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Slide 1

About the AuthorAbout the AuthorArlynn McMahon

Flight school ownerInstrument Instructor since 1980Over 10,000 hrs dual given5,000 hrs actual instrumentMaster Instructor, Gold Seal Instructor2009 National Flight Instructor of the YearAuthor, Train Like You Fly, a Flight Instructor’s

Guide to Scenario Based Training

Questions? arlynn@aerotech.net

(You will find notes for the instructor or educator in the notes version of the presentation.)

Photo Credit: ASAAll photos taken from the author’s personal library and Microsoft Clip Art except as noted.

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Slide 2

4E4EINSTRUMENT RATINGPractical Test Standards

What’s Different andRecommendations for Training

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Slide 3 Why We Are HereWhy We Are Here

Effective January 2010With Change 2

revised March 16, 2010

Presentation is not a complete synopsis of the instrument rating practical exam.Focus is on the difference between old versus new versions.

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Slide 4 Why a PTS Revision?Why a PTS Revision?

Traditionally:

1. Instructor teaches pilot how to fly procedures

2. Pilot reaches proficiency in tasks

3. Examiner verifies proficiency in tasks during practical exam

4. Examiner issues certificate

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Slide 5 Concepts in the New PTSConcepts in the New PTS

1. Instructor teaches pilot how to fly procedures2. Pilot builds aeronautical decision-making skills3. Pilot reaches proficiency with tasks4. Pilot becomes proficient in aeronautical decision-making5. Flight test verifies proficiency in tasks6. Flight test verifies aeronautical decision-making skills7. Examiner issues certificate

Pilots are prepared to make good decisions after certification.

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Slide 6 Traditional vs. NewTraditional vs. New

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The attempt is to build pilot skills AND judgment.

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Slide 7 Train Like You FlyTrain Like You Fly

Can’t teach judgment … but it can be learned

Scenario-Based Training – Airlines: Line Oriented Flight Training – Military: “Fly like you fight”

Teaching with scenarios builds proficiency in making decisions.Testing with scenarios demonstrates decision-making skills.

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Slide 8 Examining with ScenariosExamining with Scenarios

“Plan of action”… a tool used in evaluating an applicant.

Required and optional TASKS are selected.

Examiner use a scenario.

Scenario interjects problems and emergencies which the applicant must manage.

Scenario is developed so that most of the TASKS are accomplished within the scenario.

PTS reference page 5

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Slide 9 Special Emphasis AreasSpecial Emphasis Areas

Not separate tasks, but evaluated throughout the practical exam

PTS Reference Page 7

4D 4E

NEW

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Slide 10LPV – Precision or Non-Precision?LPV – Precision or Non-Precision?

A LPV approach with a decision altitude: • greater than 300’ HAT may be used as a • non-precision approach

• equal to or less than 300’ HAT can be used as a • precision approach

PTS Reference Page 7 GPS must be certified and contain the current database.

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Slide 11 Non-Precision IAPsNon-Precision IAPs• At least 2 non-precision IAPs

– 1 must include a procedure turn or TAA procedure

• At least 1 non-precision IAP – flown without autopilot or radar vectors.

• At least 1 non-precision IAP – conducted without vertical guidance, if equipment allows

Examiner selects non-precision IAPs, representative of the type that the applicant is likely to use. – Must use two different types of navigational aids.

• NDB, VOR, LOC, LDA, SDF, GPS, or RNAV (including LNAV/VNAV and RNP-AR).

PTS Reference Page 1-9

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Slide 12 AutopilotAutopilot

If installed

… expected to use the autopilot

… required to demonstrate during a non-precision approach.

PTS reference Page 8

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Slide 13 GPSGPS

If installed

Must demonstrate proficiency

PTS Reference Page 9

You can’t slide by with an INOP sticker!

Photo Credit: Cirrus.com

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Slide 14 Single Pilot Resource Management Single Pilot Resource Management

Train and evaluate each component individually.

New PTS has standards for each

Six Components of SRM1. Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)2. Risk Management (RM)3. Task Management (TA)4. Situational Awareness (SA)5. Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)6. Automation Management (AM)

Photo Credit: NASA.gov

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Slide 15 Aeronautical Decision MakingAeronautical Decision Making

PTS Reference Page 13

Perceive the circumstances for your flight.Process by evaluating their impact on flight safety. Perform by implementing the best course of action.

Hazardous Attitudes:

MachoInvulnerabilityResignation

Anti-AuthorityImpulsivity

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Slide 16 Risk ManagementRisk Management

PTS Reference Page 14

4 Fundamental Risk Elements• Pilot• Aircraft• Environment• Operation

5P Model• Pilot• Plane• Plan• Profile• Passengers

IllnessMedicineStressAlcoholFatigueEat/Energy

Google “FAA FITS” to find reference online

FAA Risk Management Handbook, available, free download at faa.gov.

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Slide 17 Task ManagementTask Management

PTS Reference Page 14

Photo Credit: Cessna Aircraft Company

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Slide 18 Situational AwarenessSituational Awareness

PTS Reference Page 15

Situation Awareness

Knowing the current situation and the future situation of the• Pilot• Plane• Plan• Programming• Passengers

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Slide 19 Controlled Flight Into TerrainControlled Flight Into Terrain

PTS Reference Page 15

The reference is overwhelming. Instructors, scale it down to “need to know” for your training environment.

Photo Credit: Quest Aircraft Company

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Slide 20 Automation ManagementAutomation Management

PTS Reference Page 16

Photo Credit: Cirrus Aircraft Company

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Slide 21 Judgment Assessment MatrixJudgment Assessment Matrix

SRM, not an individual task but evaluated

throughout each task.

If any area is unacceptable then the practical exam is unsuccessful.

PTS reference Appendix 3

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Slide 22 Instrument Proficiency CheckInstrument Proficiency Check

… The person giving the check should develop a scenario that incorporates as many required tasks as practical to assess the pilot’s ADM and risk management skills during the IPC.

Photo Credit: Cirrus.com

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Slide 23 Build These Tasks into your IPC ScenarioBuild These Tasks into your IPC Scenario

IIIC Holding

IVB Unusual Flight Attitudes

VA Intercepting & Tracking

VIA Non-precision ApproachesVIB Precision ApproachesVIC Missed ApproachVID Circling ApproachVIE Landing Straight In or Circling

VIID Partial Panel

VIII Instrument Cockpit Check

PTS Reference Page 1-vii

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Slide 24 New TASKNew TASK

PTS Reference Page 1-1

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Slide 25 Cross Country Flight PlanningCross Country Flight Planning

PTS reference page 1-2

Photo Credit: AOPA.org

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Slide 26 Cross Country Flight PlanningCross Country Flight PlanningIcing

PTS reference page 1-2

NEW

Good Training Stuff: • FAASafety.gov Search for Icing. • NASA Icing Training. (Google it)

Photo Credit: NASA.gov

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Slide 27 Instruments and Nav EquipmentInstruments and Nav Equipment

PTS Reference Page 1-3

Important to know About Your Autopilot for the FAA Instrument Practical Exam

1. Operations of

2. Modes of

3. Pre-Takeoff Check

4. Operating Limitations

5. Warning and Alerts

NEW

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Slide 28

SRM Throughout

Air Traffic Control ClearancesAir Traffic Control Clearances

PTS reference page 1-5

Use a fill-in-the-blanks sheet for IFR clearance read backs.

Photo Credit: PiperAircraft.com

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Slide 29

If the equipment is installed, Know how to use it, and… use it!

Photo Credit: AOPA.org

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Slide 30 Non-Precision ApproachNon-Precision Approach

Stabilized approach – now it’s specifically listed!

SRM, it’s here, too!

PTS reference page 1-10

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Slide 31 What Makes an Approach “Stabilized”What Makes an Approach “Stabilized”

Achieved by/at/nearly-after the FAF and continued to touchdown:

Landing configuration establishedApproach airspeed set for lowest possible categoryTracking within one dot on courseAppropriate power setting500-700 FPM rate of descent (Non-precision)On or within one-dot-above glide slope (Precision)

Only minor corrections

This is the author’s definition and

is not a FAA or a PTS definition.

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Slide 32

Habits of a 30-Year Flight Instructor

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Slide 33Habits of a 30-Year Flight InstructorHabits of a 30-Year Flight Instructor

Flight Director– Directs the climbs, descents, heading changes– Prescribes the control input to accomplish those

maneuvers– Directs level offs– If the pilot does not make the needed corrections in a

timely manner, it makes them automatically

• Are you a flight director?

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Slide 34 Training ConceptsTraining Concepts

Emphasis on the pilot’s – Planning and preparation for the flight– SRM during the flight– Using technology– Being the Pilot IN COMMAND

(Being in control, in charge, making things happen the way he/she wants things to happen.)

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Slide 35 Training the Pilot to Training the Pilot to bebe PIC PIC

This is a sample lesson plan from one flight school and is not prescribed/required by the

FAA or the new PTS.

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Slide 36 Train in Real ConditionsTrain in Real Conditions

Confident, competent instrument pilots are not made in clear skies.

Train in the clouds!

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Slide 37 Keeping it RealKeeping it Real

The scenario outcomes are directed.… but pilot plans the specifics

… just like in real life

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Slide 38 Suggested Airports and IAPsSuggested Airports and IAPs

Providing a list of suggested local airports will help everyone (pilots and instructors) get started.

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Slide 39 New Elements of Lesson PlansNew Elements of Lesson Plans It’s difficult to grade the decisions that the pilot made, but the Decision Box provides a place for a written record and encourages discussion about decisions.

1

2

3

More emphasis placed on scenario planning and the pilot’s preparation for each flight. We now treat each lesson as if we were really going someplace with weather briefing, determining performance and verifying aircraft inspection status.

Also included in the content of each lesson is emphasis on each SRM component.

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Slide 40 SummarySummary

Students/Pilots/Applicants -Pick up copies of lesson plans/assignments

Allow plenty of time to prepare for flight

Instructors -Understand how to administer and evaluate IPCs

Recommended guidance materialsRisk Management Handbook

Instrument Flying Handbook

Instrument Procedures Handbook

http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/

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Slide 41

About the AuthorAbout the AuthorArlynn McMahon

Flight school owner

Instrument Instructor since 1980

Over 10,000 hrs dual given

5,000 hrs actual instrument

Master Instructor, Gold Seal Instructor

2009 National Flight Instructor of the Year

Author, Train Like You Fly, a Flight Instructor’s Guide to Scenario Based Training

Questions? arlynn@aerotech.net

Photo Credit: ASAAll photos taken from the author’s personal library and Microsoft Clip Art except as noted.