03.07.conference marco armiero

Environmental conflict:The Campania case

M. Armiero Marie Curie Fellow ICTA-UAB

G. D’Alisa Ph.D, Research fellow ICTA-UAB

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Environmental conflicts as a research

focus and a methodological challenge Risk/Criticism:

Focusing on ecological conflicts the social would become preponderant, undoing all the effort put in bringing nature back in the discourse.

Why to face with this risk/criticismWe believe that this criticism is wrong and we will use the Campania case-study to demonstrate it.The issue is not to look at nature instead of society; rather the challenge is to see nature and society together, in their dialectic relationships, and the conflict can help us in doing so.

Environmental conflicts as a research

focus and a methodological challenge Opportunities 1) Nature as power matters

Conflicts will uncover power in nature. Power relationships and asymmetries are not external to nature but they are stratified into it.

2) Power as the social determined appropriation of naturePower is the mix of institutions and organizations which drives

the use of resources and territories.

Thus, conflicts do not hide nature; rather they make the complexity of nature clearer in both the general discourse and the scientific research. For instance, as we will see in our case-study, the rising of conflicts has implied to understand the metabolic connections between

the city, the countryside, and the bodies.



















Environmental conflicts as a research focus and a methodological challenge



Environmental conflict Campania case study:Where is Campania?

Environmental conflict Campania case study: Metropolitan area of Naples

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Environmental conflict Campania case study:

Added Value (AV) and Employment (E) 2007 Istat

Campania AV 84,800.0 M€ (6%) Italia AV 1,371,833.4 M€ - Agriculture

AV=2,202.7 M€ (3%, 8%) AV= 27,925.7 M€ (2%)E= 91 m (5%) E= 1,015.3 m (4%)

- IndustryAV= 16,748.3 M€ (20%, 5%) AV= 370,805.6 M€ (27%)E= 403,4 m (22%) E= 7,172,5 m (29%)

- ServiceAV= 65,849.0 M€ (77%, 7%) AV= 973,102.1 M€ (71%)E= 1333,3 m (73%) E= 16,973.9 m (67%)1990 1996 2001

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

190 220 200

350

9201150

Agro-food industry exports in Campania

Food industry

Primary sectorM €

1 2

-20.00%

-15.00%

-10.00%

-5.00%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%0.058

-0.175

Balance of Trade in agricolture and food indus-try 2004

Campania Italy

Environmental conflict Campania case study: EC 510/2006: PDO, PGI; EC 509/2006 TSG

1. Caciocavallo Silano2. Cipollotto Nocerino3. Fico bianco del Cilento 4. Mozzarella di Bufala Campana5. Olio extravergine di oliva Cilento6. Olio extravergine di oliva Colline Salernitane7. Olio extravergine di oliva Irpinia - Colline dell'Ufita8. Olio extravergine di oliva Penisola Sorrentina9. Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio10. Pomodoro S. Marzano dell'Agro Sarnee-nocerino11. Provolone del Monaco12. Olio extravergine di oliva Terre Aurunche13. Ricotta di Bufala Campana14. Castagna di Serino15. Oliva di Gaeta

1. Carciofo di Paestum2. Castagna di Montella3. Limone Costa d'Amalfi4. Limone di Sorrento5. Marrone di Roccadaspide6. Melannurca Campana7. Nocciola di Giffoni8. Vitellone Bianco dell'Appennino Centrale9. Suino Napoli10. Noce di Sorrento11. Pasta di Gragnano12. Torrone di Benevento13. Torroncino croccantino di San Marco dei

Cavoti

1. Mozzarella2. Pizza napoletana

RegistredApplied


Milestones • 1994 – Welcome to the Waste Emergency Kingdom. The landfills are

said to be full, even if we actually do not have any data on the capacity of the landfills. Campania region felt under an emergency legal framework which a special agency deputed to solve the crisis, which has squandered about 2 billion euros. (Shock Doctrine)

• 1998 – Let the worst be the winner and the beginning of storing the coffer. The public tender for the construction and management of the waste facilities and treatment was won by the FIBE on the basis of : cost, and speed of delivering. They start to store the combustible waste blocks which guarantee large subsidies by the state.

• 2004 - The triangle of death and the square of the beating-up. A group of researchers published on Lancet oncology an essay titled The triangle of death in which they argued that there was a correlation between the illegal dumps and the diffusion of some kind of tumors in Campania. The same year a huge march of protest held in Acerra against the incinerator was violently repressed by the police


Milestones• 2007 – An international icon. Pictures of Naples flooded with

garbage went all around the world. The US consul in Naples suggested his fellow Americans not to come for sanitary reasons. Internationalization as strategy? In the same year Saviano’s Gomorrah was translated in English

• 2009 – Tanks against garbage. Government issued a special law de facto suspending the ordinary laws in Campania, in terms of both social dissent and environmental protection. On one hand waste facilities became military sites, on the others those facilities can be opened in Campania notwithstanding the

provisions in force both at national and EU levels.

EC Campania case study Milestones 1: Welcome to the Waste Emergency Kingdom

F l u s s o d i R i f i u t i U r b a n i p r o - c a p i t e

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1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7

(ton/g)/ab

T O S C A N A

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L I G U R I A

L A Z I O

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M A R C H E

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S I C I L I A

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S A R D E G N A

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C A M P A N I A

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Waste production per capitaT

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Total Waste productionT

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Density Production of Waste D e n s i t à d i P r o d u z i o n e ( R I )

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(kg/g)/km2

C A M P A N I A

L A Z I O

L I G U R I A

L O M B A R D I A

P U G L I A

S I C I L I A

E M I L I A

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I T A L I A

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B A S I L I C A T A

T R E N T I N O

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Density Production of Waste

D en s ità d i P ro d u z io n e ( R I ) - P r im e 1 0 P r o v in c e

3 4 6 2 ,1 0

1 4 0 6 ,2 9

3 8 9 ,0 5

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1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7

(kg/g)/km2

N AP OL I

M I LAN O

T R I E S T E

R O M A

P R A T O

R I M I N I

G E N O VA

C AT AN I A

C AS E R T A

B AR I

EC Campania case study Milestones 2 Let the worst be the winner and the

beginning of storing the coffer.



Worst Available

Technology

Competing tenders Option

0

Best Available

Technology

Competing tenders

Criteria Official Weights FIBE

Forster Wheeler FIBE

Equal Weights FIBE

Forster Wheeler

Price (lire/kg) Pa = 45 83 110 83 Pa = 25 83 110 Speed (days) Pb = 35 300 395 300 Pb = 25 300 395

Technical proficiency

Pc = 10 7,4 8,6 0 Pc = 25 7,4 8,6

Technical value

Pd = 10 4,2 8,6 0 Pd = 25 4,2 8,6

Total 31,63 17,2 19,4 41 43

EC Campania case study Milestones 2 Let the worst be the winner and the

beginning of storing the coffer.The Italian Government guarantees large

subsidies to be financed by a 7% increase in electricity bills.

Operators were therefore guaranteed a constant stream of revenue as the government subsidized energy production from waste incineration (70 € per Mw of energy produced in 2009). Hence, the biggest planned incinerator, in Acerra ( municipality in the north of Naples) with a foreseen 107 Mw capacity would generate a revenue about 100 M€ per year

The amount of accumulated combustible waste across Campania is today estimated at 7 million tons, equivalent to one billion Euros to be potentially generated from combustion

EC Campania case study Milestones 3: The triangle of death and the square of the

beating-up

The Lancet Oncology (Senior and Mazza, 2004).

Table 4: Production of industrial and hazardous waste (tons), year 2005 (source: APAT)

Campania Italy

Total 4.344.318 108.444.544

Per capita 0.75 1.82

In Campania

4% of total Special waste

even if

6% of Total Added Value of Italy


beating-up

2005 Italy

a) Urban waste : 31.663.458 ton

b) Special waste: 109.556.697 ton

Basura Total Italia 2005

78%

22%

BasuraUrbana

Basuraespecial

Basura Total Italia 2005 legalmente y ilegalmente

22%

14%64%

Basura Urbana

Basura especialdesaparecida

Basura especiallegalmente tractada

19.700.000 ton = 5 billion €


beating-up“The garbage is gold”

(quotation from a telephone call between Camorra’s affiliates intercepted by the police)

Illegal disposal of toxic waste and the crisis of the urban waste disposal are connected in two ways:

• it is a matter of trust (people do not trust the local government which has allowed the dumping of any kind of materials in the landfills)

• the inquiries on the illegal traffic of waste have often driven to the shutting down of landfills not properly managed.


beating-up









Conclusion

The standard narrative aboutgarbage in Naples has been this one from the NYT

“In theory, a permanent solution is not difficult, and has been proposed by an emergency commission: greater recycling and the opening of several incinerators and new dumping sites in Naples and the neighboring provinces. But as has happened in several of the identified towns over the last two weeks, local people protest loudly.” (Peter Kiefer, “In Mire of Politics and the Mafia, Garbage Reigns”, NYT, May 31, 2007)

New York Times May 31, 2007

Conclusion

We want to built an alternative narrative:

The garbage crisis is the byproduct of the merging between neo-liberal political agenda (Privatization via illegitimate and inconsistent tender), a successful cost shifting (via business between corporate and camorra)

In Campania case the driving force of the uses of resources and territories becomes evident (Government, Corporate and camorra i.e. Power as the social determined appropriation of nature)

Conclusions

The conflicts over garbage are not the problem but the solution. The links connecting bodies, land, and goods become visible through conflicts and give birth to possible alternative.The struggle of the people because of their increasing illness (Triangle of death), because of the destroying of agriculture economies and landscape (pyramid of ecoballe and the dying sheep).

Allow to see the nature as the power matter.

03.07.conference marco armiero

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