03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD...
-
Upload
alexina-freeman -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD...
![Page 1: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
103/2014
Back to Basics, 2014POPULATION HEALTH :
Immunization
Presented by N. Birkett, MDEpidemiology & Community
Medicine
![Page 2: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
IMMUNIZATION (1)• “Discuss the population health benefits of immunization programs”• Probability of contracting communicable disease depends on
probability that contacts are already immune, are carriers or have the disease
• If sufficient proportion of population is immune, then disease will not spread (herd immunity)
• Prevention is usually cheaper and more effective than treatment (if treatment even exists)
• Possibility of eradicating some diseases• Implications for school attendance (Ontario)
– Mandatory choice vs. mandatory immunization– Exclusion from school for non-immunized children during outbreak
03/2014
![Page 3: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Some recent news storiesMeasles cases in Ottawa and BC
• non-immunized children have been suspended from school for two weeks
• Measles is communicable 4 days BEFORE a child shows the illness– Easy to spread cases to non-immunized children
– Easy to start an epidemic if immunization rates are low
• Measles is not a trivial disease– 1-2 weeks of missed school
– moderate discomfort
– 1 in 20 develop pneumonia
– 1 in 10 develop ear infections • can lead to permanent hearing loss
– 1/1,000 develop encephalitis
– 1/1,000 will die
– Can lead to miscarriage or premature birth in a pregnant woman.
03/2014
![Page 4: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Some recent news storiesStudents suspended over immunizations.
• Almost 1,000 of Ottawa’s high school students have been suspended for
improperly-kept immunization records.
• About 900 students have been sent home for 20 days for not having the
records, not necessarily for not having their shots.
Dropping immunization rates
• Alberta's immunization rates are continuing to drop, worrying some doctors
Vaccine-related adverse event rates found to be low in Ontario ...
• A new Ontario report on vaccine safety shows the rate of adverse events
reported after vaccinations in the province is low.
• 56 serious vaccine-related adverse events reported in 2012, in a year when
7.8 million vaccinations took place– convulsions, seizures and anaphylaxis,
– No fatalities03/2014
![Page 5: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
503/2014
![Page 6: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Side Effects of Vaccine (DTaP/IPV/Hib)
• DTaP/IPV/HIB vaccine– Serious adverse effects are rare– Most common adverse reactions
• redness, swelling, pain at injection site
– fever and irritability are less common– redness and swelling greater than 3.5 cm with
minimal pain• more common in children receiving fifth consecutive dose
at 4 to 6 years of age• reported in 16% of children
– in older people receiving Td booster• injection site reactions in 10% of people
03/2014
![Page 7: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
703/2014
Pertussis: Incidence trends 1924-2010
![Page 8: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
803/2014
![Page 9: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Impact of drop in Vaccination rates
In Japan, pertussis vaccine coverage dropped from 90% to less than 40% because of public concern over two infant deaths that followed DPT immunization. Prior to the drop in coverage there were 200 to 400 cases of pertussis each year in Japan. From 1976 to 1979, following the marked drop in vaccine coverage, there were 13,000 cases of pertussis, of which over 100 were fatal.03/2014
![Page 10: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1003/2014
Standard immunizationsAge 0-17
• Diphtheria• Tetanus• Pertussis• Polio• H. influenzae B• Mumps• Measles
• Rubella• Hepatitis B• Chickenpox (varicella)• Pneumococcus• Meningococcus • Influenza• HPV
Taken from: Canadian Immunization Guide, 2010
![Page 11: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1103/2014
C-13
![Page 12: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Abbreviation Target(s) Type
DTaP-IPV(pediatric)
DiphtheriaTetanusAcellular PertussisInactivated Polio
ToxoidToxoidacellularInactive, viral
Hib Haemophilus influenzae type b Conjugate
MMR MeaslesMumpsRubella
live, attenuatedlive, attenuatedlive, attenuated
Var Varicella live, attenuated
HB Hepatitis B recombinant
Pneu-C-7Pneu-C-13
Pneumococcal Conjugate
Men-C Meningococcal Conjugate
Tdap (adult)-lower dose of diphtheria
TetanusDiphtheriaAcellular Pertussis
ToxoidToxoidacellular
HPV Human Papilloma virus recombinant
Inf Influenza inactivate OR live, attenuated
03/2014
![Page 13: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1303/2014
Pneumococcal vaccines (1)• 1,200 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis in
Ontario, 2009– 4% case fatality rate
Prevnar 13• 13 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to protect under age 6
years• Replaced Prevnar (7 valent) due to emergence of 3, 7F and 19A as frequently
reported serotypes• 19A is becoming resistant to first line antibiotics• Conjugated with diphtheria toxoid but does not protect against diphtheria
– Introduced fall 2010– Routine doses at 2, 4, 12 months of age
• 4 doses at 2, 4, 6 and 15 months if baby has a chronic disease
– At 12 months, child receives Prevnar 13, Meningococcal C conjugate and MMR vaccines
![Page 14: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1403/2014
Pneumococcal vaccines (2)
Pneumococcal polysaccharide 23 valent vaccine – Anyone age 2 or older with chronic conditions
• moderate-severe respiratory, cardiac, cirrhosis, renal, diabetes, asplenia, sickle-cell, CSF leak, immune deficiency, cochlear implant recipients
• U.S. adding– any asthma and cigarette smoking
• Booster dose 3-5 years later– Age 65 years or older
• everyone– Residents of nursing homes and chronic care facilities
• everyone– 50-80% effectiveness among the immunocompetent
![Page 15: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1503/2014
Meningococcal vaccines• Meningococcal C Conjugate Vaccine
• Give one dose at 12 months• May be offered in Grade 7 or age 14-16 for those
unimmunized
• Meningococcal ACYW-134 Quadrivalent Conjugate Vaccine• 2-55 years
• asplenic, complement, properdin or factor D deficiency, or cochlear implant recipient
• Meningococcal ACYW-135 Quadrivalent Polysaccharide Vaccine• Over 55 years for same indications as (2)
![Page 16: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1603/2014
Human Papilloma Vaccine (HPV) (1)• Gardasil
– Protects against 4 strains of HPV• Types 16 and 18 (linked to 70% of cervical cancer and 80% of
anal cancer)• Types 6 and 11 (linked to 90% of anogenital warts)
– Females age 9-45• Cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancer and precursor lesions• Cervical adenocarcinoma in situ• Genital warts
– Males age 9-26• Anogenital warts and general HPV infection
– Males and females age 9-26• Anal cancer and anal intraepithelial neoplasia
![Page 17: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1703/2014
Human Papilloma Vaccine (HPV) (2)• Ceravix
– Protects against 2 strains of HPV• Types 16 and 18 (linked to 70% of cervical cancer and 80% of
anal cancer)
– Females age 10-25• CIN Type 1, 2 and 3• Cervical adenocarcinoma in situ
• If goal is to protect only against type 16/18, can use either vaccine
![Page 18: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1803/2014
Human Papilloma Vaccine (HPV) (3)• Need three doses
– 2nd dose: 2 months after 1st dose
– 3rd dose: 6 months after 1st dose
• Best to give prior to sexual activity– 40% of women become infected with HPV within 16 months after initiation
of sexual activity
• Ontario– Provided free to grade 8 girls in school
• Can still be given• once sexually active,
• with previous pap abnormalities
• even if patient has had a previous HPV infection
• Routine vaccination of boys would be useful
![Page 19: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1903/2014
Passive Immunization (1)
• Direct administration of Immunoglobins against specific organism– Human or animal origin for Ig’s– human derived agents are preferred to reduce side
effects (serum sickness)
• Use– exposure to organism prior to vaccination– people with compromised immune systems
![Page 20: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2003/2014
Passive Immunization (2)
• Indications– Measles (give within 3 days post-exposure)– Hepatitis A– Rubella
• supress symptoms• doesn’t prevent infection• Don’t use in pregnant women
• Not the primary method to deal with these diseases
![Page 21: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2103/2014
Passive Immunization (3)
• Other available passive agents– Botulism (equine)
– Diphtheria (equine)
– Hepatitis B (human)
– Rabies (human)
– Palivizumab for RSV (humanized monoclonal)
– Tetanus anti-toxin
– Varicella
• Not routinely available– require special orders
– Check with Public Health Department (especially for Rabies)
![Page 22: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Toxoid; active & passive agents
• Tetanus is caused by a toxin secreted by the infectious organism (Clostridium
tetani).– Immunizing agents are directed against the toxin
– Active immunization is called a 'toxoid'.
• For tetanus (and hepatitis B)– Can administer the passive and active agents at the same time
– Inactivated antigen in the toxoid does not react with the circulating antibody).
• Do NOT administer a passive agent along with an active, live attenuated virus
vaccine (e.g. MMR and measles passive immunization).– The antibody interacts with the attenuated organism and prevents it from dividing.
– Blunts or eliminates the immune response.
– Wait at least 3 months before giving the active agents in such a case.
• http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/genrec.pdf
03/2014
![Page 23: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2303/2014
IMMUNIZATION (2)
• “State that a lapse in immunization schedule does not require re-instituting the initial series, merely giving it at the next visit”
• You can give a dose too early; you cannot give a dose too late
![Page 24: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2403/2014
IMMUNIZATION (3)
• “Communicate to patients and parents about vaccine benefits and risks”
• Obtain an immunization history on all children• Late immunization is still very effective• Immigrants require special attention
– Depends on availability of good records; countries have different immunization coverage
– When in doubt, start the series again; – Canadian Immunization Guide gives more detailed
information
![Page 25: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
2503/2014
IMMUNIZATION (4)
• Travel
– Update regular immunizations
– High risk exposure regions• Consider additional immunizations
• BCG, cholera, hepatitis A, typhoid, rabies
– Meningococcal quadrivalent vaccine• meningitis belt and Hajj
– Influenza if the right season
– Follow legal requirements
• Yellow fever (strict)
• Cholera – May be required for some countries
– medical exemption letter can be provided
![Page 26: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2603/2014
IMMUNIZATION (5)• “List possible complications of immunization”
• Seizures– secondary to fever– Introduction of acellular pertussis reduced febrile
seizures dramatically and was more protective
• Anaphylaxis– Need to differentiate from fainting
![Page 27: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2703/2014
IMMUNIZATION (5)• Neurological damage
– Often a major worry of parents• BUT: there is no evidence that MMR causes autism
– Research claiming a link has been debunked as fraudulent• Dr. Wakefield was convinced he would win a Nobel Prize, even
though he falsified medical records and recruited patients unethically (for example, drawing blood from children at a birthday party) in a bid to "prove" the theory. [BMJ, 2011]
• The British Medical Journal revealed in Thursday's edition that the disgraced researcher had planned to sell diagnostic tests for the invented condition, and estimated his company would reap $112-million a year. He stood to bring in another $43-million annually for a measles vaccine he invented to replace MMR.
– Casual rather than causal relationship
![Page 28: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2803/2014
IMMUNIZATION (6)
• Rubella vaccination and adult women– vaccine is ‘live, attenuated’
– rubella infection during first trimester can cause spontaneous abortion,
serious fetal development problems, etc.• Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)
– giving vaccine to pregnant women might, in theory, cause similar issues
– NO EVIDENCE to support this risk
– Inadvertent vaccine administration to pregnant women is NOT reason for
pregnancy termination
– But as a general guidelines• avoid immunizing women who might be pregnant
• delay pregnancy at least 4 weeks post-immunization
![Page 29: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2903/2014
IMMUNIZATION (7)
• “Discuss misconceptions about immunization contraindications”
• Following are not contraindications:– Mild/moderate local reactions to previous dose– Mild acute illness with or without fever– Taking antibiotics– Allergy to penicillin, duck, molds, pollens– Positive Mantoux TB skin test– Breast feeding– Asplenia– Prior febrile seizure reaction (consider prophylactic acetaminophen)
![Page 30: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3003/2014
IMMUNIZATION (8)• “Discuss immunization of immuno-compromised children (e.g.,
asplenia, chronic diseases or seizures)”
• Asplenia (surgical or congenital/functional)– Not a contraindication to any vaccine– Particularly need protection against encapsulated bacteria to which these
individuals are highly susceptible. • Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae B, Neisseria meningitidis (A,C,Y,
W135),
• Immunosuppression– Avoid live vaccines– Follow regular immunization schedule– High dose steroids can mute immune response
• Congenital immunodeficiency– Read the Canadian Immunization Guide!
![Page 31: 03/2014 Back to Basics, 2014 POPULATION HEALTH : Immunization Presented by N. Birkett, MD Epidemiology & Community Medicine 1.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110209/56649e005503460f94ae8f70/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
3103/2014