socialists and progressives generally believed that they faced a rising counter-revolutionary wave. In their eyes, this wave gathered momentum throughout the 1990s and, in the 2ooos, completely assumed control of the governrnent. In an effort to unite around a single cause, the remaining majority of the Turkish left focused on preserving the Turkish state's secular character, the last remaining ideological pillar of Kemalism. Consequently, the Kemalism of today's Turkish left, rather than a return of nationalist-statist Kem.alism, should be seen as the emergence of a tendency that had long been present in the Turkish left's ideological substance. In the post-Cold War world, where socialist ideals had suffered irreversible defeats on all fronts, Kemalism appeared to be the Turkish leftists' last line of defence.

Sol ve Kemalizm*

Hakh Uyar, Dokuz Eyli.il Oniversitesi

Masonundan milliyet~sine, sosyalistinden ulusal solcusuna, liberalinden muhafazalclnna kadar her kesim kendi siyasal soylemine m~ruiyet katmak i~ bir par~ Kemalizm' den istifade etti. Kemalizm zrt soylemler i<;in de referans oldu.

Tiirkiye'nin son 200 yrlhk tarihi, modemle§menin ya da bir tiirlii modemle§ememenin tarihidir. Birge<; modeml~me hareketi olarak OsmanhjTiirk modeml~mesini ilhan Tekeli dart doneme aymyor.

a. Utanga<; Modemite Projesi (1839-1923) b. Koktenci Modemite Projesi (1923-1950) c. Populist Modemite Projesi (1950-1980) d. Modemite Projesi'nin A§mmasr (1980 ve sonrasr)

200 yrlhk modemle§me tarihinin en koklii ve en radikal degi§imlerinin ya§andrgr donem, Tekeli'nin 'Koktenci Modemite Projesi' dedigi 1923-1950 yrllarr arasrdrr. Bu donem, tek parti yonetiminin iktidarda oldugu ve Atatiirk'iin liderliginde (1938'e kadar) Tiirk Devrimi'nin gers:ekle§tigi yrllardrr. Ekonomik ve toplumsal a9dan baklldrgmda insanhk tarihinde ii<; biiyiik devrimin ya§andrgr soylenebilir: Tarrm Devrimi, Sanayi Devrimi ve Bili§im Devrimi.

140 The Turkish left and Kemalism

Tiirk Devrimi ya da KemalizmfAtatiir~iiliik, bir modemle§me ideolojisi olarak, 'geleneksel' toplumdan (tanm ekonomisi, dinsel-monar§ik devlet yap1s1, dinsel cemaatlere dayal1 toplum, krrsalfkoy yerle§imi) 'modem' topluma (sanayile§mefkapitalistle§me, ulus-devletyapisi, aydmlanma, bireyselle§me, kentle§ffie) ges:i§i ama9J.yor. Bah toplumlanndan farkh olarak bunu lnzh, tepeden inmeci ve aydm-biirokrat onderliginde ger~ekle§tirmek niyetindedir. Bunun nedeni, Batih anlamda gii~ii bir burjuvazinin olmayt§I, Bati'ya nazaran g~ kalmrm§ olmas1 ve bOliinmefpar~-yok olma korkusudur. Saz konusu korku, 1815 Viyana Kongresi'nden sonra ortaya 9kan, etkisi bugiinlere kadar devam eden ~ark Meselesi ve Sevr endi§esinden kaynaklanrr. 1915 Ermeni Tehciri'nin de, 1921'deki istiklal Mar§I'nm 'Korkma! .. .' ile ba§lamasmm arkasmda da bu vardir. Boliinmefpar~anma-yok olma korkusu Tiirk ulusal kimliginin in§asmda onemli bir rol oynad1. Bunun yaratngi travmatik etki, ozgiiven eksiligine de yol a~. Nitekim Atatiirk, 'Muhta~ oldugun kudret damarlarmdaki asil kanda mevcuttur' (1927), 'Tiirk milleti ~I§kandir, zekidir' (1933) derken bu azgiiven eksikligini ortadan kaldirma, ulusal bir motivasyon saglama amacmdadrr.

Kemalizm, ulusal bir modemle§me ideolojisidir. Fark11 yorumlar yapilabilirse de, siyasal olarak sol, ekonomik olarak sosyal bir ideolojidir. Tarim toplumundan sanayi toplumuna g~i§i ama~ayan, ~okmekte olan bir imparatorluktan ulus-devlet ~Ikaran kurtulu§~ bir harekettir. Ulusal bir hareket olarak Kemalizm, entemasyonalist olan sosyal demokrasiden aynhr. Kemalizm'in hedefi hiZh ve koklii bir modemle§me iken, sosyal demokrasi modem/ kapitalist toplum i~de sosyal adaleti saglamayt ister.

I Kemalizm'ler

Aslmda Tiirkiye' de 1920 'lerden giiniimiize kadar g~en siir~ i~erisinde ~ok fark11 Kemalizm anlayt§lan ortaya ~- Bunun fark11 nedenleri olmakla beraber, temel neden Kemalizm'in ideolojik olarak i~eriginin tam olarak doldurulmami§ olmas1, sadece ideolojik ~er~evesinin 9zilmi§fiskeletinin olu§tnrulmu§ olmas1drr. Daha 193o'larda (Atatiirk sag iken) Kadro Dergisi (~evket Siireyya Aydemir, Y. Kadri Karaosmanoglu) grubunun, Olkii Dergisi ekibinin (Recep Peker), liberal Ahmet Agaoglu'nun, sol milliyet9 Mahmut Esat Bozkurt'un ayn ayn Kemalizm anlayt§lan ortaya 9krm§t!. Sonraki yillarda Kemalizm'in ~e§itli siyasal hareketlerle (Ortamn Solu'ndan Milli Demokratik Devrim'e kadar), partilerle (CHP ba§ta olmak iizere), demeklerle (Atatiir~ii Dii§iince Demegi, Kemalist Laikler Demegi) ili§kisi artarak ve girift bir §ekilde devam etti. Masonundan milliyet9sine, sosyalistinden ulusal solcusuna, liberalinden muhafazakarma kadar her kesim kendi siyasal saylemine me§ruiyet katmak i~ bir par~ Kemalizm'den istifade etti. Ya da otekisi olarak Kemalizm'i gordii.

Kemalizm'in sol ile olan ili§kisi ilk teorile§tirme ~I§malarmdan (1920-193o'lar) itibaren vardrr. TKP geleneginden gelen Kadrocular, Kemalizm'in ilk teorisyenlerindendir. Onlara gore Kemalizm, bir ii<;iincii diinya ideolojisidir. Kurtulu§~ bir ideolojidir. Temel ~eli§ki de, i§9 smlfi ile burjuvazi arasmda degil, somiirgeci iilkelerle-somiiriilen iilkeler arasmdaki ~eli§kidir.

196o'h yillarda Tiirkiye'de Baas hareketinden ve sosyalizmden etkilenen cuntacr hareketler de kendi ideolojik soylemlerine Kemalizm'i referans gosterebildiler. ilgin~ olan yine ayn1 donemde Kemalist kokten gelen CHP'nin 'Ortanm Solu' hareketi de ayn1 kaynag1 referans ald1. Ortanm Solu hareketinin temel felsefesi ise §Udur:

• Halka dayanmak, giivenmek, • Demokrasiyi tiim yonleriyle benimsemek,

The Turldsh left and Kemalism 141

• Cunta ve darbelerin kar§Ismda olmak, • Ezilenlerden, ~h§anlardan, emek9J.erden yana olmak.

Dolaytsiyla Kemalizm zit soylemler i~in de referans olabildi. Bugiin de olabiliyor.

I Atatiirk ve AB

Bugiin Atatiirk ya§asaych, AB konusunda §Oyle yapardi, bayle yapardi gibi fikirler ileri siiriiliiyor. Bunlann bugiin, hi~bir ger~ekligi ve tarihsel degeri yoktur.

Atatiirk doneminde CHP, 1927 ve 1933 ylilarmda o zamamn ortanm solu partileri olarak tanrmlanabilecek partilerinin orgiitii olan 'Radikal ve Miimasili Frrkalarm Beynelmilel itilafi' (Radikal ve Benzeri Partilerin Uluslararas1 Birligi)'nin toplantllarma gozlemci olarak katll1yordu. Orgiitiin 1933 ythnda Sofya'da yaptrgl toplantrda ele aldigi konular AB'nin giindemi ile Ortii§iir: Sofya'daki toplanhda i§sizlik, i§9 iicretleri ve giimriik duvarlan konulan ele almd1. Avrupa Federasyonu'nun a§amalan olarak giimriik duvarlarmm kaldinlmas1, Avrupa Giimriik Birligi ve tek paral1 uluslararas1 bir bankanm kurulmas1 onerildi. CHP'nin gozlemci olarak dahi olsa radikal ve demokrat Avrupa partilerinin toplantllarma katrlmas1 ve bu orgiitiin i9nde yer almas1 Kemalist kadronun hedefini a9k bir §ekilde gosterir.

I Atatiirk ve di§ politika

Tiirkiye'nin AB'den vazg~erek ba§ka s~enekler olu§tUrmasi gibi oneriler de dile getiriliyor. Referans olarak Atatiirk'ii gosteren bu oneriler i9n soylenebilecek olan Atatiirk doneminin di§ politikasmm ~ok yonliiliigudiir:

a. Sovyetler Birligi ile iyi ili§kiler b. Bah ile iyi ili§kiler c. Bolge iilkeleriyle iyi ili§kiler.

I Sonu~

Tiirkiye'de bugiin ya§anan tepeden inmeci dii§iince ve davrani§larm temeli olarak zaman zaman Kemalizm goriiliiyor. Halbuki, tepeden inmeci dii§iince tarz1 salt Kemalistlere mahsus olmaytp modem siyasal dii§iince ve hareketin oziinde oldugu gibi, Dogu toplumlarmm genel bir egilimidir de ayn1 zamanda. Kemalistlerde oldugu gibi, islamalarda, milliyet9J.erde, ikinci Cumhuriyet9].erde (burada sayliamayan Tiirk toplumunun biitiin siyasal aktorlerinde oyle ya da bOyle) mevcuttur. Tayyip Erdogan'm AKP'sinde de mevcuttur bu!

Sol, iizerine alii toprag1 serpilmi§ bir §ekilde, giinliik ve tepkisel muhalefetten ba§ka bir §ey yaprmyor. Atatiirk iizerinden ne AKP'ye ne de AB'ye muhalefet edilebilir. Bu, solu bir yere gotiirmez. Ki, gOtiirmiiyor da zaten!

Mason: Freemasonry is the practices and teachings of the largest worldwide secret society, the secret fraternal order of Free and Accepted Masons. Freemasonry in Turkey began in the eighteenth century. Nowadays, masons are active mainly in the big cities ofTurkey, but it is of course impossible to know the number of masons.


Kemalizm: 1he term Kemalism is used to refer to the ideology and reforms of Mustafa Kemal, the founder of the Turkish Republic, and is usually employed as a synonym for Atati.lrkc;:iiliik or Atatiirkc;:ii Du§ilnce. As you will also see in the article, there is not a single concise definition of the term or an agreed content. Atatiirk sought to create a modem, democratic and secular nation-state, guided by educational and scientific progress.

Tek Parti Yonetimi: 1he Turkish Republic was proclaimed to be a democracy right from the beginning. However, the Republic's first decades were ones of single party rule, by the Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, CHP) which was founded and chaired by Mustafa Kemal himself on 9 September 1923. 1he CHP formed the government until 1950 and was deposed by the Democrat Party, who held power for a decade, winning three consecutive elections in 1950, 1954 and 1957 until the military coup in 1960.

Tnrk Devrimi: 1he Turkish Revolution refers to the foundation of the Turkish Republic following theW ar of Independence. It also refers to the comprehensive set of refonns which aimed to transform the society and the country as a whole into a modern, democratic and secular nation-state, guided by educational and scientific progress (see Kemalizm above).

r8r5 Viyana Kongresi: 1he Congress of Vienna was an assembly tasked with reorganizing Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and resulted in the most comprehensive treaty that Europe had ever seen. It began in 1814 and finished in June r8r5 just before the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. 1he main powers taking part in the Congress were Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria as well as the defeated France.

~ark Meselesi: 1he Eastern Question refers to the diplomatic problem faced by the European powers as the Ottoman Empire disintegrated in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the resulting contest for the control of former Ottoman territories. 1he problem was largely one of fear that another European power would manage to increase its own influence.

1915 Ermeni Tehciri: literally translated as 1915 Armenian Deportation/Emigration, this event is subject to much political and historical debate. According to the Turkish arguments, the Armenian people in Eastern Anatolia had established paramilitary gangs and were attacking Turkish subjects. In order to prevent a civil war from erupting, forced deportation of the Annenians under state control ensued. 1he Armenians counterclaim that the Ottomans wished to exterminate the Armenian existence in their territories and that these events should be called genocide. 1he discussions of the 1915 events have been dominated by hardline nationalists on both sides.

istiklal Malll: 'Independence March' or the 'Anthem of Independence' was a poem written by Mehmet Akif Ersoy and adopted as the national anthem of the Republic of Turkey on 12 March 1921 by the Turkish Grand Assembly.

Kadro Dergisi is a journal that was published monthly for three years, starting in fanuary 1932, and attempted to systematize the ideology of the Turkish Revolution by providing discussions on social and political matters. 1he founders of the journal, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoglu, ~evket Sureyya Aydemir, Vedat Nedim Tor, ismail Husrev Tokin and


Burhan Asaf Beige, faced significant opposition from different circles. 1hey were labelled as Marxist by anti-communist people and as fascist within Marxist circles.

Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoglu is widely known as a famous novelist, but he was also a poet, teacher, politician, diplomat and journalist He was a member of the first Turkish parliament from r923 until r934, when his articles in the Kadro journal were deemed to be too Marxist

tllkii Dergisi is a journal whose title translates as '1he Journal of the Ideal', which was published between I933 and r950 to advertise and propagate the ideology of the newly founded Republic. Notable writers and contributors include Mehmet Fuat KoprUlu, Recep Peker, Tahsin Banguoglu, S. Kemal Yetkin, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpmar and Ahmet Kutsi Tecer.

Recep Peker: Soldier and former prime minister, Recep Peker (r889-1950) was once considered as the 'third man' alongside Mustafa Kemal and ismet inonu in the founding of the Republic. He fought successfully in the First World War and then the War of Independence and later entered into politics, briefly becoming the prime minister for a year between r946 and I947·

Ahmet Agaoglu, born in r869, was a defender of an independent Azerbaijan and had to flee his native country and move to Turkey in fear of the Czarist government. Under the direction of Mustafa Kemal, he was among the founders of the Free Republican Party in I933· He was strongly in favour ofWesternization in Turkey.

Mahmut Esat Bozkurt (r892-r943) was a close working friend of Atatiirk's and an important statesman. He was a member of parliament for izmir in the first TB MM (Turkish parliament) and became the Minister of Justice, preparing and adopting many essential laws including the civil law, penal law, trade law and debt law.

CHP (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi): The Republican People's Party is regarded as a socialdemocratic or, as the party declares itself, a centre-left party in the multi-party system and is currently the main opposition party in the Turkish Parliament It was established on 9 September r923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal and declared the establishment of the Turkish Republic on 29 October 1923.

Atatiirkpi D~iince Dernegi: 1he Atatiirk 1hought Association or ADD was established on 19 May 1989, on the 70th anniversary of Atatiirk's arrival in Samsun, which is regarded as the first step of the national struggle for independence. 1he supporters of ADD thought that the Kemalist ideology and reforms were under serious attack and were in need of protection.

TKP ( Ttirkiye Komfinist Partisi): The Turkish Communist Party was founded by Mustafa Suphi in r920, and was banned soon after. It worked as a clandestine opposition party throughout the Cold War era and many intellectuals, like NaZim Hikmet, joined the party ranks.

Baas Hareketi: 1he Ba'th Movement (also spelled Ba'ath or Baath) is named after an Arabic political party, the Ba'th Party, which was the ruling party in Syria from 1963 and in Iraq from r968 to 2003- 1he party opposes imperialism and colonialism, takes inspiration from the positive values of Islam and favours a single Arab socialist nation.


ikind Cumhuriyetpler: The Second Republic movement in Turkey began in the early 1990s when Mehmet Altan was among the first to use the term. He claimed that the Turkish Republic had merely transferred sovereignty from the Ottoman dynasty to bureaucracy and the army. He insisted that a more democratic and pluralist Second Republic was necessary, which would take power from state bureaucracy and the army and give it to the people, thus eliminating political and economic corruption. A group of liberal intellectuals formed a political party with the name ofYeni Demokrasi Hareketi or the New Democracy Movement but this party was dissolved shortly after an election defeat.

Cl§mma decline

aychnlanma enlightenment

~okyOnlftliik omnidirectionality, multidirectionality, multifaceted sophistication, versatility

dlle getirmek speak out about

lleri siirmek claim, come up with, put forward

istifade etmek make use of

kurtulU§~U liberationist

me§miyet katmak legitimize

ortft§mek coincide with, overlap, intmect

sosyal adalet social justice, social equality

Tiirk~e'ye giren yabana sozciikler, kimilerince kiiltiirel istila ve yerli kiiltiiriin Cl§tnmast olarak algrlanmaktadrr.

Bu millet, taklit etmekle yetinmenin ger~ek aydmlanmaya engel te§kil ettigini bir kavrayabilse!

Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk'ii herhangi bir askerden ayrran en onemli azellik, liderliginin ~ok yonliiliigtidtir.

Yrllar yth bu sorulan basm dlle getirip durdu da ne oldu?

i§sizlige ~oziim olarak oyle sa~a fikirler lleri siiriiyor ki, saym bakan soylediklerine kendisi bile inanm1yor.

Yaradili§ teorisi kar§Itlan, Darwin'in frkirlerinden istifade ediyorlar.

Tiirkiye'de, 68'liler, sahip olduklar1 kurtulu§~U kimligi gelecek ku§aklara aktarmay1 ne derece ba§arabildiler?

Tartl§ma, 'Mavi Marmara gemisi, Tiirkiye'nin bOlgedeki roliine me§miyet katmak i~n mi Gazze'ye gonderildi' sorusu etrafmda yogunla§tl.

Medyanm ele aldtgi konular halkm giindemiyle ortii§meli midir?

Adil bir anayasa, sosyal adalet temel ilkesine dayanmahd1r.


tepeden inmeci initiating change in a top-down approach, from the top down(wards), imposed, enforced from the top

Sosyolog, tezinde, 'Tiirkiye'de artJ.k tepeden inmeci devrim yapilamaz' gorii§iinii savunuyor.

tepkisel reactionary

Giiniibirlik, ciddi bir temele oturmayan, tepkisel muhalefete kar§m, kaha ve yaprcr ~oziim onerileri iizerinde durmak lazrm.

tizerine olti topragt serpilmi§ the sun has set on [an ideology]

Askerl darbenin ardmdan, solcularm tizerine adeta olti topragt serpilmi§ti.

-den yana olmak be on the side of, line up with

1 Exercise 1

Her insan, insan olmanm geregi, kim olursa olsun, ezene kar§I ezilenden yana olmayr, bir insani gorev ~er~evesinde algilamahdrr.


I a§mma 2 aydmlanma 3 dile getirmek

4 ileri siirmek 5 ortii§mek

a) eskime ve yrpranma durumu b) belirtmek, a~rklamak, anlatmak c) insanlarm geleneksel onyargilardan kurtulup yalmzca

aklma dayanarak ya§arm kavramaya ~h§masr d) bir dii§iinceyi onermek e) iki (siyasi) gorii§iin birbiriyle tam olarak uyu§masr; aym

diizlemlerde kesi§mesi

I '( ... ) bir modeml~me ideolojisi olarak, "geleneksetn toplumdan ( ... , dinsel-monar§ik devlet yaprsr, dinsel cemaatlere dayalr to plum, ... ) "modem" topluma ( ... ) ge9§i ama~hyor.'

-sAl attaches to nouns to form adjectives. It was introduced as part of the language reform to replace the Arabic suffiX -(v)i.

Example:

internet gOrsel-ifitsel malzemelerle dolu. The Internet is full ofvisual and aural material.

2 'Bunun farkh nedenleri olmakla beraber, temel neden Kemalizm'in ideolojik olarak i~eriginin tam olarak doldurulmami§ olmasr, sadece ideolojik ~er~evesinin ~izilmi§/ iskeletinin olu§turulmu§ olmasrdrr.'


-mAk is the verbal noun suffiX; ile, -(y)IA is the nominal inflectional marker indicating 'with', 'by', 'and'; (-mAidA beraber) means 'although'.

Example:

Zengin olmakla beraber ~k cimriydi. Although sfhe was rich, sfhe was very stingy.

1 Exercise 2

Part A

Are the following sentences are true or false according to the content of the text? Please correct them if necessary.

I Pro£ Dr Haklo. Uyar, Tiirkiye'de bugiinkii solun Kemalizm'e yakla§ImiDI sorunlu buluyor. 2 Uyar'a gore, Kemalizm sadece ulusal solcu saylemde kendini buldu. 3 Tiirkiye' de, modernle§me tarihinin en koklii ve kapsamh degi§imleri, 200 yil oncesinden

Osmanh doneminde ba§lami§h. 4 Y azmm is:erigine dayanarak, Kemalizm, koktenci bir modemle§me devrimi olarak

tanrmlanabilir. 5 Kemalizm'in modemle§me projesini toplumsal baglama uygulama bi<;imi, Bati'daki

modemle§me siirecinin tlpatlp ayms1dir.

PartB


I Prof. Dr Haklo. Uyar'a gore, Tiirkiye'deki tepeden inmeci modemle§me uygulamasm1 Bah toplumlarmdaki <;agda§la§ma siirecinden ayrran unsurlar nelerdir?

2 Yazar, Kemalizm'i sosyal demokrasiden ayrran, hangi temel ozelligin alum <;iziyor? 3 Uyar, Tiirkiye'de, I92o'lerden beri, farkh Kemalizm anlayi§larmm ortaya <;Ikmasm1 neye

dayandmyor? 4 Tiirkiye'de, baz1 sol s:evrelerin Kemalizm'e baki§I, TKP'nin soyleminde nasi1 kendini

buluyor? 5 Y aztdaki bilgilere dayanarak, Atatiirk doneminde, ekonomik ve siyasi baglamda, Avrupa'ya

kar§I nasi1 bir yakla§Im sergilendigini ogreniyoruz? 6 Yaz1ya gore, Kemalizm, modemle§me baglammda neyi amas:hyor? 7 Y azarm iddia ettigi, Tiirk ulusal kimligindeki 'Ozgi.iven eksikligi' nereden kaynaklanmaktadrr?

1 Exercise 3


I 200 yilhk modemle§me tarihinin en koklii ve en radikal degi§imlerinin ya§andtgi

a) donem, Tekeli'nin 'Koktenci Modemite Projesi' dedigi I923-50 yillan aras1drr.


2 Bah toplumlanndan farkh olarak b) onderliginde ger~ekle§tirmek bunu hi.zh, tepeden inmeci ve niyetindedir. aydm-biirokrat

3 Nitekim Atatiirk, 'Muhta~ oldugun c) ama<;layan, ~okmekte olan bir kudret damarlanndaki asil kanda imparatorluktan ulus-devlet mevcuttur' (1927), 'Turk milleti ~karan kurtulu§~ bir harekettir. ~ali§kandrr, zekidir' (1933) derken

4 Tarim toplumundan sanayi d) bu azgiiven eksikligini ortadan toplumuna g~i§i kaldrrma, ulusal bir motivasyon

saglama amacmdadrr. 5 Kemalizm'in hedefi hi.zh ve koklii bir e) sosyal demokrasi modem/

modemle§me iken, kapitalist toplum i~de sosyal adaleti saglamayt ister.

1 Exercise 4


• Osmanl1jTurk modernle~mesi • radikal degi~imler ve Turk Devrimi • modernite projeleri • tepeden inmeci modernle~me ve aydm-burokrat onderligi • ~ark Meselesi ve Sevr endi~esi • Turk ulusal kimliginin in~as1 • farkl1 Kemalizm anlay1~lan

I Exercise s How much do you agree with the statements below? Rate your opinion for each statement using the given scale. Talk about the statements in Turkish, say why you agree or disagree with them and compare your ideas with your classmates.

I disagree I r I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 8 I 9 I ro I agree I a) Kemalizm'in zit siyasi soylemlere bile referans olabilmesi, onun kapsaytci ve smirsiZ

giiciiniin ifadesidir. b) Kemalizm, giiniimiiziin ko§Ullarmda artik g~erliligini yitirmi§ bir ideolojidir.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


'Kemalizm, Turkiye solunu tek ~at1 altmda toplayabilir mi' sorusunu ele al1p, Kemalizm'i komunizm, sosyal demokrasi ve liberalizm gibi ideolojilerden farkli k1lan ozellikleri tart1~1n1z.

Note

* Radikal, o6.n.2oos: http:jjwww.radikal.com.trjek...haber.php?ek=u&habemo=S232

Chapter 19: Turkish perceptions of 'the West'

Kil11ad Ertugrul, Middle East Technical Uni11ersity

The modem history of the Turks is a process of entering into the new temporality of the modem Western world. It is a temporality characterized by constant change and never-ending experience of qualitative newness in diverse spheres of life. In the conventional Turkish view, 'Turkish Westernization' follows the tracks of this new temporality though it is delayed and lags back. The beginning dates back to the second half of the eighteenth century when the sultans supported initiatives for military renewal by emulating the Western military organization and technology. These early attemp1S culminate in the declaration of the 'Tanzimat' (Reordering) Charter (r839), starting a reform process in administration, law and education partly modelling Western modernity. This process leads to a duality between Western concep1S like liberty, representation and righ1S, and traditional Ottoman conceptions and institutions like §eriat and saltanat. The 'Republican revolution' aims to displace the duality through 'completing' the 'fluctuating' attemp1S of Westernization.

The Turkish right and left expressed an ambivalent standpoint in this experience of full exposure to 'the West'. In Islamist and nationalist varian1S of the right, Western modernity is to be 'benefited' within the limi1S of technology transfers or formal institutions like electoral democracy. However, for both varian1S, there is bound to be an insurmountable cultural or civilizational difference between Turkey and the West. In the Kemalist and socialist varian1S of the Turkish left, 'the West' represented imperialistfcolonialist power games over Turkey while Western modernity is approved as 'universal'. Interestingly, there are overlaps between right and left. While the right may share the point about colonialist intentions of 'the West', the social democratic left may go native in affrrming the 'cultural and civilizational difference' of Turkey.'

Since 2002, Turkish politics has been dominated by the neo-conservative ideology of the AKP Qustice and Development Party). In the party's vision, Turkey and 'the West' share the formal requiremen1S of modem politics (avowedly, democracy, rule of law and human righ1S). Yet, they represent different 'civilizations' which had been confrontational. For instance, according to Davutoglu (foreign minister ofTurkey), the EU is 'a nee-traditionalist reaction of the Western civilization' having i1S roo1S in the Holy Roman Empire. On the other hand, the Ottoman heritage, characterized by i1S role to represent Islamic/Eastern civilization against the West/ Christianity, embodies Turkey's identity.~ Today, a bleak possibility lingers for Turkey at the end of i1S long encounter with modernity; a culturalist (heavily coloured by religion) detachment from 'the West' despite the formal similarities. Is this the end of Turkish Westernization?

Turkish perceptions of 'the West' 149

200 Y1lhk A~k-Nefret i kilemi*

Ay~e Hilr

Ata.tiirk'ten yazarlara, biirokratlardan siyase~ilere kamuoyu yaprcrlarr, Bah konusunda kafa karr§tlncr mesajlar verdi. 'Bah bizi hi~ sevmedi' diyen elitlerimiz, ger~ekte Bah'yr hi~ sevmedi.

Tiirkiye'de yaygm soylem, Bah'nm bize dii§man oldugu §eklindedir. Peki Tiirkler Bah'yr ~ok mu sevmi§lerdir? Osmanh imparatorlugu, 17. yiizyrhn sonralanndan itibaren Avrupah devletlerle ba§ etmekte zorlanmaya ba§ladrgmda, o giine kadar 'lclfir' diye anrlan Bahhlarm yaptrklarr, yani 'modemle§me', imparatorlugun yok olup gitmesini onlemenin neredeyse tek yolu olarak goriilmii§tii. Daha kOtiisii, akla sadece Avrupa'nm teknolojisi gelmi¢. Halbuki modemle§me gokten zembille inmemi¢; aksine 'feodalizm, burjuvazi, ronesans, reform, sanayile§me, aydmlanma, ulusla§ma, srmfmiicadelesi' gibi kavramlardan olu§an Avrupa'nm ta.rihsel geli§iminin bir iiriiniiydii.

Aslmda bunu hissedenler oldu, ama Bah'yr Bah yapan degerleri hayahmrza dahil etmek pek kolay degildi. Omegin 1792'de Avusturya'ya sefi.r olarak giden Rahp Efendi'nin tespitlerine gore, Avusturya devletini gii9-ii krlan kurum ve anlayr§lann ba§mda, 'politika namryla mevsuf bir fenn-i maaruf' vardr. Topluma adaletli davranrlmasr toplumun daha fazla iiretmesinin onko§uluydu. Aynca bu insanlann ~larmr ger~ekle¢rmek i9n 'hiirriyetle serbest brrakrlmalarr §art' idi.

I Seyahatler, saraylar

Ger9 bu tiir gorii§ler Tanzimat Fermanr'nda kendine yer buldugu gibi Abdiilmecid ve Abdiilhamid, Bah hiikiimdan pozlarma biiriinerek Batr'ya seyahatler yaptrlar, ista.nbul'da Bah saraylannm benzerlerini in§a ettiler (bunlardan Dolmabah~e'ye yaprlan harcamalar, Kuleli Vak'asr denen suikast giri§imine neden oldu), §atafatlr seremoniler yaphlar, Batrlr uzmanlan ba§kente doldurdular, §imendiferler, gemiler getirttiler, ancak dertleri Bah'yr anlamak ya da Bah'yla birlikte yeni bir diizen in§a etmek olmayrp Bah'dan krsa yoldan ogrendikleri ile eski diizeni ihya etmek oldugu i9n olsa gerek, ba§arrlr olamadrlar. Donemin fi.kir adamlan ~emseddin Sami, Halit Ziya ve Ahmet Mithat gibi yazarlar, eserlerinde Batrlrlan dengeli bir dille, hatta. begenerek ele aldrklan halde, eskiyle yeniyi bir arada tutmaya ~h§an bu dualist anlayr§, tepeden inmeci bir §ekilde yiiriitiildiigu i9n toplum ta.rafmdan hi~bir zaman i~selle¢rilemedi. Dahasr orta.ya Alafrangalrla§ma3 gibi bir ucube ~kh.

I 1908 devrimi

1908 Devrimi'ni yapanlar ise devlet aygrhm modemle§tirmeye hrz verdikleri ve parlamentonun giiciinii artrrdrklarr i9n Avrupa kuliibiine kabulii beklerken, Trablusgarp4 ve Balkan sava§lan ile Bah' dan §iddetli bir tokat yiyince, iilkede yava§ yava§ Bah dii§manlrgr u~ vermeye ba§ladr. Omegin edebiyat hayahnm ba§mda Bahya ve gayrimiislimlere kar§I sevecen bir §ekilde yakla§an Hiiseyin Rahmi, 'Cadr' romanmda, 'Avrupah gelir, Tiirk'iin ruhunu bu ~opliikte arar ve hakkrmrzda korkun~ hiikmiinii verir' dedi.

150 Turkish perceptions of 'the West'

Mehmed Akif Ersoy'a '~anakkale ~ehitleri' §iirinde, 'Nerde gosterdigi vah§etle bu bir AvrupahfDedirir, yn11c1, his yoksulu, srrtlan kiimesi!fVarsa gelmi§, a<;Ihp mahbesi, yahild kafesi' declirten de bu ihanet eden Bah'ydi.

Orner Seyfeddin ise yeni filizlenen Turk milliyet<;iliginin tiim karakteristik temalanna yer verdigi 'Primo Tiirk ~cugu' adh hikayesinde, kahramam gens: ve giizel Grazya'yt 'muzaffer, gens:, kavi ve uyanlk Turan'm muhakkak galebesi altrnda ezilecek olan zayll, hasta. ve miskin Garb'm korkak ve kadlndan bir timsali gibi' h1<;krra h1<;krra aglarken tasvir etti. 'Topuz' adh oykiisiinde istiklal sevdasma du§en H1ristiyan A vrupalilara, eziklik ve korku i<;inde Turk'iin elini optiirdu. Ancak aym zamanda, 'Garp medeniyetinin en bariz seciyesi milliyetler, harslandrr .... Hele bu cihan harbinden sonra mutlak millet haline gelecegiz. Rumlar gibi, Ermeniler gibi, Yahudiler gibi ... ' diyerek nefretle andtgi azmllk ve Bah kiiltiiriine gizli bir hayranllk beslediginin ipu<;lanm verdi.

I Cumhuriyet donemi

Peki Cumhuriyet doneminde durum nasildi? Bu konudaki tespitleri, kendilerine ulusalc1 diyen s:evrelerde s:ok itibar goren rahmetli Attila ilhan'a gore, Mustafa Kemal hi<;bir yerde Garp demedi, ¢nkii Garplila§mak demek Batilila§mak demekti. Gazi bunun yerine muasrrla§mak dedi, <;Unkii muasrrla§mak demek <;agda§la§mak demekti. Hatta Gazi, Bah'yi du§man bildi, bunun kan1h da Bah iilkeleri ile hi<;bir antla§ma yapmamas1ydi.

Bu yargilan ilk <rftriiten, o s:ok Ovi.indugumuz Lozan Antla§masi'dir, ancak Mustafa Kemal hakikaten de 1924' de Ankara' da kendisini kar§Ilayanlara 'ingiltere, Fransa ve itilaf devletleri o kadar zalimdirler ki, bizim dinen kutsal sayilan cuma giinumuzii tanimaytp bize pazar giiniinu tatil yapmaya icbar edecek kadar zalimdirler' demi¢. Ostelik Afet inan'm aktardtgi 'Biz Garp medeniyetini bir taklit<;ilik yapahm diye alrmyoruz. Ondan iyi olarak gorduklerimizi kendi biinyemize uygun buldugumuz i<rffi, dunya medeniyet seviyesi i<rffide benimsiyoruz' beyanatmdaki biiyiik harfli Garp kelimesine, soylev ve deme<;Ierde pek az yer vermi¢.

I Uygulama

Peki uygulama nasildir? Mustafa Kemal'in tercihini medeniyetten yana yapng1 kesindir. Mesele medeniyetle Bah'nm ili§kisini, Milli Mucadele'nin dersleri ile usta.ca birle¢rmektedir. imdada Ziya Gokalp milliyet<;iligi yeti§ir. Bilindigi gibi 'hars (kiiltiir) milli, medeniyet beynelmileldir' diyen Gokalp, medeniyetin soyut bir kavram olmaytp aynen kiiltiir gibi, bagrmda geli§tigi toplumun bir uriinu oldugunu bir tiirlu goremedigi i<;in, Turk ulusla§maSI ile Bahhla§manm yan yana var olabilecegini du§iinuyordu. Mustafa Kemal de, 'Butiin mesaimiz Turkiye'de asri, binaenaleyh Batil1 bir hukiimet viicuda getirmektir. Medeniyete girmek arzu edip de Garba tevecciih etmemi§ millet hangisidir?' diyerek rotayt gosterdi. Ancak bir yandan Bah'ya siyasal ve kiiltiirel a<;Idan du§man olup, ote yandan ulus, cumhuriyet, laiklik, demokrasi gibi Bah icad1 kavramlarla Bah tarzmda bir ulke in§a etmenin s:eli§kilerine Mustafa Kemal de, Attila ilhan da deginmedi.

Aslmda Attila ilhan tiimuyle yandmi§ degildi. ~iinkii bu Bah tiimuyle begenilen bir Bah degildi, sadece a§Ilmasi §art olan bir merhaleydi. Yani Osmanh'dan beri ba§ImiZin belas1 olan a§k-nefret ikileminden kurtulamam1§tlk. Boylece Bah ile siyasi ili§kiler dondurulurken, alfabe, giyim-ku§am, ol¢, hukuk gibi alanlarda Bah tipi devrimler yapdmaya ba§landi.

Turkish perceptions of'the West' 151

Oniversitelerimiz Bah tarzmda yeniden orgiitlendi, tarih, cografya, arkeoloji, dil, mimarhk alanmda Bahh ahhmlar yaprldr.

Hatta Mustafa Kemal rg2g'da, uluss:ulukla Batrlrla§ma arasmda bir s:eli§ki goriiyor musunuz diye soran Vossiche Zeitung gazetesinin muhabirine 'Asia ... c;iinkii asri olan milliyet prensipleri beynelmilel taammiim etmi§tir' dediginde GokalP<;i formiilasyonun otesine ge<;me i§areti verdi. Kemalizmin medeniyetle Bah arasmdaki ili§kiyi ulusal kimlikle bagda§hrma hamlesinin zirvesini Tiirk Tarih Tezi olu§!Urdu. Buna gore Tiirkler sadece islam medeniyetinin degil aynr zamanda Bah medeniyetinin de kurucusu idiler. Daha da ironigi, Attila ilhan'a gore, Mustafa Kemal tarafmdan Bah hayram inonii'niin tepesine dikilen bir nevi jandarma olan Kadrocu Yakup Kadri'nin, Yahya Kemal'le birlikte in§a ettigi ve 'Antik Yunan uygarhgr Tiirk kokenlidir, ama 9lgda§ Yunanhlar ile Antik Yunanhlar arasmda herhangi bir ili§ki yoktur' §eklinde azetlenebilecek ucube Nev Yunanilik tezini, r925'te Avrupakarilik adryla yeniden giindeme getirmesi ve herhangi bir itiraz gormemesiydi. Kemalizm, Bah uygarhgmm be§igi sayrlan Yunan uygarhgmr is:erden fethederek Bah'ya dahil olmaya <;all§Iyordu sanki. ilhan'r yalanlayan bir ba§ka §ahadet de Atatiirk'iin en yakmmdaki ki§ilerden olan Falih Rlfla Atay'dan geldi. Yazar 'Bah medeniyeti ve kiiltiirii dr§mdaki Miisliiman topluluklan medeniyet ve kiiltiir krizi i<;indedirler' diyerek i§i bir <;e§it ~arkiyat<;rlrga kadar gotiirdii, kimse de sas:mahyor demedi.

I Kemalist olmayan s:evreler

Kemalist aydrnlann Bah konusundaki kafa karr§rkhgmm bir benzeri, islamcr, sager ve solcu yazarlar arasmda ya§andr. Omegin Peyami Safa'ya gore 'kiiltiir ve medeniyet olarak ne varsa Yunan, Roma ve barbar kanmdan dogan bu Avrupa'da' olup, Dogu ilim, ahlak, vb. ne istiyorsa ancak Bah'yr taklit ederek buna ula§abilirdi. Halbuki islamcr yazar Hekimoglu ismail'in aklma 'Avrupa denince ilim, teknik ve giinahlann biitiinii' geliyordu. Kahramanma 'Dogu ve Bah .... diinyalarrmrz arasmda derin bir fark us:urumlan bulundugunu, bu us:urumlarm doldurulamaz oldugunu bilmekteyim' dedirten Necip Fazrl Klsakiirek'e gore Bah somiiriicii idi.

Dogu'nun geleneksel degerleri ve ahlakr; Bah'nm ise aydrnlanma dii§iincesini ve modemle§meyi temsil ettigini dii§iinen Ahmet Hamdi Tanpmar'a gore ise Cumhuriyet (ve bence Tanpmar) doniip dola§IP Osmanh'nm srla§trgr noktaya geri donmii§tii. Nurullah Ata<;, 'soziin Avrupa'daki anlarm ile gers:ek aydm yeti§mesini istiyorsak, ortaogretim okullarmda edebiyatJ.mrzr kaldrnp yerine Yunan, Latin edebiyahm koymak gerekir' diye teslim bayragmr s:ekerken, Bah uygarhgmr reddeder goriinmekle birlikte, aslmda tiim yaptJ.klan bu uygarhgm koklerini Anadolu topraklannda bulmaya <;alr§mak gibi goriinen 'humanist' Mavi Anadolucu Halikarnas Balrk<;Isi'nm eserlerinde olumlu bir tek Batrlr kahraman boy gosteremedi. Romanlannda gayrimiisliim azmlrklara kar§I sevecen bir dil kullanan ulusala-solcu Kemal Tahir'in romanlannda ise Bah geri, kotii, zararh olan iken, Bah ele§tirisi nefret smrrlarmda gezindi.

rg8o'lerden itibaren, genel olarak Bah, ozel olarak da Avrupa Birligi ile ili§kilerimizde benzer gelgitlerin ya§andrgmr biliyoruz. 85 yrldrr, Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk'ten en saygm yazarlanmrza, biirokratlanmiZdan siyaset<;ilerimize, tiim kamuoyu yaprcrlarmm, Bahyla ilgili ne kadar kafa karr§trna mesajlar verdiklerini dii§iiniince, halklmiZm Batrlr'yr, en iyi ihtimalle yabana biri, daha kotiisii dii§man, zararh, tehlikeli bir varlrk olarak gormesi his: §a§rrtJ.Cl degil de, Bah'yr his:bir zaman sevmemi§ olan elitlerimizin 'Bah bizi sevmiyor!' diye almganlrk

152 Turkish perceptions of 'the West,

gostermesi biraz garip ka9-yor. 0 stelik uluslararas1 ili§kilerde 'sevgi' kavrammm yerinin olmadrgm1 bilecek durumda olduklan halde ...

Abdiilmecid I was born in 1823 and was Ottoman Sultan from 1839 until the year of his death in 1861. During this time he issued two major social and political reform edicts which were in part directed towards winning the support of European powers. The Hatt-1 ~erif of Giilhane (Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber) was issued in 1839 and the Hatt-1 Hiimayun (Imperial Edict) in 1856, heralding the new era of Tanzimat ('Reorganization').

Abdiilhamid5 II was born in 1842, died in 1918 and was Ottoman Sultan from 1876 to 1909. He adopted a policy of pan-Islamism to oppose Western intervention in Ottoman affairs. On 23 December 1876, the first Ottoman constitution was put into effect. Abdiilhamid's tryrannical style of ruling, together with resentment against European intervention in the Balkans, led to the military revolution of the Young Turks in 1908 which ultimately led to his deposition in 1909.

Kuleli Vak'ast: The Kuleli Incident was a failed attempt to assassinate Abdulmecid with the predicted aim of replacing him with Abdiilaziz. The ideology of the perpetrators is not clear but it is most likely that the plot was mostly a reaction to the comprehensive Tanzimat Reforms.

~emseddin Sami was born in Ioannina, Greece, in 1850 and died in istanbul in 1904. After moving to istanbul, he started working as journalist by writing for various newspapers. He wrote plays, novels and grammar books in addition to his journalism work Among these are Taa§§uk-l Talat ve Fitnat ('Love ofTalat and Fitnat', 1872), which is considered to be the first compilation book of Turkish literature; translations of Or hun Y az1tlan and of other world classics into Turkish; Kamus-i Turki, which was the largest dictionary of the Ottoman Turkish language and Kamusu' l A 'lam, which was the largest encyclopedia of this era (1900).

Halit Ziya U§alchgil was born in istanbul in 1866 and died there in 1945. Together with his friends he published two newspapers, Nevruz in 1884 and Hizmet in 1886. In his short stories he portrayed people from the general public, and in his novels the intellectuals and upper-class peoples of his time are depicted in a realistic style and with psychological analysis. Furthermore he is regarded as the greatest novelist of scientific wealth literature and the pre-Republican period.

Ahmet Mithat Efendi was a journalist, storywriter and novelist who was born in 1844 and died in 1912. He was one of the very first popular writers in the history ofTurkish literature with over 200 written pieces to his name. He strongly defended the belief that the Ottoman society had to guard its moral and ethical values while simultaneously admiring the scientific and technological advancements of Western societies.


Trablusgarp ve Balkan sava§lan: The Tripolltan War, which was known internationally as the Italo-Turkish War, was undertaken by Italy to gain colonies in North Mrica by conquering the Turkish provinces ofTripolitana and Cyrenaica (modern Libya) in 19n.

The Balkan Wars: This refers to two successive military conflicts in 1912-13 during which the Ottoman Empire lost almost all of its remaining territory in Europe. The First Balkan War pitted the Ottoman Empire against the members of the Balkan League: Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro. The Balkan League was formed under Russian guidance in the spring of 1912 to take Macedonia away from Turkey, which was already involved in a war with Italy. The Balkan allies were soon victorious. The Bulgarians defeated the main Ottoman forces in Thrace, they advanced to the outskirts of Constantinople (now istanbul) and laid siege to Adrianople (Edime). The Second Balkan War began when Serbia, Greece and Romania quarrelled with Bulgaria over the division of their joint territorial gains in Macedonia.

Hftseyin Ra.hmi Giirpmar was born in 1864 and died in 1944. He was one of the most prominent novelists of his time. After working at various newspapers, he published the newspaper BO§bogaz in 1888 followed by the newspaper Gullabi in 1894. Through his novels $~k ('Elegant') and ljfet ('Chastity') he became well known. His literary works featured characters from different backgrounds of society and portrayed the problem of change that he observed in social life.

Mehmed Akif Ersoy was born in r873 in istanbul and died in 1936. He was the poet of the Turkish national anthem. He defended the idea of unity oflslam in opposition to the Turkist ideology of Ziya Gokalp and others.

timer Seyfeddin was born in 1884 in Balrkesir and died in 1920 in istanbul. He is one of the most famous storywriters in the history of Turkish literature. His article titled 'Yeni Lisan', published in the review Genf Kalemler in 19n, is regarded as the declaration of the movement known as 'National Literature'. He defended the necessity to write in a way which could be understood by the general public and criticized the heavy, incomprehensible language of the dominant literary movement, called 'Scientific Wealth'. His work mainly dealt with the theme of nationalism and was inspired by his childhood memories, observations of daily life and folk legends.

Attila ilhan was a poet, writer, literary critic and journalist, who was born in 1925 in izmir and died in istanbul in 2005. Attila ilhan was one of the most prominent and dedicated members of the 'ulusalcr' Kemalists.

Lozan Antl3fmas1: The Treaty of Lausanne, which replaced the Sevres Treaty, was signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923, after a seven-month conference. The treaty was between Turkey (successor to the Ottoman Empire) on one side and Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) on the other. The treaty recognized the botmdaries6 of the modem state of Turkey. In particular, Turkey made no claim to its fanner Arab provinces and recognized both the British possession of Cyprus and the Italian possession of the Dodecanese. Similarly, the Allies

154 Turkish perceptions of 4i;he Westt

dropped their demands of autonomy for Turkish Kurdistan and Turkish cession of territory to Armenia; abandoned claims to spheres of influence in Turkey, and imposed no controls over Turkey's finances or armed forces. The Turkish straits between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea were declared open to all shipping.

Met inan (Ay§e Met inan Uzmay) was born in 1908 in Thessaloniki, the home town of Atatiirk, and became his adoptive daughter. She was a historian and a sociology professor and died in 1985. Afet inan was one of the first historians of the Turkish Republic. She was among the founding members of the Institute of Turkish History and one of the formulators of the Turkish Thesis of History.

Ziya Gokalp, who was born in Diyarbalo.r in 1879 and died in istanbul in 1924, was a writer and philosopher. He attended military schools in Diyarbalo.r and graduated from the School of Politics in 1894. He was imprisoned because of his active membership in a secret society against the Abdiilhamit administration. He founded Diyarbakrr's branch of the Committee of Union and Progress Party when he was sent back to that city. During the second constitutional monarchy he published a newspaper in which he publicized his ideas. He gave lessons in istanbul as a professor of sociology for four years starting in 1915. He was among those who were exiled to Malta by the English in 1919, because of his nationalist views. Ziya Gokalp became the pioneer of a nationalistic idea which supported accidentalism in civilization, state control in economics and purification of the language. He formulated the concept of Turkism in his book Turkvulugun Esaslan ('The Principles of Turkism').

Tftrk Tarih Tezi: The Turkish Thesis of History is an elaborate historical analysis which aims to account for the origins of the Turkish people. It is an alternative historical account that replaces both the Ottoman perspective of a clash between Islam and Christianity and Western accounts in which Turks are only mentioned in passing and are usually portrayed as adversaries. The various contributions that the Turks have made to human civilization throughout history are highlighted and it is criticized in scientific circles for being politically motivated and biased as well as overly nationalistic and romantic.

Yahya Kemal Beyath is a famous Turkish poet, who was born in Skopje in 1884 and died in istanbul in 1958. He was influenced by the groups in opposition to the administration of Abdulhamit and had to flee to Paris in 1903, where he met the Young Turks. Although initially endorsing socialist ideas, his political views were to become affected by French nationalism and he began to conduct research on Turkish nationalism and history. He worked on creating a new poetic style in Turkish literature. During the War oflndependence he wrote many articles in support of the national struggle. He has a prominent place in Turkish literature with his poems, expressing his pain for the loss of the Balkan cities where he had spent his childhood, and reflecting the spiritual climax and natural beauties of istanbul, which he regarded as a mirror of Ottoman history and culture.

Peyami Safu. is a prominent writer in Turkish literature, who was born in 1899 and died in 1961. He started publishing his work at a young age in the newspaper Yirminci Asn. He is most famous for his novel Dokuzun.cu Hariciye Kogu§u, which has the character of an autobiography.

Turkish perceptions of 'the West' 155

Hekimoglu ismail: His real name is Orner 0~ and he was a journalist, writer and novelist. His best known book is the novel Minyeli Abdullah. He wrote this in 1967 and it was banned for a brief period. Hekimoglu ismail achieved a great reputation when this ban was lifted. He is especially favoured among religious circles because of the themes and characters he uses in his books.

Necip Faz:Il Ktsaldirek was born in 1905, died in 1983 and was a famous poet, writer and philosopher. He was taught by Yahya Kemal, Ahmet Hamdi and Hamdullah Suphi at high school, which stirred his early interest in literature. He is best known for his poems.

Ahmet Hamdi Tanpmar is a well-known poet and writer who was born in 1901 and died in 1962. He was significantly influenced by his teachers, among whom were Cenap ~ehabettin, Yahya Kemal and RIZa Tevfik. In 1942 he became a parliamentary deputy and after a brief period in politics he returned to teaching. Although he was known for his poetry, he was more famous for his novels and research into the history ofliterature. He gave great importance to psychological analysis in his stories and novels in which he wrote about people who were always searching and the contrast between Westernization and traditional life.

Nurullah Atas; was born in 1898 and died in 1957. He produced many important pieces as a writer and critic and furthermore was one of the defenders of simplification of the language in literature.

Halikamas Babks;un: Cevat ~akir Kabaaga~h, 'The fisherman of Halicarnassus', was born in 1890 and died in 1973. He is very well known as an author of short stories and novels. His sharply critical short stories on the activities of war tribunals led him to be tried by these courts with a charge of execution. He is strongly associated with Bodrum; he was exiled there in 1927 for three years and fell under the spell of the town. He served the last part ofhis sentence in istanbul and then returned and settled down in Bodrum, where he lived for 25 years. His pen-name refers to Halicarnassus, which is the ancient name of the city.

Kemal Tahir was born in 1910 and died in 1973 and was a prominent Turkish novelist and intellectual. He spent 13 years of his life in prison for political reasons and composed some of his most important novels during this time. These include Esir $ehrin jnsanlan (1956), Devlet Ana (1967) and Yo~n SaVQ§ft (1965). In each of these Tahir uses a historical background to support his characters and settings. Some ofTahir's novels have been adapted into popular films.

aktarmak quote

alafrangal:Il~ma Europeanization, adopting European ways

Gazetelerin aktarchg.. iizere, Kii¢k Emrah, Mozart'r canh konserinde dinlemek istedigini saylemi§ti.

Yabancr el~ik mensuplarmm mekan tuttugu Galata ve Beyoglu civan, alafrangal:Il•n Osmanhlar i9n de son derece cazibeliydi.


ha§ etmek compete with, cope with, handle

beynelmllel international

bir nevi sort of

boy gostennek show up, put in an appearance

dahil etmek incoYJPorate, include

filizlenmek sprout, burgeon, begin to develop

garip kas:mak seem strange

hayranhk beslemek look up to, admire

icbar etmek compel, enforce, force

i~sell~ti.rmek internalize

ihanet etmek betray, deceive

ihya etmek reawake, recreate, revive, resurrect

ikilem dilemma

imdada yeti.Jmek come to the rescue

Mahalle bakkallan, biiyilk marketlerle ha§ etmekte zorlanchgi. i~in, bir bir kapamyor.

Beynelmllel ili§kileri kuvvetli olan tarikat lideri, okullan ve §irketleri sayesinde, insanlar iizerinde istecligi psikolojik etkiyi kolayca yaratabilmektedir. (old usage)

Yeni evinil1 ic; tasanmr bir nevi alaturka.

Yakla§Ik 20 yrlhk ticari ve teknik birikime sahip olan Papiriis Bilgisayar, 2oro yrhnda, Hannover CEBIT'te boy gtlsterdi.

Ya§hhkta bunamayr engellemek ic;in tam bir beyin antremanr olan satrancr, en krsa zamanda hayatumza dahil etmemiz gerekiyor.

Diyanet i§leri Ba§kam, 'Aleviler ve Siinniler arasmdaki karde§lik ruhu, bu bolgede fiJizlendi' dedi.

Cenaze toreninde a§m makyaj yapmak biraz garip ka~r.

Bulut, okulda baljanh ve sanat dallarmda oldukc;a yetenekli olan ablasma derin bir hayranhk besliyordu.

Osmanh imparatorlugu ic;indeki azmhklarda ortaya c;rkan yeni kimlik arayr§lan, milliyetc;ilik hareketlerine ve bagrmsrzhk taleplerine yol ac;arken, aym zamanda imparatorlugu, kendi biitiinliigunii korumak ic;in yeni politik arayr§lara icbar etti.. (old usage)

Son geli§melere dayanarak, 'Tiirk halkr artrk demokrasiyi i~selle§tirmeye ba11ladr' diyebilir miyiz?

Gizli orgiit iiyesi, davasma ihanet etti.gi gerekc;esiyle, kendi arkada§lan tarafi.ndan idam edilmi§.

Nobel Odiillii Orhan Pamuk'un ac;trgr Masumiyet Mi1zesi, istanbul'da turizmi ihya etti.. (old usage)

Bir yandan, biiyilk tepkilere yol a~an gOc; yasasmr c;rkan.rken, ote yandan da, nitelikli i§ giiciine kaprlarm1 aralayan ingiltere'nin, bu ildJemi nasil gerekc;elendirecegi merak konusu.

'Ulusalcilrgm imdadma sosyalizm yeti§ecek' diye dii§iinenler varmiJ1.

itibar g0m1ek be respectt.d

itilaf Devletleri the Allies

itiraz gor(me)mek not be contested, not be objecte.d to

miskin lazy, indolent

muastrla§mak become contemporary, become modem

onko§Ul prerequisite, precondition

pozlanna biiriinmek pose as

rotayt gastermek show the way, show the direction

sa~malamak talk nonsense, make a lunatic comment, talk rubbish

tevecctih etmek be directed towards, turn towards

u~ vermek show its face and that it is going to grow

ucube monster, freak


Ya~ar Kemal'in kitaplan diinyanm her yerinde itibar gortiyor.

itilaf Devletleri, I. Diinya Sava~t'nm ba~langrcmda ingi.ltere, Fransa ve Rusya'dan olu~an devletler grubunun adrdrr.

Almanya' da, Y ahudilerin haklanndan yoksun brraktlmalan, Eyli.tl 1935 tarihli Niimberg Irk Yasalarma dayandmldtgr i~in itiraz gormedi.

~imdi, Fethiye sahilinde kumlarda miskin miskin oturmayr ve diinyanm en giizel giinbatrmuu seyretmeyi ne ~ok isterdim!

Ulusalcr yazara gore, Cumhuriyet ku~ag1, muasrrla§mak i~in elinden gelen ~bayr gasterdi ama halk bu degi~ime haZir degildi.

Emekli generate gore, askeri miidahaleler, iilkeyi ve demokrasiyi kurtarmanm vazg~ilmez onko§uluydu.

Uyu~turucu partisinden sonra imajr tepetaklak olan manken, yine hanrm hammctk aile ktzt pozlanna biirtindft.

T.C. ~ ve Orman Bakanltgi, ~ketlerin karbondioksit emisyonlann1 azaltmak amacryla, yeni enerji teknolojilerine ili~kin rotayt gosterdi.

Ger~ekle hi~bir ilgisi olmayan karakterleriyle, bu diziler, iyice ~malamaya ba§ladr.

Kur'an't Kerim'de yaztldtgt iizere, Allah, insanlara l<a.r§1 merhametli ve ~efkatlidir; acrmasr ve esirgemesiyle onlara tevecctih eder. (old usage)

Prof. Dr Richard Dawkins, 'Biitiin diinyada, evrim kar§ttl. Orta <;ag hurafeleri okullarda ~ vermeye ba~ladt' soziiyle ate§li bir tartl.~ma ba~lath.

c;evreciler, 'Amerikalt s:ift9.nin bile ba§ma bela olan ucube mrsrr, bizim tarlalanmiZI da istila edecek' gorii~iinii dile getirdi.


1 Exercise 1


2 imdada yeti§mek

3 alafrangahla§ma 4 u~ vermek 5 onko§Ul

a) bir sonucun ger~ekle§ebilmesi i~in hazrrlayrCI etkenlerin tiimii

b) zor bir durumda kalan birinin yarchrmna ko§mak; ~siiz gibi goriinen bir soruna bir §eyin ~e olmasr

c) ortaya ~kmak; biiyiime ba§langrcr gostermek d) Avrupa kiiltiiriinii taklit etme durumu e) birine giicii yetmek, iistiin gelmek, birinin hakkrndan

gelmek, birini yenmek

I ' ( ... ) Bah' dan krsa yoldan ogrendikleri ile eski diizeni ihya etmek oldugu i~n olsa gerek, ba§anh olamachlar.'

The construction olsa gerek consists of the conditional form of the auxiliary verb ol- 'be' followed by gerek 'necessary' indicating probability.

Example:

Hayat bu olsa gerek. This is probably the life.

2 ' ( ... ) Bah uygarhgrm reddeder gOriinmelde birlikte, aslmda tiim yaptrklan, bu uygarhgm koklerini Anadolu topraklannda bulmaya ~alr§mak ( ... ) . '

The construction -mAidA birlikte which translates as 'although' produces an adverbial clause in gortinmelde birlikte.

Example:

Kad1n hasta oramnda artlf egilimi olmakla birlikte, bu artlf istatistiksel olarak kayda deger degildi.

Although there was an increase in the proportion offemale patients, this wasn't statistically significant.

1 Exercise 2

Part A


I Ay§e Hiir, Osmanh zamanmda, modemle§me olgusunun tek yonlii ve dar bir ~er~evede ele almchgmr ve taklitten oteye gidemedigini vurguluyor.

Tur/cjsh perceptions of'the West' 159

2 Osmanh padi§ahlan Abdiilmecid ve Abdiilhamid'in, BatJ. modemizmine ayak uyduramamalannm ve dolayiSI.yla b<l§ansiZ olmalannm en onemli nedeni, BatJ.h degerlerle bagda§ffiayan kendi siyasi diizenlerini korumak ugruna, modemizmin esaslanm gaz arch et:meleriydi.

3 Osmanh doneminde modemle§me olgusu, BatJ.'dan kopya edilip, buna heniiz hazrr ve uygun olmayan toplumsal baglama yamanmaya ~I§Ildtgi i9n, ba§anya ula§amach.

4 Mustafa Kemal, Milli Miicadele deneyiminin I§tgmda, siyasal acrtdan BatJ.'ya giiven duymasa da, Batdda§manm, Tiirk ulusla§masiyla el ele gidebilecegini dii§iiniiyordu.

5 Ay§e Hiir, Cumhuriyet'in ilk ydlannda BatJ.'ya ili§kin ya§anan ~eli§kilerin ve kafa kan§Ikltgmm, bugiin AB'yle ili§kilerimizde de kendini hissettircligini ileri siiriiyor.

PartB


I AY§e Hiir'e gore, Osmanh'da BatJ. dii~ hangi etkenler sonucu ~ vermeye ba~? 2 Y az1da sun ulan bilgilere dayanarak, Osmanh ve Cumhuriyet donemi yazar ve §airlerinin

yaprtlanndan, BatJ.'yi nasd algdadiklanm ogreniyoruz? 3 Yaz1da, Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk'iin BatJ. ve modemle§me olgulanna yakla§Imma i§aret

eden bilgiler hangileridir? 4 Yazara gore, Osmanl1 doneminden bu yana, BatJ.'ya yonelik a§k-nefret ikilemi, kendini

hangi alanlarda ortaya koymu§!Ur? 5 Y az1da, Cumhuriyet doneminde, ulus~luk politikas1 ve batdda§ma hamlelerine ili§kin

ya§anan ikilemden kurtulmak i9n, aydm ve politikacdann hangi ~oziim onerilerini ortaya koyduklanndan soz ediliyor?

I Exercise 3


I Atatiirk'ten yazarlara, biirokratlardan siyase~lere a) kafa kan§tl.nci kamuoyu yap1ci1an, BatJ. konusunda mesajlar verdi.

2 Osmanh imparatorlugu, I7. yiizydm sonralanndan b) pozlanna itibaren A vrupal1 devletlerle ba§ etmekte zorlanmaya biiriinerek BatJ.'ya ba§lachgmda, o giine kadar 'kafir' diye ani1an BatJ.hlann seyahatler yaptdar. yaptiklan, yani 'modemle§me', imparatorlugun yok olup gitmesini onlemenin neredeyse

3 Halbuki modemle§me gokten zembille inmemi¢; c) geli§iminin bir aksine 'feodalizm, burjuvazi, ronesans, reform, iiriiniiydii. sanayile§me, aydmlanma, ulusla§ma, smrf miicadelesi' gibi kavramlardan olu§an Avrupa'nm tarihsel

4 Abdiilmecid ve Abdiilhamid, BatJ. hiikiimdan d) tek yolu olarak goriilmii§tii.

5 Igo8 Devrimi'ni yapanlar ise devlet aygttJ.m e) iilkede yava§ yava§ modemle§tirmeye hiZ verdikleri ve parlamentonun BatJ. dii§manltgi giiciinii artrrdiklan i9n Avrupa kuliibiine kabulii ~ vermeye beklerken, Trablusgarp ve Balkan sava§lan ile ba§lach. Batr'dan §iddetli bir tokat yiyince


I Exercise 4


• Bat1 konusunda kafa kan~1kl1g1 • Bat1 hayranhg1 ve Bat1'ya duyulan guvensizlik • Alafrangal1la~ma • Turk milliyets;iligi • Turk ulusla~mas1 ile Bat1hla~ma • Bat1 tipi devrimler • Turk Tarih Tezi • Nev Yunanilik

1 Exercises



a) Yalmzca Batr'daki saga ve dinci kesimin ch§layrci politikalanna bakarak,'Batl bizi ashnda hi~ sevmedi' diye bir genelleme yapmak dogru olmaz.

b) Tiirkiye, Orta Dogu'da giiciinii daha da artrrdtgmda ve kendi i~inde ekonomik ve sosyal refaha ula§trgmda, Batl'nm 'sevgisine' artik ihtiya~ duymayacak.

1 Exercise 6


I Exercise 7


Tarih boyunca, Bat1'nm Osmanl1'ya ve Turkiye'ye yonelik tutumu ne olmu~tur ve bu, yukandaki yaz1da tart1~1lan 'Osmanh doneminden bu yana Bat1'ya yonelik a~k-nefret ikilemi' nde nas1l bir rol oynam1~t1r?

Notes

* Radikal, 28.10.2005: http: Jfwww.radikal.com.tr Jhaber .php?haberno=168292&t.arih=28 /IO J 200 5 1 See l. Cem Ti!rkiye'cle Geri Kalml§l~n Tarihi, lst.anbul: Can Yaymlan, 1997. 2 A. Davutoglu, Stratrjik Derinlik, lstanbul: Kiire Yaymlan, 2007. 3 European-style, done in the European manner; patterned on a European model; (someone) who

has adopted European manners; (someone) who is European in hisfher behaviour or outlook; (doing something) after the European manner; someone who has adopted European ways (used disparagingly).

4 The Turkish name for the capital city of Libya: Tripoli. 5 Note that it is also spelt as 'Abdiilhamit'. 6 Note that the modern borders of Turkey are not exactly as specified at Lausanne. Hat.ay (the Sanjak of

Alexandrettejliwa' ul Iskenderun) was added in 1939.

Key to exercises

1 Exercise 1

I d, 2 b, 3 e, 4 a, 5 c.

I annchrmak: iz kalmayacak bic;imde tamamen ortadan kalkmasm1 saglamak 2 aynmc1hk: farkh cinsiyet, dil, din, rrk, etnik koken, toplumsal smll, ya§ gibi nedenlerle

insanlan bilin<;li olarak di§lamayt ama<;layan bir yakla§Im 3 i§boliimii: bir i§in yap1lmasmda sonu<;Ian verimli hlmak amac1yla ki§ilerin bilgi ve

yeteneklerine gore gorev payla§Iml 4 i§giicii: iiretim siirecinde herhangi bir i§e katdan insan emeginin biitiinii 5 ongormek: ileride olmas1 isteneni goz oniinde tutmak ve onceden kararla§trrmak

1 Exercise 2

A

I T 2 F: Metinden, 'cinsiyet ayrrmcrhgma hayrr' kampanyas1 dahilinde planlanan derslerin, heniiz verilmeye ba§lanmadtgmi ogreniyoruz. Bu nedenle, 'verilmekte olan' ifadesi, metnin i~erigini dogru olarak yans1tmamaktadrr. 3 T 4 T 5 T.

B

I Metinden edindigimiz bilgilere gore, yanli§ egitim politikalannm da peki§tirdigi cinsiyet9 i§ boliimii nedeniyle, kadmlarm [iicretli] i§giiciine katdrm1 sm1rlanmaktadrr.

2 Par~ya gore, Tiirkiye toplumunda, cinsiyet9 i§boliimiiniin ortadan kaldmlabilmesi i9n, Milli Egitim Bakanhgt'nm cinsiyet9 egitim politikas1 takip edilmeli; kiz ~ocuklan ve kadmlar egitim haklan konusunda siirekli olarak aydmlatrlmal1 ve giidiilenmeli; egitim ara~-gere<;Ieri cinsiyet9likten anndlnlmahdrr.

3 Egitim-Sen, kiz ~ocuklan ve kadlnlar egitim haklarm1 kullanmakta geri kaldiklan ve ders ara~-gere<;leri cinsiyet9 ogeler i~erdigi i9n Milli Egitim Bakanltgi'm ele¢riyor.

4 Egitim-Sen, cinsiyet9 ogeler barmdrrdiklan gere~esiyle, ders kitaplarma ili§kin el~de bulunuyor.

5 Egitim sektOriinde ~I§anlarm yansma yakm1 kadm oldugu halde, yoneticilik gibi prestijli bir gorevde ~ok az saytda kadmm bulunmas1, cinsiyet aynmclitgma i§aret ediyor.

162 Key to exercises

I Exercise 3

I e, 2 b, 3 d, 4 c, 5 a.

I Egiti.m-Sen, egitimde kadm-erkek e§itliginin saglanmas1 amaayla 'Cinsiyet aynmahgma hayrr' kampanyas1 ba§lattl.

2 Egitim-Sen Merkez Kadm Sekreteri ( ... ), ozellikle alt gelir grubundaki kadmlarm ve kiz s:ocuklarmm egitimden faydalanmasmm zorla~m1 savundu.

3 Tiirkiye'deki 7·5 milyon okumayazma bilmeyen ki§iden 6 milyonunun kadm olduguna dikkat s:eken Akgiil, bu yd 6oo bin kiz s:ocugunun okula kaytt yaptrrmadlgmi soyledi.

4 Akgiin, e§itsizligi artlran faktorler arasmda egitimin i<;erigi, egitim ortamlan ve ogretmen tutumlan gibi faktorlerin de yer aldtgmi vurgularu.

5 KI.z s:ocuklan ve kadmlarm egitim hakkm1 kullanmalan yoniindeki destek ve te§Vik politi.kalan siirekli olmal1.

1 Exercise 1

I a, 2 c, 3 b, 4 e, 5 d.

I alacakaranhk: giine§ dogmadan once beliren giin agarmas1 ya da batti.ktan sonra gozlem-lenen gokyiiziiniin yan ayrunhk durumu

2 ortaya <;Ikmak: yoktan var olmak, meydana <;Ikmak 3 medenile§mek: <;agda§ ve uygar toplumlar diizeyine ula§mak 4 ba§tan ayaga: ba§tan sona, tiimiinii kapsayacak bi<;imde 5 tamamlayta: bir §eyin biitiin hale gelmesini saglayan oge

1 Exercise 2

A

IF: Yaz1ya gore, Tiirkiye'de, Cumhuriyet'in ilk donemlerinde, modemle§me olgusu, Batl'ya ozenilerek toplumsal ya§amm yeniden tasarlanmas1 olarak algdanru. 2 T 3 F: Cumhuriyet yonetimi, ~da§ bir toplumsal ya§am dii§ii kuruyordu. 4 T 5 F: Mustafa Kemal, Cumhuriyet projesi geregi, Batd1 erkek rol modelini temsil ediyordu.

B

I Y az1ya gore, Tiirkiye, Batl'yi omek alarak, ~da§ ve modem bir kimlige sahip olmak isti.yor.

2 Cumhuriyet doneminde, modemle§me projesi, kadmferkek bedenlerinin, ba§tan ayaga tasarlanmasmdan, giyim ku§am ve gorgii kurallarmm, ti.ti.zlikle ogretilmesine kadar, toplumsal ya§amm tiim ayrmtdarm1 kaps1yordu.

3 Modemle§me siirecinde, yeni cinsiyet rolleri, ideal modeller sunularak, biiyiik bir ozen ve titizlikle insanlara ogretildi.

Key to exercises 1 63

4 Mustafa Kemal'in omek olu§turdugu, Cumhuriyet donemi erkeginin her anlamda Bati.h, ~gda§, kontrollii, mesafeli ve ciddi olmasr bekleniyordu. Kesilen bryrklar, takrm elbise, kravat ve §apka bu tablonun tamamlayrcrsrydr.

5 Son donemlerde Tiirkiye, bir yandan cinselligine vurgu yapan, enerjik, ozgiir ve ~ok renkli, ote yandan da, geleneksel ve sapma kadar erkek* tiplemelere sahne olmaya ba§ladr.

I Exercise 3

I a, 2 c, 3 b, 4 d, 5 e.

I Gen~ Cumhuriyet'in hedefi de ·~agda§ uygarhk seviyesini' yakalamaktr. 2 Medenile§me siirecinde sadece kadm bedenleri degil, erkek bedenleri de ba§tan ayaga

kadar tasarlandr. 3 Cumhuriyet'in kurucusu Mustafa Kemal, tiim milletin oniinde olmasr istenen Batrh

(modem) erkek modelinin ta kendisiydi. 4 Gen~ Cumhuriyet'in tasarladrgr erkek, giyim ku§ammdan oturup kalkmasma kadar

Batrh bir erkek. 5 Klsacasr tek tip donemi kapandr, ~ok ~e§itlilik doneme damgasmr vuruyor.

1 Exercise 1

I b, 2 e, 3 c, 4 d, 5 a.

I a§ama: ula§rlmasr istenen bir ama~ dogrultusunda adrm adrm ge9lmesi gerekli evrelerden her biri

2 ihlal etmek: birinin haklarma zarar vermek 3 el atmak: birisinin i§ine yardrmcr olmak i~ bir konuya miidahale etmek ya da bir i§e

giri§mek 4 koktencilik: (dinde) a§mya varan degi§iklikler yapma egilimi 5 yerle§ke: bir iiniversitenin her tiirlii etkinlik alanmm toplu bir bi~de bulundugu

kampiis

1 Exercise 2

A

I T 2 F: Yetkin, tiirban meselesini ki§i hak ve ozgiirliikleri ~er~evesinde ele aldrgr i9n, re§it bir insanm krhk kryafetinin yasalarca belirleniyor olmasr vicdanrm rahatsrz ediyor. 3 T 4 T 5 T.


B

I Murat Yetkin'e, Misrrh bir arkada§I, 20 yi1 once Kahire Oniversitesi'nde ortiilii ogrenci sayt.si s:ok azken, islamc1 koktenciligin artmas1yla, bugiin ortiinmeyen ogrencilerin bu iiniversitede artik barmamadtgmi anlatmi§. Yazar, bu omegin, Tiirkiye baglammda ele ahndtgmda, bilincini rahatsrz ettigini soyliiyor.

2 Yetkin'in kadm meslekta§I, tiirban meselesine ili§kin, vicdam ile bilinci arasmda bir s:eli§ki olmadtgmi soyliiyor; <;Unkii tiirbamn ortiinmeyen kadmlar i<;in bir bash unsuru haline gelebilecegini dii§iiniiyor.

3 Y az1ya gore, Tiirkiye' de biiyiik bir s:ogunluk, tiirbam bir yandan ki§i ozgiirliikleri s:ers:evesinde degerlendirirken, Ote yandan dinsel esaslarm bir yonetim aracma donii§tfuiilmesi tehlikesi kar§Ismda giivensizlik duyuyor.

4 Erdogan, bir yandan din ve devlet aynltgma kar§I olmadtgmi ve laik sistemin asia degi§tirilmeyecegi mesa jim verirken, ote yandan ortiinmeyle ilgili Kuran'I uygulamaktan soz ederek s:eli§kiye dii§iiyor.

5 Yetkin, tiirbanm bir insan hakki oldugu, ancak kamu hizmeti goren ki§iler tarafmdan kullamlmas1 durumunda i§in <;tgrmdan <;Ikabilecegi gorii§iinii savunuyor.

I Exercise 3

I a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d, 5 e.

I Adm1 ki§i haklanm ihlal etmek istemedigim i<;in vermedigim babas1mn bu konuda krzm1 zorlamadtgm1 biliyorum.

2 Duruma, dinsel ol<;iilerle degil, ki§i hak ve ozgiirliikleri penceresinden bakmaya <;ah§Iyorum.

3 ~iinkii i§ ortiinmek i<;in bash kurma a§amasma geldiginde, senden ortiinmeni istemeyecekler, benden isteyecekler.

4 Yeti§kin bir insanm iiniversite ogrenciliginde iizerine dini, siyasi, etnik ya da ba§ka bir simge takip takmayacagt kendisini ve diger ogrencilerin frziki sagltgmi ilgilendirir.

5 Ote yandan bu simgelerin kamu hizmeti goren ki§iler tarafindan kullamlmasi online kesin smrrlar konulmah.

1 Exercise 1

I e, 2 a, 3 d, 4 c, 5 b.

I asgari: en alt diizeyde, en az, en a§agi, en dii§iik 2 boyut: bir konunun niteligi ve kapsam1 3 diirtii: insan1 eyleme iten, bilin<; otesi, gii<;lii egilim ve duygular 4 gozetmek: hesaba katmak, goz oniinde bulundurmak, belli bir ayrmtlyt. ve etkeni dikkate

almak 5 oransrzhk: iki §ey arasmda, nicelik ve nitelik bahmmdan bir denge bulunmamas1

1 Exercise 2

A

I T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T.

B

Key w exercises 165

I Y azrdan ¢<ardrgumz kadanyla, mutlulugun ekonomik temelleri konusunda pek ~ok ki§i tarafindan zrt gorii§ler dile getiriliyor.

2 Alkan, 'iki goniil bir olursa samanhk seyran olur' gorii§iine katrlmryor, ¢nkii temel gereksinimlerin kar§rlanmasr i~n paraya gerek oldugunu dii§iiniiyor.

3 U zmanlara gore, mutlu olmanm en onemli ol¢tii, insanlarm elde ettikleriyle, sahip olmak istedikleri arasmdaki mesafenin azalmasryla olu§an dengedir.

4 Yazara gore, beklentiler oznel olabileceginden, evrensel bir mutluluk formiilii olasr degildir.

5 Yazar, Dogu ve Bah diinyasmm mutluluk felsefesini §oyle azetliyor: Bah diinyasmm mutluluk anlayr§mi yansrtan Maslow'a gore, mutluluk, temel gereksinimlerin giderilmesi ve insandaki yaratrcrh.gm ortaya c;OOnasr §artlna baghdrr. Dogu'nun felsefesini yansrtan Buda'ya gore ise, mutluluk, ancak beklentiler en az diizeye indirilerek saglanabilir, ¢nkii insanlarm istemleri arttlk~ mutlu olma olasrlrklan azahr. Alkan, Tiirkiye'deki mutluluk algrsmm, Bah diinyasmm anlayr§ma gore bi~lendigini dii§iiniiyor.

I Exercise 3

I a, 2 b, 3 e, 4 d, 5 c.

I Ger~ekten de, gelir diizeyi yiikseldik~e, mutlu oldugunu soyleyenlerin oranmda biiyiik bir yiikselme gazleniyordu.

2 Bu tartl§malarda kullanrlan psikolojik, sosyolojik, felsefi gorii§lerin hemen hepsinin gerisinde yatan bir denge arayr§I var.

3 Mutsuzluga yol a~ sorun, insanlarm elde ettikleriyle sahip olmak istedikleri arasmdaki oransrzhktan kaynaklanmaktadrr.

4 Ancak bu iki unsur kar§rlrldr ele almdrgr ve aralarmdaki mesafe ol¢ldiigu zaman elde edilen sonu~ 'mutluluk' veya 'mutsuzluk' bi~inde formiile edilebilir.

5 Bu nedenle, herkese uyarlanabilecek bir mutluluk formiilii bulunamaz.

1 Exercise 1

I a, 2 b, 3 e, 4 d, 5 c.

I ant i~ek: bir §eyi yapma ya da yapmama konusunda yeminle soz vermek 2 duyarhhk: toplumsal bir sorun(sal)la ilintili olarak tepkisini ortaya koyabilme ve has

sasiyet gosterebilme yetisi


3 goz arm etmek: gormemezlikten, bilmemezlikten, anlamamazhktan ve duymamazhktan gelerek, birine ya da bir §eye gereken onemi vermemek

4 onciiliik yapmak: bir §eye onderlik, liderlik yapmak; yol a~ak 5 tahammiilsiizliik: farkh gorii§lere kar§I anlayr§SIZ davranma; kendisi gibi olmayanlara

katlanamama durumu

1 Exercise 2

A

I F: Sogana, Diinya Su Forumu'nda, su pazarlama ara~annm tartl§maya a9lmasmr, halka kar§I bir yakla§rm olarak ele¢riyor. 2 T 3 F: The Guardian'da yayrmlanan habere gore, forumda, su ve insan haklan baglantrsma degil, suyun ticari getirisine vurgu yaprlrm§. 4 T 5 F: Yazrya gore, Diinya Bankasr'nm destekledigi projeler, su maliyetini yiikseltmekte ve susuzlugu daha da artan bir sorun haline getirmektedir.

B

I Bekaroglu, suyun, sadece parasr olanlarm degil, herkesin hakkr oldugunu savundugu i~in ticarile¢rilmesini protesto ediyor.

2 Bekaroglu, bu oneriye §iddetle kar§I 9-kryor, ¢nkii temel bir insan hakkr olan suyun, ozelle§tirme yoluyla, neoliberal sermaye birikiminin tekeline almacagr uyansmda bulunuyor.

3 Doga Demegi, izlenen yanh§ su politikalan nedeniyle, Tiirkiye'de onemli doga alanlarmm tehdit altrnda bulunduguna dikkat ~ekiyor.

4 Demegin yaptrgr a~maya gore, baraj sayrsmdaki artl§, yanh§ tarrmsal sulama projeleri, nehirlerin ta§mmasr gibi yanh§ su politikalan sonucu, Tiirkiye dogasr, ~olle§meyle kar§I kar§rya kalrm§tlr.

5 Eken, sulama ve baraj projeleri, tanmsal, ~evresel ve ekonomik etkileri goz oniinde bulundurularak planlamp hayata g~edigi i~, su kaynaklanmn kalite ve miktarmda ciddi azalmalara yol a~tlgrm, ancak sorunun kaynagr konusunda, kamuoyunun yanh§ yonlendirmelerle oyalandrgmr vurguluyor.

1 Exercise 3

I b, 2 a, 3 e, 4 d, 5 c.

I Kamu i§letmelerinin ozel sektore devriyle ba§layan azelle§tirme siireci, saghk ve egitimden sonra suya gelip dayanrm§ durumdadJ.r, diye konu§tu.

2 Giiniimiizde gollerin kuruyor olmasmm en temel nedeni kiireselrsmma degil, yanh§ tanmsal sulama projeleridir.

3 Tiirkiye'de dogayr yok eden en biiyiik etken orman yangmlan veya ~olle§me degil, yanh§ su politikalandrr.

4 Diinya Su Forumu, suyumuzu pazarlamanm ara~anm olu§turmak iizere iilkemizde toplamyor.

5 ( ... ) Gazete, Konsey'in, Diinya Bankasr'nm yardJ.rm ile su maliyetini yiikselten, geli§mekte olan diinyadaki krtlrgmr daha da agrrla§tlran projelere onciiliik yapngr ele§tirilerine yer verdi.

1 Exercise 1

I b, 2 a, 3 c, 4 d, 5 e.

I aramak: bir §eyi yapma §arti. koymak ve onemle istemek 2 a§mak: verilen yetkiyi gereginden fazla kullanmak

Key to exercises 167

3 bagda§mak: bir §eye uymak; bir §eyle uyum ve uzla§ma i9nde olmak 4 muhafaza etmek: birinin sorumlulugunu iistlenerek onu korumak 5 te§vik etmek: bir ki§iyi kotii bir i§ yapmasr i9-n isteklendirmek ve ozendirmek

1 Exercise 2

A

I F: Yanh§hkla degil, bilerek ve isteyerek s:ocuklan degi§tirenlere, bir yrldan ii<; yrla kadar hapis cezasr verilir. 2 F: Yeni TCK'ya gore, bir ki§inin onurunu krrmaya yonelik kasrth davrani§ i9nde olanlar, eziyet sus:unu i§lemi§ kabul edilip, sekiz yrla kadar hapis cezasma <;arptmhr. 3 T 4 T 5 T.

B

I Yeni TCK'ya gore, ogretmenin ogrencisini dovmesi, yaralama eylemi olarak kabul edildigi i9n, sus: te§kil ediyor.

2 Kamuoyunun tepkisi iizerine, yeni TCK, okul ve yurt miidiirlerinin bekaret kontrolii yaptrrmalanm yasaklamakta, genital muayeneyi, ancak hakim ve savcr karanna baglamaktadrr.

3 Yeni TCK'ya gore, bedensel ve ruhsal zayrfhklan olan ki§ilere ve s:ocuklara dilencilik yaptrrmak sus: olu§tururken, dilencinin kendisine ceza verilmesi ongoriilmemektedir.

4 Yeni TCK, yakmlanm ve korunmaya muhta<; olanlan fuhu§a te§vik edenlere verilecek cezanm artrnlmasmr ongoriiyor.

5 Yabancr devlet bayragma hakaretin cezalandmlabilmesi i9n, resmen gondere s:ekilmi§ olmasr, ilgili devletin §ikayette bulunmasr ve Tiirk bayragma hakaretin o devlette cezalandmlabilir olmasr §artl aranmaktadrr.

I Exercise 3

I c, 2 b, 3 a, 4 d, 5 e.

I Hastanelerde s:ocuklan bilerek ve isteyerek degi§tirenler 's:ocugun soy bagmr degi§tirme' sus:unu i§lemi§ olurlar.

2 Kanunumuz, bu konuya yonelik kamuoyundaki §ikayetleri goz oniinde bulundurarak, ancak hakim veya saver karanyla genital muayene yaplimasma olanak tanrmr§hr.

3 Aym §ekilde, i§lenmi§ olmakla birlikte, sebebiyet verdigi neticelerin smrrlandrrllmasr halen miimkiin olan su<;Ian da ihbar yiikiimliiliigu bulunmaktadrr.


4 Bu kapsamda aynca saghk meslegi mensuplannm da, gorevini yaptrg1 srrada bir suc;un i§lendigi yoniinde bir belirti ile kar§Ila§malan halinde, durumu yetkili makamlara bildirme yiikiimliiliigu vardir.

5 Aynca bu devlette de Turk bayragma hakaretin cezalandmlabilir olmas1 aranmaktadrr.

1 Exercise 1

I a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d, 5 e.

I alaka: iki veya daha ~ok ki§inin birbiriyle ya da bir §eyle bagh, ilgili bulunmas1; ili§kisi olmas1

2 karara baglamak: mahkemenin bir sorunu ~Oziimleyerek, bir davayt sonu9andirmasi 3 magdur olmak: haksrzhga ve zarara ugrayarak, ~esiz kalmak 4 §eref: toplumca birine (genellikle bir erkege) gosterilen saygmm dayandtgi geleneksel

(cinsiye~) degerler biitiinii 5 tore: geleneksel ~evrelerce benimsenmi§, yerle§ik ya§am ve davrani§ bi~lerinin,

kurallarm, orta.kla§a ali§kanhklann ve izlenen yollann tiimii

1 Exercise 2

A

I T 2 F: Giildiinya, sokak orta.smda yaralan1p, kaldinldtgi hastanede yeniden saldmya ugrayarak hayatm1 kaybetti. 3 T 4 T 5 T.

B

I Giildiinya, evlilik di§I bebek sahibi oldugu i~, aile namusunun temizlenmesi gerek~esiyle katledilmi§tir.

2 Karara kar§I 9kan hakim, katil karde§lerin, yoresel sosyal beklentilerden kaynaklanan baski sonucu bu suc;u i§ledikleri gerek~esiyle, TCK'nm 29. maddesi geregi, tahrik indiriminden yararlanmas1 gerektigini savunmu§tur.

3 Y aztdan ~dtgrmrz sonuca gore, olay tarihinde I8 ya§mdan kii¢k olan sanrk, agabeyini omfu boyu hapis cezasmdan kurta.rmak i~, cinayeti tek ba§ma iistlenmeye ~h§mi§.

4 Sanrklarm avukati, 'vatanm namusu' olgusuna gonderme yaparak cinayeti gerek~elendirmeye ~h§Iyor.

5 Yeni TCK'nm 29. maddesi geregi, sanigt su~ i§lemeye iten agrr bir tahrik soz konusu oldugunda ceza indirimi uygulanabiliyor.

I Exercise 3

I a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 e, 5 d.

I Oy ~oklugu ile alman kararda, magdureden kaynaklanan haks1z bir hareket soz konusu olmadigtndan samklar lehine olan tahrik indirimleri uygulanmadtg1 belirtildi.


2 Karara muhalif kalan bir hakim ise yoresel sosyal hayat, toplum baskrsr, kendilerinde uyanan elem ve rstrrap altmda bu su<;n i§ledikleri gerek~esiyle sanrklann cezasmda indirim yaprlmasr gerektigini savundu.

3 Davayr karara baglayan mahkeme heyeti iki karde§i, once su<;nn i§leni§ §ekli ve faillerin giittiigu amacr dikkate alarak agrrla§tlrrlrm§ miiebbet hapis cezasma ~tlrdr.

4 Vatanm her par~sr bizim i~ nasrl namus ve §eref gibi onemliyse, bir ili§ki i~n de namus ve §eref ~ok onemlidir.

5 Haksrz bir fillin meydana getirdigi hiddet veya §iddetli elemin etkisi altrnda su~ i§leyen kimseye, agrrla§tlrrlml§ miiebbet hapis cezasr yerine I8 yrldan 24 yrla ve miiebbet hapis cezasr yerine I2 yrldan I8 yrla kadar hapis cezasr verilir.

1 Exercise 1

I d, 2 e, 3 c, 4 a, 5 b.

I benimsemek: bir kiiltiire sahip ~ak, onu kabullenerek kendine mal etmek 2 miicadeleci: sava§mayr seven; yrlmayan 3 harmanlamak: bir~ok ~e§itten hirer par~ ahp kan§trrarak yeni bir birle§im olu§tnrmak;

farkh kiiltiirlerin ~e§itli yonlerini derleyerek bir araya getirmek 4 kayna§trrma: degi§ik kiiltiirleri birbirine rsmdrrarak yakmla§tlrmak ve birle§tirmek 5 yer etmek: iyice yerle§erek iz brrakmak; insanm unutamayacagr bir iz brrakmak

1 Exercise 2

A

I F: Gazeteci, zafer duygusu olarak betimledigi, Royal Academy'de Tiirklere dair bir sergi a~masmr, ~ok heyecan verici buluyor. 2 F: Qn'in Turfan bolgesindeki magaralarda bulunan duvar resimleri, o donemde Tiirkler'in inan~ diinyasmda Budizm'in izlerini sergiliyor. 3 F: Gazeteci, Tiirklerin ~ok yonlii kiiltiirel kimliklerini zengin koleksiyonuyla gozler oniine seren sergiyi son derece renkli ve ilgi ~ekici buluyor. 4 F: Yazrya gore, sergi, resmi tarihin smrrlarmr zorlamasr nedeniyle, sadece Avrupahlar i~ degil, Tiirkler i~n de ezber bozucu; ¢nkii Tiirklerin bu sergiden kendi tarihlerine ili§kin ogrenecekleri ~ok §ey var. 5 F: Aksak Timur ve Akkoyunlular, resmi tarihte her ne kadar Osmanh'ya ~drklan zorluklarla anrlsalar da, ashnda iran' da, Orta Asya'nm onemli bilim ve kiiltiir merkezlerinde, Tiirk kiiltiiriiniin varhgrm gostermesini sagladrklan i~, zenginle§tirici unsurlardrr.

B

I Y azrya gore, sergi, metinde sozii g~en Aksak Timur ve Akkoyunlular olgulanna ek olarak, Tiirklerin islam oncesi kiiltiiriine de I§rk tutarak, resmi tarihte sOzii edilmeyen Budizm ve ~in kiiltiirii gibi ogeleri ortaya ~drgr i~, ogretici ve ezber bozucu.

2 Sergideki sanat yaprtlan, tarih boyunca Tiirklerin diger kiiltiirlerle etkile§imleri sonucu ortaya ~ sentezi irdelemeye ve kiiltiirel donii§iimlerinin izini siirmeye yanyor.


3 Metinde yer alan yoruma gore, Tiirkler, tarih boyunca ~h§malara ragmen, diger uygarhklara kar§I yok edici ve di§laytcr bir yakla§rm ic;inde olmami§, onlan benimseyip yiiceltmi§, kendi kiiltiiriiyle harmanlayarak yeni sentezler yaratmi§hr.

4 Sergiden, biiyiik hiikiimdarlann sanah destekledigini ogreniyoruz. 5 Kap1 metaforuyla, Tiirkiye'nin AB iiyeligi miizakerelerine gonderme yapdmi§ olabilir.

1 Exercise 3

I a, 2 d, 3 c, 4 b, 5 e.

I Giri§te isfahan' dan Anadolu'ya ~e§itli cografyalardan camilerin biiyiik fotograflan ve bir kaya par~smm iizerine kazmmi§ islam oncesi Uygur mezar yaz1h izleyiciye nasd bir sergi gorecegine dair ilk izlenimi ba§anyla aktanyor.

2 ~in'den getirtilmi§ miikemmel kaselerin iizerine Osmanh ustalannm kendi zevklerine gore i§ledikleri degerli ta§lar ve altrn, Tiirklerin sentezci yanm1 vurguluyor.

3 iran' aOrta Asya'nm bilim ve sanat merkezi olan gorkemli kentlerine dogru uzanmaya olanak tamyor.

4 Tiirklerin ~in'in bah smrrlarmdan Balkanlar'a kadar uzanan go<;ler ve fetihlerle oriilii tarihi, bu sergide sanat yap1tlan aracdtgiyla anlatd1yor.

5 Miicadeleci ve tehditkarlar ama yok edici ve di§laytcr degil, benimseyen ve yiicelten bir gelenege sahipler.

1 Exercise 1

I c, 2 b, 3 a, 4 d, 5 e.

I gonderme: ahf, referans, yazarken ilgisi dolaytsiyla ba§ka bir kaynakta yer alan bir unsurla kurulan baglantr

2 takdir etmek: bir §eyin degerinin, oneminin, gerekliliginin anla§ddtgmi belirtmek 3 temsil etmek: bir §eyin belirgin azellikleriyle ba§ka bir §eyi yansitmasi, onun sembolii

durumuna gelmesi 4 biitiinle§mek: bir ki§inin ba§ka biriyle ya da bir §eyle baglaytci ve uyumlu bir birlik

olu§turmasi durumu 5 e§lik etmek: birinin beraberinde gitmek, bir yere giderken birine arkada§hk etmek

1 Exercise 2

A

IF: Fikret Bila'ya gore, Orhan Pamuk'un Ermeni ve Kiirt meselelerine yakla§Irmnm, Nobel Edebiyat Odiilii'nii almasmda etken olup olmadtgmi ol~ek olas1 degil. 2 F: Fikret Bila, Orhan Pamuk'un, Tiirk~e'ye ve Tiirkiye'ye kazandlrdtg1 ilk Nobel'le, Tiirkiye'nin edebiyat diinyasmda her zaman ozel bir yere sahip olacagm1 vurguluyor. 3 F: Bila, Pamuk'un Kara Kitap'ta, ~gda§ oykiiler ile mistik diinya ve tasavvuf felsefesini harmanlayarak, ba§arili bir


sentez yaratngmr dii§iiniiyor. 4 T 5 F: Bila, Pamuk'un siyasi gorii§iine katrhp katrlmadrgrna ili§kin herhangi bir yorum yapmryor.

B

I Tartr§malar, Orhan Pamuk'un, Ermeni ve Kiirt meselelerine ili§kin yapugr a9klamalarm, NobelOdiilii'nii almasmr kolayla§hnp kolayla§tlrmadrgr iizerinde yogunla§tl.

2 Orhan Pamuk, ~gda§ oykii bi~emini Dogu anlahm gelenegiyle biitiinle¢ren yarahcr bir teknikle yeni bir roman tiirii ortaya 9kardrgr i~in, Tiirkiye'nin yazm diinyasmda onemli bir yere sahip olmu§tllr.

3 Orhan Pamuk, Kara Kitap'la, ~gda§ ve mistik diinya arasmda ustaca yapugr gondermeler yoluyla, tasavvuf edebiyatrm giiniimiiz oykiilerine ta§rma ustahgr gasterdigi i~, ba§anh bir yaprta imza atml§tlr.

4 Kara Kitap'ta, avukat Galip'in kendisini terk eden Riiya'yr yiireginde bulmasr, tasavvufta Allah'r a§kla arayanm sonunda onu yiireginde bulmasma gondermede bulunmaktadrr. Aynca, avukat Galip'in Celal Salik'in yerini almasr, tasavvuftaki 'benlik biitiinlemesi' olgusuna i§aret etmektedir.

5 Bila'nm gorii§iine gore, Orhan Pamuk'un krzr Riiya'nm admm, Kara Kitap iizerinden, ~eyh Galip'in Hiisn-ii A§k'mdaki Hiisn'ii ~gn§hrmasr, Pamuk'un tasavvuf dilini ustaca kullandrgmr gasteriyor.

I Exercise 3

I a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d, 5 e.

I Tartl§ma, bu sozlerin Nobel'i almak i~ soylenip soylenmedigi iizerinde yogunla§tl. 2 Tasavvufta a§k, Allah'r a§kla arayanm sonu~ onu yiireginde bulmasrdrr. 3 Pamuk'un, giiniimiizde ge~en olaylarla, mistik diinya ve tasavvuf felsefesi arasmda

ustaca yaphgr gondermeler yoluyla kurdugu ba§anh baglantr yine edebiyat ele§tirmenlerince takdir ediliyor.

4 Edebiyat diinyasmda, tasavvuf edebiyatrm giiniimiiz oykiilerine ta§rma ustalrgr a9smdan Pamuk'un Kara Kitap'r ~ok ba§anh bulunuyor.

5 Bu, tasavvufta 'kendisi degil ba§kasr olma' isteginin yaratngr ~eli§kinin 'benlik biitiinlemesiyle-ba§kasr olmakla' ortadan kalkmasr halidir.

1 Exercise 1

I b, 2 a, 3 d, 4 c, 5 e.

I bakr§ a9s1: bir konu ele almrrken izlenen belirli yon, gorii§ bi~mi 2 deginmek: bir meseleyi ele alarak ondan krsaca soz etmek 3 ortadan kaldrrmak: yok etmek 4 ozde§le§tirmek: iki §eyi nitelik bakrmmdan birbirinin aymsr olarak ele almak 5 soylence: eski gelenek ve gorenekler baglammda, onceki donemlerin olaylan ve

kahramanlan iizerine anlatrlanlar


1 Exercise 2

A

I F: Yazara gore, milit.arizm, her boyutuyla ozgiir ve demokratik bir toplumsal ort.am olu§masmm onunde en buyiik engeldir. 2 F: Yazar, 'asker millet' kavrammm yansrttigr militarist kiiltiiriin, demokrasinin yerle§ememesinde azrmsanamayacak bir payr oldugunu du§iinuyor. 3 T 4 F: Tiirkiye'de, milit.arizm ve milliyet9}ik, birbirini besleyen ogeler olarak kendini gasteriyor. 5 T

B

I Alpay, milit.arizm olgusunu, birincisi, toplumsal sorunlara askerin mudahale etmesi; ikincisi, sorgusuz itaat ve tam disiplin gibi askeri degerlerin toplumun siyasal ve kiiltiirel ya§amma egemen olmasr; uc;ftnciisii, sivillerce de desteklenen, askerin yasal gorevleri arasmda bulunmayan siyasi sorumluluklan ustlenmeleri olarak tanrmhyor.

2 Yazar, milit.arizm ve ozgiir du§iincenin birbiriyle hi~bir bi~de bagda§mayacagmr du§iinuyor.

3 Y azar, Tiirkiye' de siyasal alanda kendini onemli ol¢de hissettiren militarizm olgusunun, demokrasi kiiltiiriinun geli§mesinin onunde onemli bir engel oldugunu ve Kiirt sorununun ~oziimune ket vurdugunu ileri siiriiyor.

4 Yazar, Turkiyelilerin milit.arizmi i~selle§tirdiklerini, askere duyulan giiven baglammda darbeleri desteklediklerini iddia ediyor.

5 Altmay, kit.abmda, 'asker millet' soylemi uzerinden Turkiye'de milit.arizm ve milliye~lik ili§kisini mercek altma alryor, militarizmin askerlik ve egitim alanlarmda nasrl yeniden uretildigine ve ne gibi tepkiler dogurduguna dikkat ~ekiyor.

1 Exercise 3

I a, 2 b, 3 e, 4 d, 5 c.

I Dar anlamda militarizm, sosyo-politik sorunlarm askeri gii~ kullanrmryla ~Oziilebilecegini savunan bakr§ a~smr tanrmlryor.

2 Geni§ anlarmyla milit.arizm ise, mutlak disiplin ve itaat gibi askeri ideal ve degerlerin yalmzca silahh kuvvetlere degil butiin topluma hakim oldugu kiiltiirel ve ideolojik durumu anlatryor.

3 Kurt sorununu PKK teroriiyle ozde§le§tiren, dolayrsryla yalmzca askeri gii~ kullanrmryla halledilebilecegini savunan gorii§ler uzun siire bu alanda izlenen politikalara egemen oldu.

4 Turk milletinin bir 'asker millet' olduguna, 'Her Tiirk'iin asker dogduguna' clair soylemin hayli yaygm oldugunu biliyoruz.

5 Tiirkiye'de silahh kuvvetlerin siyasette ve hatta ekonomide oynadrgr rol uzerine az da olsa bilimsel nitelikte inceleme ve ara§hrmalar mevcut.


1 Exercise 1

I e, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d, 5 a.

I riayet etmek: sayg1 gosterip uymak, boyun egmek 2 gozden ge¢mek: niteligini anlamak i~in bir §eyi her a~dan incelemek 3 hazmetmek: ho§a gitmese de, ister istemez bir §eyin dogrulugunu kabul etmek 4 I1rmh: dii§i.ince ve eylemlerinde ol¢lii davran1p a§mya ka~mayan 5 seferber etmek: bir ama~ ugruna biitiin olanaklanm kullanmak

1 Exercise 2

A

IT 2 F: Yazar, I MartTezkeresi, Suriye, Liibnan ve Gazze'deki politik gerginlikler baglammda, Tiirkiye'nin ABD'ye kar§I takmdtgi t.avrrla, Ort.a Dogu'da saygm bir konuma ula§tlgtm ileri siiriiyor. 3 F: Yazar, ba§bakanm Davos't.a Tiirkiye'ye saygmhk kazanruran, onurlu bir davrani§ sergiledigini ima ediyor. 4 F: Yazara gore, Tiirkiye, Ort.a Dogu'da moral degerlere yonelik gilven verici bir 9zgi izledigi i~, saygm bir konuma ula§tl. 5 T

B

I Yaz1ya gore, ABD, Ort.a Dogu iizerinden biitiin diinyayt diizenleme amacmda. 2 Yazar, ABD tarafindan t.asarlanan bu yeni diinya diizeninde, Tiirkiye'nin onemli bir

bolgesel gil~ rolii iistlenebilecegini hayal ediyor. 3 Yazar, Afganistan ve Irak'm i§gali, ABD'ye pahahya patladtgi i~, beklenen ba§anya

ula§liamadtgmi dii§iiniiyor. 4 Yazar, ABD'nin, Ort.a Dogu'da saygm bir konuma eri§en Tiirkiye iizerinden islam

diinyasma ula§maya ~I§acagmi varsaytyor. 5 Y az1ya gore, Tiirkiye' den beklenen, hukukun iistiinliigu ve demokrasi ilkelerine gore

yonetilen, dinsel ozgiirliiklere olanak t.amyan, laik bir iilke t.ablosu.

I Exercise 3

I c, 2 e, 3 a, 4 d, 5 b.

I Tiirkiye i~ ise, yeni diinyanm temel yap1 t.a§lan arasma kendisini bir bolgesel gil~ olarak yerle§tirme frrsatl.

2 Soguk Sava§'m bitimi ve Sovyetler Birligi'nin dagi1mas1 ile ba§layan donemin sonunda ve ne kadar siirecegi belli olmayan yeni bir donemin ba§mdayiZ.

3 ABD, hegemonyasm1 kal1ci hlmak i~n yapng1 te§ebbiislerde iki yakasm1 bir araya getiremedi.

4 Bu t.avrr yiiziinden, Ba§bakan'I ele§tirenlerin reelpolitik iizerine, bilgilerini de gozden g~irerek yeniden dii§i.inmeleri lazrm.

5 Oncelikle Tiirkiye, bugilnkii bolgesel itibarm1 bor~u oldugu siyasi istikranm korumak zorunda.


1 Exercise 1

I a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 e, 5 d.

I ban§Ik: kencline, birine ya da bir §eye kar§I yilic1 degil, sevecen ve ho§goriilii olmak 2 biitiinciil: birbirini tamamlayta 3 e§ zamanhhk: aym zamanda olu§ma durumu 4 ihmal etmek: birine veya bir §eye gereken ilgiyi gostermemek 5 te§his etmek: elde edilen verilere ve bulgulara bakarak bir sorunun niteliklerini ve

nedenlerini anlamak

1 Exercise 2

A

I F: Giiniimiizde, bilim ve teknolojinin, doganm geri doniilmez bir bi9Inde tahrip edilmesine ~e olmadtgi ve bu yolla ~oziim arayt§larmm beklenilenden ~ok daha fazla emek ve para gerektirdigi a¢<~ gozler oniindedir. 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T.

B

I Bacon'un politik yakla§rml ve kapitalizmin ortak nokt.as1, kalkmma a& altmda, dogal kaynaklarm smrr tanrmaksiZm insanlarm hizmetine sunulmas1 ve bundan kaynaklanabilecek ~evresel sorunlarm, bilgi ve teknoloji yardrm1yla ~Oziilebilecegi inanodrr.

2 7o'lere kadar, ~evre kirliligi, geli§menin ka~Ilmaz bir unsuru olarak algilanmi§, te§his ve tedavi varsaytmi iizerinde durulmu§!Ur.

3 Yazara gore, ~evre ve kalkmma olgulan ayn dii§iiniilemez, ¢nkii sorumsuzca bir kalkmmanm yarattrg1 sorunlar ~evre felaketleriyle dogrudan ilintilidir.

4 insanlarm ve doganm zararma i§leyen kalkmma siireci nedeniyle, artan yatrrrm maliyetlerini azaltabilmek i~, bu kavram tartl§Ilmaya ba§lanmi§tlr.

5 Yazar, bu kavram1, 'gelecek ku§aklan tehlikeye atmamak i~n tiiketim ali§kanhklarmda ~evre unsurunun dikkate ahnmas1' olarak azetliyor.

I Exercise 3

I d, 2 e, 3 c, 4 a, 5 b.

I I970 'li ylllara kadar da once geli§menin bir geregi oldugu iddia edilen kirliligin yaratilmas1, daha sonra sorunlarm te§his edilerek tedavi yoluna gidilmesi yakla§Iml ile hareket edilmi§tir.

2 [Siirdiiriilebilir kalkmma kavram1], bugiinkii tiiketim ger~ekle§tirilirken, gelecekteki tiiketimin tehlikeye atilmamas1, bunun i~ de dogal ~evrenin ihmal edilmemesi olarak tanrmlanabilir.

3 Bu siir~e birlikte ba§layan kalkmma ve ekonomik biiyiime temiz bir ~evre ile saglanabilir mi, yoksa ~evrenin zarar gormesi ka~mlmaz m1dlr sorusu halen tartl§Ilmaktadrr.


4 Aslmda, dogal kaynaklar aym zamanda ekonomik kaynaklar olduguna gore ekonomiyi devam ettirebilmek, ekolojiyi korumakla miimkiindiir.

5 Bugiin hakim ekonomik sistemin iflas etmesinin ve ya§anan krizin sebeplerinden biri de bu gereklilikleri yerine getirmemi§ olmamrzchr.

1 Exercise 1

I d, 2 b, 3 c, 4 a, 5 e.

I ba§ gostermek: bir sorunun belirmesi, ortaya 9-kmasr 2 boyun egmek: birinin otoritesine genellikle istemeyerek uymak, katlanmak 3 getiri: ba§an ya da kazan~ durumunda yararh goriilen unsurlar 4 gotiirii: ba§anyr ya da kazana engelleyici etkisi bulunan unsurlar 5 meydan okumak: a9-k~ gozdagr vererek kavgaya ~grrmak

1 Exercise 2

A

IT 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 F: Yazrya gore, Tiirkiyeli demokrat ve solcular, §iddet kar§rtlrgr ekseninde, PKK'ya kar§I ele§tirel yakla§maktadrrlar.

B

I Yazrya gore, donemin Genelkurmay Ba§kanr Dogan Giire§, Bask modeli tarh§malannr sonlandrrmaya yonelik olarak, ~iller' e gozdagr veren bir tavrr takmmr§.

2 Bayramoglu, go'h yrllarda, Kurt sorunu konusunda, askeri otoritenin sivil siyaseti ve ozgiirliikleri hi~e sayan, §iipheci bir asayi§ politikasr izledigini vurguluyor.

3 Y azara gore, a§rn otoriter askeri iklimde yasalar ~oziim olmaymca, derin devletOer) ortaya 9-kmr§trr.

4 Yazar, demokratik adrmlar sonucu, Kurt meselesinin ~er~evesi ve temsili PKK'nm tekelinden 9-kma egilimi gosterdigi donemlerde, teroriin arttrgma dikkat ~ekiyor.

5 Yazar, PKK terorii, devletin baskr politikalarma zemin hazrrladrgr i~, bunlarm kar§rhkh 9-kar ili§kisi i~de olduklannr iddia ediyor.

I Exercise 3

I b, 2 a, 3 c, 4 d, 5 e.

I Ardmdan Guneydogu ve Kurt sorunu adrm adrm asayi§ politikalan ve tedbirleriyle oriilmeye ba§ladr.

2 Sivil siyaset ve hukiimetler hemen her alanda ipleri askeri otoriteye brraktr, terorle mucadele adr altmda ozgiirliikler alanr iyice daraltrlmaya yiiz tuttu.

3 Atrlan her asayi§ adrmr, terorle mucadele adr altmda askeri otoriteye yaradr, devlete yetki veren her duzenleme sivil siyasetin, ozgiir du§iincenin altmr oydu.


4 Bu tiir siyasi atmosferin gotiiriileri bu denli a¢d<en hi~bir getirisi olmadJ.. 5 Bu faktOr, teroriin arti.§Iyla PKK'nm ya§achgr silo.§Ikhk arasmdaki ili§kiye vurgu

yapmaktadrr.

1 Exercise 1

I a, 2 b, 3 e, 4 d, 5 c.

I bobiirlenmek: iistiinliik taslayarak abartJ.h bir bi9mde Oviinmek 2 dogrudan dogruya: araya ba§ka bir araa yada bir ara~ girmeden dolaysrz bir bi~imde 3 miirekkep yalamr§: iyi bir egitim alrm§, bilgili ve entelektiiel kimse 4 kapr gibi: dayanak noktasr saglam ve gii9ii olan 5 tepki ~ekmek: sert ve olumsuz bir ele§tiriyle kar§l kar§Iya kalmak

1 Exercise 2

A

I F: Prof. Beige, Klzlielma koalisyonunu, 'ol¢siinii kaybetmi§' milliyet¢eri bir araya toplachgr i~in yeriyor. 2 F: Yazrdan, i§9 Partililerin MHP'lilerle ortak paydalan olan Klzlielma koalisyonunda birle§tiklerini anhyoruz; yani aralanndaki herhangi bir ~eli§kiden soz edilmiyor. 3 T 4 T 5 T.

B

I Klzlielma, i9llde giiniimiiziin ~e§itli milliyet9 akrmlarmr barmdrran militan bir olu§Um. 2 i§9 Partililer, Ali Kemal'in bir 'vatan haini' oldugunu dii§iindiikleri i9ll, basm §ehidi

olarak kabul edilmesine §iddetle kar§I ~Ilo.yorlar. 3 Prof. Dr Murat Belge'ye gore, Sakalh Nureddin Pa§a, saldrrgan, fanatik, acrmasrz ve ruh

saghgr yerinde olmayan biridir ve neden oldugu lin~ olaylanyla tarihe g~i§tir. 4 Atatiirk ve siyasi ~evresi, Sakallr Nureddin Pa§a'yr di.§layra bir tutum i9nde olmu§lardJ.r. 5 Yazmm i~erigine gore, bugiinkii saldJ.rgan, kural tanrmaz ve ~rgnndan 9km1§ milliye~i

likten farklr olarak, Cumhuriyet'in ilk ylilarmdaki milliye~ilik, o giiniin ko§Ullannda, legalizmi temel aldrgr i9n, Mustafa Kemal bugiin ya§asaydJ., bazr Atatiirk¢ gruplarla aym siyasi platformu payla§mazdJ..

I Exercise 3

I e, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d, 5 a.

I Ali Kemal'in 'basm §ehidi' olmasr iistiine yaygarayr ~anlar i§9 Partililer. 2 Bugiin ya§asa, i§9 Partisi'nden ~ok Hizbullah tipi bir orgiite yakm olurdu. 3 Herkese nasip olmaz, C.V.'sinde kapr gibi iki 'lin~' olayr bulundurmak. 4 Atatiirk Nutuk'ta Nureddin Pa§a'nm bobiirlenmelerine cevap verme geregini duydu,

dolayrsryla onunla dogrudan dogruya ~tl§tl.


5 Bugiin sagda solda milliyet9- gasteri yapan, milliyet9-lige doyamayan kesim, Atatiirk¢liigu de elden brrakmryor.

1 Exercise 1

I a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d, 5 e.

I hesaba katmak: birini dikkate almak, goz oniinde bulundurmak 2 intikam almak: Os: almak i9n kotiiliige kOtiiliikle kar§Ihk vermek 3 eli kulagmda: ~ok yakmda olmasr beklenilen 4 ozerklik: bir (etnik) toplulugun ayn bir yasaya bagh olarak kendi kendini yonetme hakh 5 pohpohlamak: birini gereginden ~ok overek §Imartmak

1 Exercise 2

A

I T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T.

B

I y azrda, Atatiirk'iin i~ye olan dii§kiinliigiinden, hayahm mzh ya§amayr sevdiginden, duygusal ili§kisindeki sorunlanndan; yalmzhktan yakmmak, karanhktan korkmak gibi zaaflanndan; takma di§lerini kendine dert etmesi gibi insani yonlerinden soz ediliyor.

2 Prof. Baskm Oran, Mustafa filmine gosterilen §iddetli tepki nedeniyle, Atatiirk konusunda fllm yapmanm kolay bir i§ olmadrgmr vurguluyor.

3 Prof. Oran, Atatiirk'ii, ge~ekiistii tannsal bir varhk olarak sunmamn, insanlan bir giin hayal krnkhgma ugra1abileceginden, her §eyden once onun ideolojisine zarar verecegini dii§iiniiyor.

4 Prof. Oran, Atatiirk'iin ki§isel ozelliklerine dair yaptrg1 a9klamalar a§m tepkilere neden oldugu i9n liselerde konferans vermeme karan alrm§.

5 Prof. Oran, Atatiirk'iin iktidannr saglamla§tlnncaya kadar, nabza gore §erbet verdigini; islamcrlan, komiinistleri, Kiirtler'i pragmatik bir saylemle kontrol altrnda tutmaya ~h§trgmr; zamanr geldiginde bu muhalif sesleri devre dr§I brraktlgmr ileri siiriiyor.

I Exercise 3

I c, 2 d, 3 a, 4 b, 5 e.

I ( ... ) Atatiirk'iin totemle§tirilmesinin her §eyden once bu biiyiik adama zararh oldugunu soyliiyorum.

2 0 giin ardr ardma iki olay patlak verdi. 3 'Bizi nasu aldatrrsmrz!' diye hr~arak bagrrmaya ba§ladr. 4 Heykeller ~ogaldrgr oranda yalnrzla§ryor. 5 Mustafa dokunuyor; hem de, §U anda zaten dizginlerinden bo§anffil§ vaziyetteki Sevr

Paranoyasr'nm temel iki unsuru olan Kurt ve islam konulanna.


1 Exercise 1

I c, 2 e, 3 a, 4 d, 5 b.

I ala§agl etmek: toplumda yerle§ik bir dii§iinceyi kotiileyerek ge~ersiz ve degersiz gostermek

2 ~lrm atmak: bir ki§inin krvrak soz oyunlanyla kendisine sorulan soruyu yanrtlamaktan ka~mmasr

3 ~rk etmek: belli bir dogrultuda giden ve belli ozelliklere sahip olan bir kimsenin ba§ka bir yone yonelmesi

4 dr§avurum: toplumsal olgularm belli i§aret veya betimlemelerle yansrtrlmasr 5 ehlile§tirmek: (miizigi) kendisinden yararlamlabilecek duruma getirmek; evcille§tirmek

1 Exercise 2

A

I T 2 T 3 T 4 F: Prof. Dr Orhan Tekelioglu, Gencebay'm, Turk miizigi yasagr konusunda Atatiirk'ii aklama ~basmr, 'Pa§a, aylar boyunca hi~ mi radyoyu a~I§' sazleriyle ele§tiriyor. 5 F: Yazar, Gencebay'm e§ine cip hediye etmesini ironik bir dille yeriyor.

B

I Orhan Tekelioglu, alt smrflarm kiiltiirel begenilerini yansrtan arabesk miizigin, orta smrrkokenli §arhcrlar tarafmdan yorumlanmasml, all§llffil§ffi dl§mda bir durum olarak nitelendiriyor.

2 Y azara gore, arabesk miizik, ta§radan §ehirlere go¢n yaratngr toplumsal degi§imi yansrtan kiiltiirel begenilere i§aret etmektedir.

3 ~oksesli Bah miizigi begenisine sahip olan [~da§] se~ler, yazara gore, arabeski, Batrlrla§ma projesine bir ba§kaldm olarak algrladddan i~in dr§lamr§lardrr.

4 Tekelioglu, §ehirli orta smrrm kiiltiirel begenilerine denk dii§en Sezen Aksu miiziginin temelini arabesk ogelerin olu§turdugunu dii§iiniiyor.

5 Yazar, orta smlfin, 'melez' bir begeni kiiltiiriine sahip oldugu i~, arabesk klasiklerine ilgi duydugunu dii§iiniiyor.

I Exercise 3

I a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d, 5 e.

I Arabeskin gitgide giindemden dii§tiigiinii fark etmemek miimkiin degil. 2 Artrk 'eski elitler' olarak isimlendirebilecegimiz ~evrelerde bile 'arabesk' bir kii¢mseme

tabiri olarak kullanrlrmyor. 3 Ote yandan, arabeskin miizikteki riizgan azalmadan esmeye devam ediyor. 4 Aslmda durumda bir tuhafhk var da, nedense kimse bunun iistiine kafa yormuyor. 5 Sakm bu donii§iimii ele§tirdigimi dii§iinmeyin, aksine donii§iimiin neden fark edil

medigini, fark edilse bile kayrtsrzca ge~§tirildigini anlamaya ~h§ryorum.


1 Exercise 1

I d, 2 b, 3 c, 4 a, 5 e.

I ayncahkh: ba§kalannclan iistiin bir konumda bulunan 2 belirginlik: bir durumun ac;Ik s~ik. tek anlamh ve otekilerden ayrrt edilebilme ozelligine

sahip olmas1 3 siireklilik: kesinti.siz olarak devam etme durumu 4 yap1c1: olumlu yakla§rmlar i9-nde bulunan 5 di§laytCI: (bir toplumu) yok sayan, onunla ilgilenmeyen

1 Exercise 2

A

I T 2 T 3 T 4 F: YaZiya gore, Tiirkiye, di§ politika eksenini AB etrafmda kurarak, kendi i9-ndeki yasal piiriizleri ortadan kaldrrarak ve AB'ye nasi1 katlo. saglayacagm1 somut bir bi9-mde gozler oniine sererek giiven kazanabilir. 5 F: Yaz1ya gore, Tiirkiye, AB'ye ba§ka alanlarm yam srra, ekonomik a9-dan da katlo. saglayabilecek bir iilkedir.

B

I Prof. Dr Fuat Keyman, bayle bir stratejinin, miizakerelerin yeniden ba§latrlmasi §ansmi riske atacag1 ve biiyiik bir olasi1Ikla miizakerelerin geriye donii§ii olmaksiZm sekteye ugrayacag1 gorii§iinde. Yazar, aynca bu onerinin, Tiirkiye'yi, AB reformlan konusunda belirsizlige siiriikleyecegi uyansmda bulunuyor.

2 Yazar, AB'ye tam iiyelik siirecinin, yonetimsel ve toplumsal diizlemlerde, Tiirkiye'ye pek ~ok kazanrm saglayacagm1 dii§iindiigii i9-n AB siirecine vurgu yapan oneriyi kismen dogru buluyor.

3 Prof. Keyman'a gore, bu gorii§, Tiirkiye'nin AB a9-smclan onemini yeterince vurgularmyor ve Tiirkiye'nin tam iiyelik istemine soguk bakan iilkelere kar§I karar1I1Ik gostermiyor. Aynca yazar, di§sal ve i~sel caydina tepkiler nedeniyle, AKP'nin siireci ileri gOtiirme kararhhgt gostermeyebilecegi konusunda uyanyor.

4 Avrupa tarafi.ndan kabuliiniin zor olmasma, I5 yi1 gibi uzun bir siire ongoriildiigii i~in Tiirkiye'de motivasyon eksikligine yol a~a olas1hgma ragmen, yazar, bu oneriyi, Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerini Cumhuriyet'in ula§mak istedigi ideallerle birle§tirme potansiyeline sahip oldugundan mantrk11 buluyor.

5 Prof. Keyman, Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde 'kar§I1Ikh yarar, 9-kar ve ortak sorun ~ozme' anlayt§larmm temelini olu§turdugu bir model oneriyor.

I Exercise 3

I e, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d, 5 a.

I Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde, tam iiyelik miizakere siireci ba§lachktan sonra, hem bir yava§lama, hem de ciddi bir giiven sorunu ya§andi.


2 Bugiin, Tiirkiye'de 'Tiirkiye-AB ili§kilerinde giivenin nasrl yeniden-in§a edilecegi ve bu ili§kilerin nasrl yeniden canlandmlabilecegi'sorulanna dart onemli oneriyle yamt veriliyor.

3 Bu gorii§lerden ilki, onemli dogruluk payr i~erse de, son~lan ya da ya§ama ge~mesi temelinde ciddi sorunlar i~eriyor.

4 Dahasr, bu oneri, son ii~ yrlda Tiirkiye'nin AB tam iiyelik siirecinde gosterdigi siyasi irade eksikligi ve ertelenen demokratikle§me reform siireciyle ilgili ne bir §ey soyliiyor, ne de yaprlmasr gerekenleri a~ olarak ortaya koyuyor.

5 Tiirkiye ger~ekte de, tam iiyelik miizakere siirecini, tiim belirsizliklerine ve bazr AB iilkelerinin 9fte standart i~eren ayncahkh iiyelik ve kiiltiirel olarak dr§layrcr onerileri ve soylemine ragmen yiiriitmeli.

1 Exercise 1

I a, 2 c, 3 b, 4 d, 5 e.

I a§mma: eskime ve yrpranma durumu 2 aydmlanma: insanlann geleneksel onyargrlardan kurtulup yalmzca aklma dayanarak

ya§aml kavramaya cralr§masr 3 dile getirmek: belirtmek, a~rldamak, anlatmak 4 ileri siirmek: bir dii§iinceyi onermek 5 ortii§mek: iki (siyasi) gorii§iin birbiriyle tam olarak uyu§masr; aym diizlemlerde kesi§mesi

1 Exercise 2

A

IT 2 F: Yazrya gore, Kemalizm, birbirinden farkh ~ok sayrda siyasi sayleme kaynak olu§tnrmu§tllr. 3 F: Yazrya gore, Tiirkiye'de modemle§me tarihinin en kOklii ve kapsamh degi§imleri, I923-50 yrllan arasmda ger~ekle§mi§tir. 4 T 5 F: Kemalizm'in modemle§me projesi, aydm ve biirokratlarca hrzh ve yogun bir bi~mde uygulamaya konuldugu i~, Batr'daki modemle§me siirecinden farklrdrr.

B

I Hakkr Uyar, boliinme, par~alanma, varhgmr siirdiirememe korkusu; Batr'ya klyasla ge~ kalmml§ olmasr ve Batrh anlamda gii~ii bir burjuvazinin bulunmayr§I gibi etkenler nedeniyle, Cumhuriyet doneminde modernle§me projesinin, aydm- biirokrat onderliginde tepeden inmeci bir yontemle uygulamaya koyuldugunu dii§iiniiyor.

2 Sosyal demokrasi, modem kapitalist toplumlarda sosyal adaleti saglamayr hedeflerken, Kemalizm, hrzh ve koklii bir modemle§me projesi iizerine kuruludur.

3 Uyar'a gore, Tiirkiye'de I92o'lerden beri farklr Kemalizm anlayr§larmm ortaya ~asr, Kemalizm'in ideolojik i~eriginin yoruma a~ ve siyasi ~er~evesinin kesin ~zgilerle belirlenmemi§ olmasmdan kaynaklanmaktadrr.

Key w exercises 181

4 TKP'nin soyleminde Kemalizm, kurtulu§~U bir ~ncii diinya ideolojisidir. Bu siyasi kesim, i§~-burjuvazi ~eli§kisine degil, somiiriilen-somiirgeci iilkeler arasmdaki ~eli§kiye vurgu yap1yor.

5 Yaz1dan, Atatiirk doneminde, Avrupa'ya kar§I ~ok yonlii ve AB giindemiyle ortii§en bir politika izlendigini ogreniyoruz.

6 Yaziya gare, bir modernle§me ideolojisi olarak Kemalizm'in amaa, (tanm ekonomisine, dinselmonar§ik devlet yap1sma ve dinsel cemaatlere dayal1, hrsal bolgelerde yogunla§mi§) geleneksel toplumdan, (sanayile§mi§, kapitalist, ulus-devlet yap1sm1 yans1tan, aydmlanmaCI, bireyselle§meye vurgu yapan ve kentle§meyi ongoren) modem topluma ge~§i saglamaktrr.

7 Y azara gore, kokleri I8I5 Viyana Kongresi'nin sonu~arma dayanan boliinme ve par~lanma korkusu, Tiirk ulusal kimliginin yapilanmasmda bir azgiiven eksikligine yol a~rm§tlr.

I Exercise 3

I a, 2 b, 3 d, 4 c, 5 e.

I 200 yilhk modemle§me tarihinin en koklii ve en radikal degi§imlerinin ya§andlgi donem, Tekeli'nin 'Koktenci Modemite Projesi' dedigi I923-I950 yillan aras1drr.

2 Bah toplumlanndan fark11 olarak bunu hiZh, tepeden inmeci ve aydm-biirokrat onderliginde ger~ekle§tirmek niyetindedir.

3 Nitekim Atatiirk, 'Muhta~ oldugun kudret damarlanndaki asil kanda mevcuttur' (I927), 'Tiirk milleti ~I§kandlr, zekidir' (I933) derken bu ozgiiven eksikligini ortadan kaldrrma, ulusal bir motivasyon saglama amaandadrr.

4 Tanm toplumundan sanayi toplumuna g~§i ama~ayan, ~okmekte olan bir imparatorluktan ulus-devlet ~an kurtulu§~ bir harekettir.

5 Kemalizm'in hedefi hiZh ve kOklii bir modemle§me iken, sosyal demokrasi modemf kapitalist toplum i~de sosyal adaleti saglamayt ister.

1 Exercise 1

I e, 2 b, 3 d, 4 c, 5 a.

I ba§ etmek: birine giicii yetmek, iistiin gelmek, birinin hakkmdan gelmek, birini yenmek 2 imdada yeti§mek: zor bir durumda kalan birinin yardrmma ko§mak; ~oziimsiiz gibi

goriinen bir soruna bir §eyin ~re olmas1 3 alafrangahla§ma: Avrupa kiiltiiriinii taklit etme durumu 4 u~ vermek: ortaya 9kmak; biiyiime ba§lang1c1 gastermek 5 onkO§ul: bir sonucun ger~ekle§ebilmesi i~ hazrrlayta etkenlerin tiimii


1 Exercise 2

A

I T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T.

B

I AY§e Hiir'e gore, Osmanh aydmlan, Igo8 Devrimi nedeniyleAvrupa'dan ovgii beklerken, Trablusgarp ve Balkan sava§lanyla 'arkadan vurulunca', Bah'ya ofke duymaya ba§lami§larchr.

2 Osmanh ve Cumhuriyet donemi yazar ve §airlerinin, yap1tlarmda, Bah'yt bir yandan giivenilmez, giinahkar ve somiiriicii olarak tammlaytp, ote yandan gizli bir hayranhkla betimlemeleri, ic;inde bulunduklan kafa kan§Iklrgm1 yans1tmaktadrr.

3 Ulusala §air Atilla ilhan'm iddiasma gore, Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk, 'Garp' sozciigiinii bahhla§ma ~gn§rmi yaratacag1 i<;in kullanmamaya ozen gostermi§, bunun yerine 'cragda§la§ma' anlamma gelen 'muasrrla§ma' ifadesini kullanmi§hr. Aynca, Afet inan'm aktansma gore, Atatiirk, Bah'ya ili§kin benimsedikleri degerlerin ashnda evrensel oldugunu ve bunlan, Bah'yt taklit etmek i<;in degil, Tiirkiye'nin toplumsal dokusuna uygun bulduklan ic;in aldi.ldannm alhm <;iziyor.

4 Bah'yla siyasi ili§kiler duragan bir noktadayken, giyim-ku§am, alfabe, ol<;ii birimleri, hukuk sistemi ve iiniversiteler Bah tarzmda yeniden tasarlanrm§hr.

5 Tiirk ulusla§masi ve bahhla§ma girdabmda, ~gda§ bir ulusal kimlik yaratma ~basmm en belirgin omekleri, Tiirklerin Bah uygarlrgmm kurucusu oldugu gorii§iinii savunan, Tiirk Tarih Tezi ve Nev Yunanilik'tir.

I Exercise 3

I a, 2 d, 3 c, 4 b, 5 e.

I Atatiirk'ten yazarlara, biirokratlardan siyaset<;ilere kamuoyu yap1crlan, Bah konusunda kafa kan§trna mesajlar verdi.

2 Osmanh imparatorlugu, I7. yiizyrlm sonralarmdan itibaren Avrupal1 devletlerle ba§ etmekte zorlanmaya ba§ladrgmda, o giine kadar 'kafir' diye anrlan Bahhlann yaphklan, yani 'modemle§me', imparatorlugun yok olup gitmesini onlemenin neredeyse tek yolu olarak goriilmii§tii.

3 Halbuki modemle§me gokten zembille inmemi§ti; aksine 'feodalizm, burjuvazi, ronesans, reform, sanayile§me, aydmlanma, ulusla§ma, smif miicadelesi' gibi kavramlardan olu§an Avrupa'nm tarihsel geli§iminin bir iiriiniiydii.

4 Abdiilmecid ve Abdiilhamid, Bah hiikiimdan pozlanna biiriinerek Bah'ya seyahatler yaptrlar. 5 Igo8 Devrimi'ni yapanlar ise devlet aygihm modemle§tirmeye hiZ verdikleri ve parla

mentonun giiciinii artJ.rchklan ic;in Avrupa kuliibiine kabulii beklerken, Trablusgarp ve Balkan sava§lan ile Bah' dan §iddetli bir tokat yiyince, iilkede yava§ yava§ Bah dii§manlrgi us: vermeye ba§lad1.

Note

* (lit. 'men to the hilt'), male through and through

Index

I Mart Tezkeresi 78 3· Murat donemi 54 12 Eyl!il darbesi 92 301. madde 131 1908 Devrimi 149

AB (Avrupa Birli.gi) 130, 141, 151; AB Anayasas1 17; AB illkeleri 131; AB'ye tam iiyelik miizakere siireci 130, 131; Tiirkiye-AB il~kileri 18, 130; Tiirkiye'ye ayncahkh tizel statU 131

ABD 70,78 Abdullah Gill 130 Abdiilhamid 149 Abdiilmecid 149 ADD IIO Afganistan 78 Agaoglu, Ahmet 140 Ahmet Mithat 149 AK Parti 131; AKP 141 Akkoyunlular 54 Aksak Timur 54 Aksu, Sezen 120 alafrangablqma 149 Alevi 54 Ali Kemal 100 Allah 64, IIO Altmay, Ay!je Gill 70 Anadolu 53, 151 Anayasa Mahkemesi 17, 78 arabesk n9; arabesk begeni 120 (see also begeni),

Arap etkisi II9 Arap 54 Arar, Funda n9 asay~ politikalan 92; see also asker a§k 64 asker: asker millet 70; asked darbeler no; askeri

gil~ 70; askeri miidahale 70; asked otorite 92; Tiirkiye'de militarizm 70; Tiirkiye'de silahh

kuvvetlere duyulan giiven 70; 12 Eyl!il darbesi 92; see also cunta

Asyah 53 Ata~, Nurullah 151 Atatiirk, Mustafa Kemal 10, 100, 109, 120, 139,

140, 149, 150, 151; Atatiirk doneminin dl§ politikas1 141; Atatiirk imaj1 109 (see also Atatiirk~iik); Atatiirk'iin totemle§tirilmesi 109; see also Atatiirk~iik and Kemalizm

Atatiirk¢ Dii§iince Dernegi 140 Atatiir~iik 109, 140; see also Kemalizm Atay, Falih Rlfla 151 Avrupa 141, 149, 151; Avrupa'run tarihsel gel~imi

149; aydmlanma dii§iincesi 151 Aydemir, ~evket Siireyya 140

Bacon 85 baraj 32 baskl: baskl kurma 17; baskl politikalar1 92;

toplum baskls147 Batt 149; Batt diinyas1 24; Batt dii§manl$ 149;

Batt hayram 151; Batt icad1 150; Ban ile iyi il~kiler 141; Ban ile siyasi ~kiler 150; Ban konusundaki kafa karl§lkl$ 151; Batt killtiirii 150; Batt medeniyeti 151; Batt tarzmda bir iilke 151; Ban tipi devrimler 150; Batt toplumlan 140; Batt uygarl$ 151; Batt ve medeniyet il~kisi 150

Bat1h 10, 24, 140, 149; Banh atthmlar 151; Bat1h [edebiyat kahramam] 151; Banhlar 149; Batlhla§ma 150-1

BBP 131 beden 40; bedensel act 39 begeni: melez begeniler 120; merkezi. begeni 120;

see also arabesk begeni bekaret kontrolii 39 benlik: benlik biitiinlemesi 64; benlik ~oziilmesi

64 Bergen II9

Beyatb, Yahya Kemal 151 Bizans 54 BM 32 Bozkurt, Mahmut Esat 140 Buda 24 Budizm 53 Biiyi.ik Ortadogu Projesi 78

Cengiz Han 54 cinsiyet: cinsiyet aynmc!.h.g1 4; cinsiyet e§itsizligi 4;

cinsiy~i i§bOliimii 4 Cizre, Omit 70 Clinton, Hillary 79 Cumhuriyet Io, I3I, ISo-I; Cumhuriyet donemi

ISO; Tiirkiye Cumhuriyeti 131 cunta 140; see also asker !;a.g~ oykii 63 !;evre: ~e ile kalkmma 85; ~vre politikalan 86;

!;evre ve ekonomi 85; !;evreciler 30; dogal ve !;evresel problemler 85; see also ekosistem

<;iller 92 <;in 54

Demir, Kemal Tahir I5I demokrasi I7, 79, I3I, 140, ISo; demokratikle§me

ekonomik kalkmma I3I; Tiirkiye'de demokrasi 70; !;Ok partili diizen 70; faili me!;hul cinayetler 92; gayri me§ru adlmlar 92

Devlet lstatistik EnstitiisU 24 DGM 92 dilencilik 40 din: din adamlan no; din ve devlet ayriligt I8

(see also laiklik); dini ozgUrlUkler 79 disiplin yetkisi 39 Doga Demegi 30; see also ~e Dogu 54, ISI; Dogu anlatun gelenegi 63; Dogu

toplumlan 141; Dogu-Batt sentezi II9 Diindar, Can 109

edebiyat 63, I49 Egitim-Sen 4 ekononrl3I, 70, 78, 85, I3I, I39; ekononrlk aktOrler

I3I; ekonomik biiyi.ime 85 ekosistem 85; see also ~vre elitler II9 emperyalizm uo Erdogan, Recep Tayyip 17, 141; Ba§bakan'm

Davos'taki tavr1 78 Ergenekon 78 erkek bedenleri IO Ermeni 63, I09, 150; I9I5 Ermeni Tehciri I40 Ersoy, Mehmed Akif I 50

fakirlik smm 24 Fatih 54 fuhU§ 40

geleneksel toplum I40 Gencebay, Orhan 120 genital nmayene 39 go!; u9 G~er, Ferhat I19 Gokalp, Ziya ISo; Ziya Gokalp milliy~iligi Iso;

st.e also milliy~ilik Guardian, The 32 Gfue§, Dogan 92 Giirpmar, Hiiseyin Rahmi I49 giiven sorunu 13I; see also AB

hak: canhlann hakkl86 (see also !;evre); e§it hak 7I; insan hakk.J. 3I-2; ki§i hak ve ozgiirlUkleri I7; terbiye hakkt 39; ya§am hakk186

Halikarnas Bahkps1 ISI; Mavi Anadolucu ISI; see also Anadolu

Harem Dairesi 54 Hekimoglu ismail ISI Heyet-i Temsiliye IOI Hiisn-ii A§k 63; se.e also edebiyat

Ihml1 islam 78 lrak'm i§gali 78 ihbar yi.ikiimlillugu 39 lkinci Cumhuriyet!;i I4I lll1.an, Attil3. I so lmirzal1oglu, Kenan IO lnan, Afet ISO lnonii 100, ISI lran 54 lslam 78, no; lslam diinyas1 78; lslam Eserleri

MUzesi 53; lslam koktenciligi I7; Islam medeniyeti ISI; lslam oncesi 53

lslan1c1 141, 151 lslamiyet uo lstiklal Mar§l I40 l§~i Partililer Ioo lttihat ve Terakki 100

kadm I5o; kadm bedenleri Io; kadm-erkek e§itligi 4

Kadro Dergisi 140; Kadrocu I40, I5I kalkmma 3I, 85-6; adalet ve kalkmma anlayt§l 31;

kalkmmakta olan illkeler 32 kapatma davas1 78; see also AKP kapitalizm 85 Kara Kitap 63

Karabocek, Ne§e n9 Karakoyunlu 54 Karaosmanoglu, Yakup Kadri I40, ISI Kaya, Ahmet I20 Kayahan I20 Kemalist Laikler Demegi I40 Kemalizm no, I39· I4I, ISI; farkh Kemalizm

anla}'lljlan 140 Krr~ n9 Ktsaldirek, Necip FaZll ISI Ktzllelma Koalisyonu Ioo kimlik: kimlik 10; boliinmejpar~lanma-yok olma

korkusu 140; ulusal kimlik ISI komiinist no Korfez SaVll§l 78 kriz 86 Kuleli Vak'as1 I49 Kuran I8 Kiic;iik Emrah II9 killtiir 70; ld.iltiirel begeni n9; ld.iltiirel degerler

79; kiiltiirel farkhhklar 24; kiiltlirel kurgu I2o; killtiirel olarak ~layiCl I3I

kiiresel tslnma 30; see also c;:evre Kiirt 63, no, I2o; Kiirt sorunu 63, 70, 92 Kiirtc;:e I2o

laik sistem I8; laiklik 79, ISo; see also sekillerle§me liberal I39; liberal demokrasi 70 Lozan Antla§maSl ISO

Maslow 24 Mehmet Siyah Kalem 53 Mesnevi 63 Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi 63 Mevlevilik 64 MHP Ioo, I3I Mtsrr I7 militarizm 70; see also asker Milli Demokratik Devrim I40 Milli Miicadele 150 ntilliyetc;:i IOO, 120, 139, 141; milliyetc;:ilik 100;

tepkici milliyetc;:ilik I3I mistik 63; mistik Dogu 24 modem 10; modern bilim 85; modern erkek

modeli Io; modern toplum I4o; modem ulus I3I; modernjkapitalist toplum 140

Modernite Projesi I39; Koktend Modemite Projesi I39; Modernite Projesi'nin A§mn1as1 I39; PopUlist Modernite Projesi I39; Tfukiye modernitesi n9; Utangac;: Modernite Projesi I39

modemle§me 139, 140, I49; modemle§me hareketi I39; modernle§me ideolojisi I4o;

Index 185

modernle§me projesi Io; modernle§me tarihi I39; koklii bir modemle§me 140

Mogol54 MP3 II9 muhafazakar Io, I39· I40 Mustafa uo mutlulugun formillii 24 Miisliiman no; Miisliiman topluluklar ISI

namus 47 neoliberal 3I; see also liberal Nev Yunanilik I5I Nobel Edebiyat Odiilii 63; see also edebiyat Nutuk Ioo, no

Obama 78, OrtaAsya 53 Ortadogu 78 Ortanm Solu I40 Osmanl1 54, ISI; Osmanh lmparatorlugu 53, 149;

OsmanhjTiirk modernle§mesi I39 Ocalan 93 Omer Seyfeddin ISO ozelle§tirme 31-2 ozgfu dii§iince 92; ozgiirliik 70, 92

Pamuk, Orban 63-4, 92; Orban Pamuk'un yazarhg1 63

Parla, Taha 70 Peker, Recep 140 PKK 70, 92, 93

radikal degi§in1ler I39 Ratlp Efendi I49

Saadet Partisi 30 Safa, Peyami 151 sagc1 ISI; sage1 elitler n9 Sakalh Celal no Sakalh Nureddin Pa§a Ioo sanayi devrirni 85 San Zeybek no sekillerle§me no; see also laiklik Selc;:uklu 53 Sevr endi§esi 140; Sevr Paranoyas1 uo silahh kuvvetler 70; see also asker sivil siyaset 92; siyasi alarun c;:ogulcula§maSl 93 sol140, I4J; sol milliyetc;:i 140; solcu 151 sosyal: sosyal adalet I4o; sosyal baskllar I7; sosyal

demokrasi I4o; sosyal bir ideoloji I40 sosyalist 139; sosyalizm 140; yoresel sosyal

hayat 47

186 Index

sosyolojik melezlik II9 Sovyetler 78, uo st>ylev 150; see also nutuk su: su lutltg1 32.; su politikalan 30; su sorunu 31; 5·

Diinya Su Forumu 30; D!inya Su Konseyi 31 sue;: c;:ocugun soy bagmt degi.§tirme suc;:u 39;

kaynananm geline siirekli kotii nman1elesi 39; Tiirk bayragma hakaret 40; yabanCl devlet bayragma ka111 hakaret 40

Susurluk 92, 101 siirdiiriilebilir ekonomik kalkmma 131;

siirdiiriilebilir kalkmma 85; see also ekonomi ~amanizm 53 ~ark meselesi 140 §arkiyatc;:ilik 151 §ehir arabeski 120; see also arabesk ~emseddin Sami 149 §etef 47; see also namus ~eyh Galip 63

tahrik: tahrik indirimi 46; tahrik unsuru 47 Tanpmar, Ahmet Hamdi 151 Tanzimat Fermam 149 Taraf 120 Tarkan 10 tasavvuf dili 64; tasavvuf edebiyatl 64; tasavvuf

felsefesi 63; see also edebiyat Ta§tyan, Hakan II9 TCK 39; TCK'nm 29. maddesi 47 Tekeli, nhan 139 teknoloji 85, 149 tepeden inmeci 140, 141, 149; aydm-biirokrat

onderligi 140 terorle miicadele 92; Terorle Miicadele Yasas1 92

Te§kilat-1 Esasiye Kanunu no Te§kilat-1 Mahsusa 101 tiki gee; ktzlar n 9 Timurlular 54 TKP 140 Topkapt Saray1 53 t0re46 Toren, Giildiinya 46 tiiketim 85 Tuncer, Mahmut 119 tUrban 18; tUrban meselesi 17; tUrban yasagJ. 17 Tiirk: Tiirk erkegi 10 (see also erkek); Tiirk kimligi

54; Tiirk milliyetc;:iligi 70, 150; Tiirk miizigi yasagt 120; Tiirk prens ve prensesleri 53; Tiirk siyasal killtiirii 70; Tiirk ulusal kimligi 140; Tiirk ulusla§maS1 150

Tiirk Devrimi 139, 140 Tiirk Miihendis ve Mimar Odalan Birligi 31 Tiirk Tarih Tezi 151 Tiirkc;:e 63; Tiirkc;:e sozlii hafif miizik n 9 Tiirkler 149; Tiirkler-Bin Y1hn Yolculugu

6oo-16oo 53; Tiirklerin lslam oncesi killtiirii 53; Tiirklerin sentezci yan1 54

Tiirkmen 54 TDSiAD 131

ulusal solcu 139, 140; ulusalCl 150, 151 ulusc;:uluk I 51 ulus-devlet 140 U§aldtgil, Halit Ziya 149 Uygurlar 54 Dlkii dergisi 140

Y e§iller Partisi 32

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