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Transcript of 04 j muriukijonathan-icraf- evergreen-agric-eastafrica-fara-aasw-accra july 2013.pptx
Jonathan Muriuki and the evergreen team ICRAF, Nairobi and partners
MAKING AGRICULTURE IN EAST AFRICA ‘EVERGREEN’ FOR IMPROVED LIVELIHOODS
AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE
Synopsis
§ The regional context
§ The evergreen agriculture idea
§ Some observations from farmer practices
§ Action research towards scaling up
HUMID HIGHLANDS High Pop. Density (Home to > 50 % of region’s pop) Supply > 50 % of regions staple & cash crops Important water towers Rainfed & irrigated agriculture Major crops: Maize, potato, banana, wheat, coffee, tea, arrow roots
DRYLANDS 81 % of total land mass Significant in Kenya (75 %); Tanzania & Ethiopia (50 %) Pastoralism / Agro-pastoralism Irrigated and rainfed agriculture Major crops: Sorghum, millet & cassava, cotton
Eastern Africa Main features
Conventional Farming – This is how we produce food
Trees are kept off cropland and soil is turned over leading to :- - Disruption of soil life - High surface area for moisture loss
Intensive Tillage destroys the biological and ecological integrity of the soil system.
Before Primary Tillage
After Primary Tillage
After Secondary Tillage
“Earthworms are allergic to cold steel!” Credit: Mike Bell 15 July, 2003 and Pascal Kaumbutho - KENDAT
Our high potential land is sloppy and vulnerable!
Conventional farming on sloppy lands without conservation leads to • Huge soil losses due to run-off • Quick degradation • Landslides and floods especially due to lack of tree roots
81% of the land is semi-arid and cycles of floods and droughts together with overgrazing leads to massive degradation
Genesis of Conservation Agriculture With Trees Call by the Conference of
African Union (AU) Ministers of Agriculture, Land and Livestock in 2009 call upon Member States to:
Ø Increase investment support in strengthening knowledge, advancing technical capacity development, and up-scaling sustainable land management practices including conservation agriculture and agroforestry.
Types of Agroforestry
1. Agroforests: combinations of perennial species on arable land
2. Home gardens with perennials 3. Woodlots or farm forests 4. Sylvopastoral systems: Trees in pastures 5. Trees on field and farm boundaries 6. Evergreen Agriculture: Trees intercropped with
field crops
What is Evergreen Agriculture? A form of more
intensive farming that integrates trees with annual crops, maintaining a green cover on the land throughout the year.
Evergreen farming
systems are ‘double- story’ systems that feature both perennial and annual species (food crops and trees).
Trees incorporation into crop fields and agricultural landscapes may contribute to:
i. maintaining vegetative soil cover year-round (Boffa,1999), ii. bolstering nutrient supply through nitrogen fixation and nutrient cycling
(Barnes and Fagg, 2003), iii. enhanced suppression of insect pests and weeds (Sileshi et al. 2006), iv. improved soil structure and water infiltration (Chirwa et al. 2007), v. greater direct production of food, fodder, fuel, fiber and income from
products produced by the intercropped trees (Garrity, 2004), vi. enhanced carbon storage both above-ground and belowground
(Makumba et al. 2007), vii. greater quantities of organic matter in soil surface residues (Akinnifesi
et al. 2007), and viii. more effective conservation of above- and belowground biodiversity
(Scherr and McNeeley, 2009).
Some examples of Evergreen Agriculture in EA • Fodder shrubs for balanced dairy nutrition (eg
Calliandra in the East African Dairy Project) • Mango and other fruits intercropped in maize systems • Grevillea robusta intercropped in maize for timber,
fodder & fuel • Faidherbia albida in maize production systems (CA
being tested) • Intercropped coppicing leguminous trees in maize (eg
Gliricidia in Malawi tested in Western Kenya and KIbwezi)
• Relay-cropped leguminous species managed as annual green manure (eg Tephrosia)
More people more trees
Drier areas have more indigenous tree species
1. Minimum soil disturbance. The roots of tree/shrub species and the soil fauna take over the tillage function, soil nutrient mobilization and balancing
2. Adequate soil cover. The trees add biomass, which protects the soil and feeds the soil biota (i.e. biological plough). This also ensures better carbon storage than CA alone
3. Trees in the rotation/ intercrop reduce weeds, insect pests and diseases; Thus increasing savings from inputs such as fertilizer and herbicides
When integrated with CA, trees ensure
System characterisation with AKT - Machakos
System characterisation with AKT - Mbarali
Most frequent tree species by agro-ecological zones in Machakos, Bugesera and Mbarali
Zone Machakos Bugesera Mbarali L o w altitude
1 Mangifera indica Senna spectabilis Faidherbia albida 2 Senna siamea Eucalyptus spp Mbadaga 3 Grevillea robusta Grewia similis Acacia tortilis 4 Terminalia brownii Grevillea robusta Delonix regia 5 Citrus sinensis Persea americana Mangifera indica
M i d altitude
1 Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Grevillea robusta Faidherbia albida 2 Grevillea robusta Senna spectabilis Mangifera Indica 3 Persea americana Persea americana Acacia tortilis 4 Mangifera indica Mangifera indica Senna spectabilis 5 Croton megalocarpus Eucalyptus spp Delonix regia
H i g h altitude
1 Grevillea robusta Grevillea robusta 2 Mangifera indica Mangifera indica 3 Persea americana Persea americana 4 Eucalyptus
camaldulensis Eucalyptus spp
5 Croton megalocarpus Citrus limon
Species accumulation curves 90 farms surveyed in Machakos County
There are more indigenous species in the community but far exceed by the exotic species in numbers
Farmers views on various species in their farms Market value categories Botanical name common niches Leaf mulch/ fertility
value Crop conditions under the canopy
High value/ commonly
sold
Mangifera indica Field (terraces) slow decomposer unhealthy appearance and reduction in yield
Persea americana field (terraces) not known unhealthy appearance and reduction in yield
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
field boundaries harmful to the soil unhealthy appearance and reduction in yield
Medium value
Grevillea robusta field boundaries/ home compound
mulch value (high moisture content)
healthy appearance no reduction in yield
Terminalia brownii field boundaries conflicting opinions reduction in yield - can be improved with pruning
Carica papaya field (terraces) fast decomposer healthy appearance no reduction in yield
Citrus limon field (terraces) slow decomposer reduction in yield Citrus sinensis field (terraces) slow decomposer reduction in yield for maize,
legumes have no reduction in yield
Can be sold
Psidium guajava field (terraces) slow decomposer unhealthy appearance and reduction in yield
Syzygium guineense
field boundaries/ home compound
reduction in yield - can be improved with pruning
Acacia nilotica field boundaries/ grazing field
fast decomposer healthy appearance no reduction in yield
Balanites aegyptiaca
field boundaries/ grazing field
fast decomposer healthy appearance no reduction in yield
Acacia xanthophloea
field boundaries/ grazing field
fast decomposer healthy appearance no reduction in yield
Priority high value fruit tree species selected for Kenya and Tanzania by various authors Source Kenya
Tanzania
Teklehaimanot (2007)
1.Vitex payos
1.Sclerocarya birrea
2.Berchemia discolor 2.Strychnos cocculoides 3.Balanites aegyptiaca 3.Parinari curatellifolia 4.Carrisa edulis 4 . V a n g u e r i a
madagascariensis 5.Sclerocarya birrea
5.Balanites aegyptiaca
Chikamai et al (2005)
1.Tamarindus indica
1.Parinari curatellifolia
2.Adansonia digitata 2.Strychnos cocculoides 3.Balanites aegyptiaca 3.Uapaka kirkiana 4.Berchemia discolour 4.Vitex mombassae 5.Ziziphus mauritiana
5.Vitex doniana Maghembe et al (1998)
1.Strychnos cocculoides
2.Uapaca kirikiana 3.Vitex mombassae 4.Parinari curatellifolia 5.Tamarindus indica
Demand and Supply trends of tree seedlings from nurseries in Machakos (bars
represent % responses)
Purchase of seedlings is not very common in Rwanda (85%), Meru (35%) and Machakos and farmers reported that nurseries were far away from their farms
For successful scaling up, an Evergreen agriculture programme needs
Tree management spacing, niches,
CA, tree crop interactions, etc
Right species, Seeds, and
seedling systems
Favorable policies, extension networks,
capacity building at all levels , linking markets
Germplasm Practices
Enabling environment
Knowledge to Action with further research
(Rural resource centers)
Characterization of
typologies
Support for national scaling up programmes
Approaches for germplasm supply • Rural resource
centres • Satelite nurseries
and demonstrations in schools – healthy learning approach
• Group nurseries • Individually
operated nurseries (pseudo-extension)
• FMNR approaches
Rural resource centres and satellites
Mbarali Rural Resource Centre, Tanzania
Kangundo Satellite school nursery, Kenya
Technology hubs - Infrastructure for transferring technologies (agroforestry, tree domestication) to a high number of farmers, particularly in the countries where the extension services are weak – technology demonstrations and germplasm sources
Capacity building approaches To build the capacity i.e. ü competence, ü confidence and ü commitment
of farmers to invest in evergreen agriculture through
Ø Farmer training Ø Demonstration plots and Ø Linking to markets
Extension approaches - Competence
• Government as the default and most sustainable – ministry of agriculture (not forestry?)
• NGOs network – KENDAT, World Vision, others in Tanzania
• Volunteer farmers and nursery operators
• Approaches – Landcare, rural resource centres, satelite nurseries (with healthy learning), farmer field schools
• Demonstration plots
Capacity building - Demonstrations and participatory trials - competence
• At rural resource centres, satellite nurseries, ATCs
• At least one per demonstration per intervention village
• Also serve as participatory on-farm trials to test acceptance of technology
• High replication to allow biophysical measurements with sufficient precision
Linking farmers to markets and value chains – commitment and confidence
The Farmer (producer
competence)
Crop yields Tree products
Livestock products
The input chain (confidence)
• Seeds • Implements • Tree
seedlings • Animal feeds • Chemicals
The markets (commitment)
And markets are moving so enterprise rotation matters!!!
What have we learned from the impacts already achieved, and about the key farmer incentives for adoption? 1. Trees in conservation farming increase system
resilience especially the spread of the growing season – indigenous species have a key role
2. There are multiple benefits and repercussions on crop productivity, household nutrition, fodder production, fuelwood/energy availability, income source, and systems sustainability.
3. Scaling-up models will differ across agro-ecological zones and countries
4. Farmers opinion is important as they are the managers of their farms and know them best
5. Farmers listen to other farmers more easily as they share visible experiences – involve them in extension approaches
THANKS
Creating an Evergreen Agriculture