03 Operating Systems

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OPERATING SYSTEMS


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• Application Software

• Programming Software

•

System Software

Types of Software


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• Offers different functions based on theuser’s needs

Application Software


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• A computer program

• Translates a source code written in ahigh level programming language toanother language understood by thecomputer

• Transforms code in order to createexecutable programs

Compiler


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Compiler

Source Code

High-level

Object Code

Executable File


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• A computer program that directlyexecutes another source code writtenin a programming language.

Interpreter

http://lolcode.org/

http://lolcode.org/http://lolcode.org/


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• A program used to test other programsfor errors

Debugger


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• Links object files to standard libraryfunctions for execution

Linker


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• Integrated Development Environment

• Single application that combines allprogramming softwares mentioned

IDE


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• Provides basic functions for computerusage and helps run the computerhardware and system

– Device drivers

– Servers

– Utilities

– Operating systems

System Software


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• A software that is implemented ineither hardware or firmware

Operating System


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• An interface between a user and acomputer

– OS translates the user’s actions to

commands that are understood bycomputers

Operating System


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• Provides a set of resources for drivingthe resources of the system

– The OS makes the different hardware

components of a computer work

Operating System


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• Provides a set of procedures formanaging the resources of the system

– The OS coordinates the use of a resource

when several users need it.

Operating System


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• To provide a convenient environmentfor the development and execution ofprograms

• To schedule computational activitiesto ensure good performance of thecomputing system

Operating System - Objectives


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• Convenient input/output operations

– You really don’t care how the letter ‘a’

appears on the screen when ‘A’ is

pressed on the keyboard

Services Offered by the OS


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• CPU Scheduling

– The CPU must be busy most of the time if

not all the time



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• Memory management

– Allocate the main memory to several

processes with the aim of making sure

that the process about to take the CPU isalready in the memory



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• File Systems

– Organize files forconvenience of thesystem and the user


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• Protection and Security

– Prevent unauthorized access by

applications and users to data and other

resources



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• Protection and Security

– Prevent unauthorized access by

applications and users to data and other

resources



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• Communication and Resource Sharing

– Provides a way for processes to

communicate and cooperate to

accomplish a specific task



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• Utilities

– Disk defragmenter, disk clean-up, date

and time, etc.



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• Command Interpreter

– Provides an interface between the user

and the computer that allows high-level

commands to be issued by the user



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• Operating systems have historicallybeen tied with the computer systemson which they run

Evolution of Operating Systems


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• First generation of

Computers (1945-

1955)

–

Vacuum tubes andplug boards wereused

http://fahmirahman.files.wordpress.com

/2011/01/1_1.jpg


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• First generation of Computers (1945-1955)

– Computers were enormous, very expensive tooperate, used a great amount of electricity andgenerated a lot of heat


http://the-eniac.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/eniaclogo_755x281.jpg


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– A single group of people designed, built,programmed, operated and maintained eachmachine.


http://the-eniac.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/eniaclogo_755x281.jpg


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– Punch cards were introduced during the early1950’s


http://punchcardreader.com/images/punch_card.75dpi.rgb.gif


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– There were no operating systems used

during the first generation of computers



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• Second generation of Computers(1955-1965)

– Machine language was used. There were

no programming languages yet.



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– Computers became reliable enough

– Computers were sold to paying customers



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– Batch Operating System

• Loading a program to a computer takes time

• Time is saved when jobs that require the sameprogram are grouped together andprocessed by batches



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http://www.osinfoblog.com/contentsimages/an%20early%20batch%20system.JPG


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• Third generation of

Computers (1965-

1980)

–

Integrated Circuits – miniaturizedtransistors places onsilicon chips.

http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/iamnao/iamnao1202/iamnao120200110/12342990-integrated-circuits-on-computer-ram-memory.jpg


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• Third generation of Computers (1965-1980) – Because of computer families, OS was

very complex• It had to be with few peripherals as well as

with many peripherals

• It had to work in commercial as well as inscientific environments

• It had to run on small systems as well as inlarge systems

• It had to be efficient for all these different uses



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• Third generation of Computers (1965-1980)

– From batch processing to

multiprogramming

– In multiprogramming, while one job is

waiting for I/O, another job in the memory

can take control of the CPU



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• Fourth generation of Computers (1980-present)

– Large Scale Integration (LSI) circuits or

microprocessors fitted thousands oftransistors on a single silicon



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• Fourth generation

of Computers (1980-

present)

–

Operating Systemsevolved, addingnew a new featuresfor every newversion

– Network OperatingSystems

http://www.teach-ict.com/images/a_lan.jpg


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• Desktop/Laptop Computers

– Windows

– Linux

– Mac OS

• Mobile Devices

– Symbian

– Android

– iOS

Current Operating Systems


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• Introduced on November 20, 1985

• Graphical user interface added to MSDOS

• Holds 90% market share of OS in 2009

Microsoft Windows


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• Windows 1.0 (1985) – multi-tasking GUIbased OS environment

Microsoft Windows


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Microsoft Windows

• Windows 2.0 (1987) – overlappingwindows and moreshortcuts; first

versions of Wordand Excel

• Windows 2.0.x(1988-1989) –

designed for Intel80286 and 80386processors


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• Windows 3.0 (1989) – revamped userinterface, 16-color icons, improvedmemory management

Microsoft Windows


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• Windows 3.0.x and NT (1992) – minorimprovements and bug fixes for 3.0;multimedia support;

Microsoft Windows


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• Windows 95 (1995) – MS DOS andWindows integrated; plug and playfeatures; start button

Microsoft Windows


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• Windows 98 (1998) – new hardwaredrivers; better support for FAT 32, mostreliable Windows 9x release

Microsoft Windows


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• Microsoft ME and 2000 (2000) – Systemrestore; criticized for stability; NT version

Microsoft Windows


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• Windows XP (2001) – Windows NTkernel and architecture; most popularWindows

Microsoft Windows


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• Windows 7 (2009) – improvedperformance on multi-core processors;multi-touch support.

Microsoft Windows


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• A family of UNIX-like OS

• Runs on a wide variety of computerhardware

• Open source

• Free

Linux


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• Pardus – Turkey’s National OS

• Debian – non-commercial distribution maintained

by a volunteer developer community witha strong commitment to free softwareprinciples

• Knoppix – One of the first to run on live CD/USB

Linux Distributions


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• Ubuntu

– 12 million users (estimated)

• Fedora

– A community distribution sponsored by

Red Hat

• Slackware

– One of Linux’s first distributions, founded in

1993

Linux Distributions


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Bayanihan Linux


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• Began in 2001

• Aims to create an alternative andopen source desktop solution by the

Advanced Science and TechnologyInstitute (ASTI) and the Department ofScience and Technology (DOST)

Bayanihan Linux

http://www.bayanihan.gov.ph/index.php/products/bayanihan-desktop

Linux as a great alternative to

http://www.bayanihan.gov.ph/index.php/products/bayanihan-desktophttp://www.bayanihan.gov.ph/index.php/products/bayanihan-desktop


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• Linux is very stable

• Linux is free to install on any number ofcomputers

• There are no viruses in Linux

• There are free alternatives to popularWindows programs

• Windows applications can be installedin Linux via Wine or VirtualBox

Linux as a great alternative to

Windows


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• First released on January 24, 1984

• Initially named “System”

• Popularized the GUI

• Developed for the Macintosh Line ofComputers

•

Co-founded by Steve Jobs (also theCEO)

Mac OS


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• System Software 1

Mac OS

http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm//wp-content/uploads/2012/08/1984_Mac_System_1_0.jpg


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• Classic Mac OS (1984-2001)

– No command line, purely graphical

– Cooperative multitasking

– Limited memory management, noprotected memory

Mac OS


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Mac OS

Logos/box-art of Mac OS X. From left to right: (Box 1) Mac OS X10.0 (Cheetah)/10.1 (Puma) (Cheetah and Puma shared the same

box art), (Box 2) 10.2 ( Jaguar ), (Box 3) 10.3 (Panther ), (Box 4) 10.4

(Tiger ), (Box 5) 10.5 (Leopard ), (Box 6) 10.6 (Snow Leopard ). The

icons for 10.7 (Lion) and 10.8 (Mountain Lion) are shown as well.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.0


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• Open Source OS designed forsmartphones

• Maintained by Nokia

• Bought by Nokia from Symbian Ltd. in2008

Symbian


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• Mobile OS

• Bought by Google from Android Inc. in2005

• Linux Kernel

• Maintained and Developed by theAndroid Open Source Project

Android


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Android Versions

http://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html

http://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.htmlhttp://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html


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• Apple’s Mobile OS

• Derived from Mac OS X

• For iPhone and iPod devices

iOS

03 Operating Systems

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