Comparison of Sweet Sorghum and Cassava for Ethanol Production by Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae
03_indonesian Cassava-based Ethanol Utilization in Life Cycle Assessment
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Transcript of 03_indonesian Cassava-based Ethanol Utilization in Life Cycle Assessment
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INDONESIAN CASSAVA-BASED ETHANOL UTILIZATION
IN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND LIFE CYCLE COST PERSPECTIVE
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Obstacles of biofuel in Indonesia
Oil subsidy
High investment cost
Lack of financial institution interested in biofuel development
Lack of strong and clear action from related institutions (policy, finance, and technology)
Conflict between bioenergy development and food security
Non-monetary characters causes biofuel not to be preceived as useful returns of investment
Economic Issues Environment Issues
Impacts on air, land, water, and biodiversity
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Holistic approach
To address these issues, in this study, environmental performance is assessed by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Cost performance is Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
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No Journal Title LCA LCC
1 Life cycle inventory and energy analysis of cassava-based fuel ethanol in China
√
2 Ethanol use in US gasoline should be banned, not expanded √
3 Life cycle assessment of bio-ethanol as an alternative transportation fuel in Thailand in Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment
√
4 Life cycle environmental and economic impact of using Switchgrass-derived bioethanol as transport fuel
√ √
5 Life cycle cost analysis of fuel ethanol produced from cassava in Thailand √
6 Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of bioethanol from sugarcane in Brazil
√ √
7 Life cycle economic analysis of fuel ethanol derived from cassava in southwest China
√
8 Fuel ethanol from cane molasses in Thailand: Environmental and cost performance.
√ √
9 Life cycle assessment of fuel ethanol from cane molasses in Thailand. √
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Ethanol condition in IndonesiaPolicies to support biofuel:
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Potential biomass resources in Indonesia
Source: B2PT-BPPT 7
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• There are about 1,204,933 hectares cassava agricultural in Indonesia, which is the biggest amount of them is located in Lampung (318,969 ha).
• Cassava is grown for its enlarged starch-filled roots, which contain nearly the maximum theoretical concentration of starch on a dry weight basis among food crops
• Cassava has the best land availability and land use efficiency
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Source: BPS Statistic Indonesia, 2009 9
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The purposes of this study are as follows:• To evaluate whether cassava-based ethanol (E10) is more
environmentally friendly in term of global warming, eutrophication, acidification and abiotic resource depletion compared with conventional gasoline by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology.
• To investigate cassava-based ethanol (E10) production and utilization costs by using Life Cycle Cost (LCC) methodology including the external cost compared with conventional gasoline.
• To find which process of cassava ethanol will contribute the most to the environment and cost and are there possible options to improve them.
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Biofuel consider green :1. Biofuel from biomass is largely carbon
neutral
2. Bioconversion processes in general do not produce hazardous compounds
3. Biomass production and microbial conversion can be developed and used in a more distributed manner avoiding the need for transport of fuels via cargo ships or pipelines for long distances.
Biomass Fuel
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Cassava EthanolEthanol conversion
process
Source : BPPT
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Amylase Enzyme
Ethanol conversion process
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Life Cycle Assessment :An environmental assessment tool for evaluation of impacts that a product
(or service) has on the environment over the entire period of its life – from the extraction of the raw materials from which it is made, through the manufacturing, packaging and marketing process, and the use, re-use and maintenance of the product, and on to its eventual recycling or disposal as waste at the end of its useful life (UNEP, 1999)
Stages of an LCA based on ISO 2006a
LCA
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Selection of impact
categories1
Characterisation3
Classification2
Normalisation 4
Grouping 5
Weighting 6
SO2
NOxHClu.a
NOxNH3
Petc
CO2
CH4
N2OCFCetc
Mandatory Optional
Acidification
Eutrophication
Global Warming
INDEX
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• Life cycle costing is a methodology directed at the evaluation of all costs associated with an activity or a product over its entire life cycle, thus assuming the dual role of a Life Cycle Assessment in economic terms
• The advantage of an LCC analysis is to provide a whole cost structure of the ethanol life cycle
• Economic input factors:Major : Capital cost, feed stock, energy, labor Minor : Enzymes, fresh water, waste effluent and denaturant
LCC
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External Cost
Externality, arises when the social or economic activities of one group of persons have an impact on another group and when that impact is not fully accounted, or compensated for, by the first group (Europian Commission Community Research, 2003)
External cost pathway based on ExternE18
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E missionEnergy
Cassava cultivation
Feedstock processing
Cassava crushing
Fermentation Bio ethanol Blending
Gasoline production
Gasoline Car driving
Car driving
T
T
T
T = Transportation
System boundary of cassava-based E10
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Land Preparation
Planting
Farming
Cassava cultivation
Ethanol Conversion
Crushing
Hydrolisis
Fermentation
Distillation
Second Distillation
Blending
Gasoline
Gasohol E10 Car Driving
Land hiring
Labor
Seed
Labor
Harvesting
Labor
Fertilizer
ChemicalsLabor
Pesticides
Tools
Machines & fuel
Seed transportation Fiscal
Charges
Repair and Maintanance
Capital Investment
Chemicals
Raw Material
Chemicals
Enzyme
Energy
Insurance
Selling Expenses
Worker Salary
Profit Margin
Ethanol
Flow chart of cassava ethanol (E-10) cost 21
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Sweden
IndonesiaSwedenIndonesia PPPPercapGDP
PPPPercapGDPWTPWTP
)(
)(
Where:WTPIndonesia = Willingness To Pay in Indonesia
WTPSweden = Willingness To Pay in Sweden (basic method)
PercapGDP (PPP)Indonesia = GDP percapita of Indonesia in term of PPP
PercapGDP (PPP)Sweden = GDP percapita of Sweden in term of PPP
External Cost
The method is taken from ExternE, developed in Sweden. Adopted for Indonesia:
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The LCI procedure for cassava ethanol production cycle and gasohol use phase
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The LCC procedure for cassava ethanol production cycle and gasohol use phase
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•Evaluating environmental performance in terms of global
warming, eutrophication, acidification potential and economic performance of cassava-based E10.
•Suggestion about technologies to improve environmental and cost performance of cassava-based E10
•Recommendation of tax and subsidies for decision maker can be predicted
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