021 1700 024e 06a Low Underground Structures
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Underground StructuresEngineering services for owners and contractors
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COWI A/S is a leading interna-
tional consultancy firm, founded in
1930. COWI is a privately owned
professional firm entirely independ-
ent of any manufacturer, supplier
or contractor.
The head office is located in
Kongens Lyngby, about 12 km
north of the centre of Denmarks
capital Copenhagen.
COWI employs around 3,300
staff, of which 1,400 are based
outside Denmark in subsidiaries,
branch offices or project offices.2,100 employees are professionals
holding Ph.D., M.Sc. or B.Sc.
degrees in civil, structural, geotech-
nical, mechanical or electrical
engineering and other academic
areas such as geology, hydrology,
chemistry, biology, agronomy,
sociology, economy and planning.
The annual turnover in 2005 was
350 Million Euro. More than half
of the companys turnover isgenerated outside Denmark in
more than 100 countries around
the world.
Department for tunnels and
underground structures
COWI has provided cost-effective
designs of tunnels and under-
ground structures for more than 50
years for clients all over the world.
COWI is currently involved in
some 20-30 projects with tunnels
COWI A/S
and underground structures world-wide, and the consultancy activities
occupy almost 100 engineers and
other professionals generating an
annual turnover in the order of 10
million Euro.
Clients
COWI works for owners as well as
for contractors. We advocate for a
close dialogue with the contractor
(BOT and design-build projects) in
order to optimise the design and
construction. Knowledge aboutoptimised design and construction
is also the basis, when we design
for owners.
Quality management
COWI has established an internal
quality assurance system, which is
ISO 9001 certified. All design
activities are carried out in accord-
ance with individual project quality
plans tailored to meet the specific
requirements of each project.
COWI's head office in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Photo:MortenLarsen
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COWIs experience covers a wide
range of underground facilities
including:
Deep basement structures
Underground parking spaces
Underground mall facilities
Underground storage facilities
Retention basins
Underground facilities
The new playhouse in Copenhagen.
Photomontage:Lundgaard&T
randbergA
rkitekter
Domicile at Copenhagen Harbour water front.
Underground parking.Copenhagen metro station.
Pumping stations
Shelters
Underpasses and pedestrian
tunnels
Road and rail tunnels and ramps
Underground railway and metro
stations
Shafts
Photo:StigStasig
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Consultancy services and expertise
covering all project phases:
All phases
Process management Project management Risk management Quality management Health and safety management Environmental management
Feasibility phase
Ideas generation and evaluation Feasibility studies Cost estimation (considering uncertainties) Construction and procurement scheduling Environmental impact assessment
Design phase
Design management
Establishment of design basis Safety and evacuation analyses Natural hazard analyses (storm water,
flooding, seismic action etc.) Civil and structural design Construction aspects and constructability Geotechnical and hydrological design Durability and water tightness design M&E installations Operational risk assessment Design of utility relocation from
construction area Design documentation
Authority and public phase
Authority approval management Property consultancy Land acquisition management Archaeological consultancy Public consultation
Tender phase
Development of tender design anddocuments
Management of tender procedures Bid design Value engineering Preparation of contract for construction
Construction phase
Construction management
Construction risk assessment Building damage survey and monitoring Interface coordination Programme and budget control Site supervision Design follow-up As-built documentation Birth certificate for concrete structures Contract and claims management
Operation and maintenance (O&M)
O&M management system Inspection of structures and installations Ranging of maintenance and reinvestment
needs
Repair and maintenance design
COWIs services cover the whole
life cycle of a project from the early
ideas through feasibility studies,
conceptual and detailed design and
construction to the operation phase
and rehabilitation or decommis-
sioning.
Our services range from profes-
sional advice on a particular
problem to comprehensive plan-
ning and total engineering design
and implementation of large-scale
projects.
COWI provides one-stop-shopping services for both owners
and contractors. COWI can
provide all relevant services or,
alternatively, lead a team with
international and local consultants,
depending on the owners wishes
and preferences.
Our involvement in complex and
demanding tunnel and under-
ground projects over the years has
lead to the development of particu-lar in-house knowledge for which
we are internationally recognized.
Design tools
Advanced and reliable design tools
are a prerequisite for carrying out
an optimised design. COWI uses a
number of computerised tools in
our designs including the following:
FLAC is a finite difference pro-
gram widely used for modelling in
geotechnical and tunnelling design.
PLAXIS is a finite element
program specifically developed for
numerical analysis of geotechnical
and underground structures.
ABAQUS is one of the leading
multi-purpose finite element
programs for a wide spectrum of
numerical analyses in engineering
and natural science.
IBDAS is an integrated design and
analysis software tool developed at
COWI which allows for geometri-
cal modelling, structural analysis
and verification of engineering
structures and generation of
construction drawings.
ROBOT is a finite element
program for analysis and design of
beam, truss, slab, shell and 3D
structures.
DuraCrete is a probabilistic
concrete durability design tool
which allows calculation of servicelife of reinforced concrete struc-
tures threatened by reinforcement
corrosion.
Types of services
Construction pit, Triangeln Stationat Malm Citytunnel, Sweden.
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Photo:PerryNordeng
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Underground structures form a
main part of underground facilities.
Our in-house experience covers all
of the following types of under-
ground structures:
Large and deep retaining wall
structures
In-situ cast concrete structures
built within a construction pit
Ground anchors for retaining
walls or to counterbalance uplift
Temporary propping for retaining
walls
Retaining concrete wall structureswith footing
Bored piles used for foundations
and tension piles
Slurry walls
Related or similar works to all of
the above
Underground structures
District heating tunnel Copenhagen.
Photo:HenrikPyndtSr
ensen
Great Belt Tunnel, Denmark.
Examples on types of related
works are:
Groundwater control
Ground movements
Ground treatment
Watertightness
Durability
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In urban areas underground
structures often have to be con-
structed under space constraints.
Structures may have to be con-
structed with limited space between
and close to existing buildings and
in some situations structures may
even have to be constructed below
existing buildings and structures.
Construction under space con-
straints requires special attention to
neighbouring buildings and struc-
tures, which in some areas may
require temporary support duringconstruction or a permanent
reconstruction of the affected part
of the building and foundation.
COWI develops tailormade
solutions to specific problems in
close cooperation with the owner
and the contractor.
Excavation under space constraints
Construction of ChristianhavnMetro Station, Copenhagen.
Construction of FrederiksbergMetro Station, Copenhagen.
Construction of Triangeln Stationat Malm Citytunnel, Sweden.
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Retaining wall structures are
primarily used for retaining con-
struction pits. Walls are either
temporary or part of the permanent
underground structure. Normally
retaining walls are exposed to
external ground and waterpressure,
and during the construction period
and in the permanent situation they
are subject to a number of different
load combinations depending on the
design of permanent works, tempo-
rary works and the construction
method.
Retaining wall structures include
embedded retaining walls such as
secant pile walls and diaphragmwalls, large sheet pile walls and
soldier pile walls.
Retaining wall structures
Ground anchors may be temporary
or permanent, and may be used for
horisontal fixing of a retaining wall
structure or to counterbalance
vertical uplift forces on a structure.
COWI provides cost-efficient
solutions by integrating temporary
and permanent works where
possible. By using the retaining wall
structures as part of the permanent
structure, cost savings can be
achieved compared to solutions
where conventional construction
pits and separate permanent
structures are applied. The use of
permanent ground anchors may, in
some solutions, also provide a morecost-efficient solution.
Skylight
Concourselevel
Station area
Platform
Technicalrooms
Technicalrooms
District heating tunnel,Copenhagen.
Diaphragm wall construction inCopenhagen.
A typical Copenhagen metro station.
Construction of Triangeln Station atMalm Citytunnel, Sweden.
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Photo:HenrikPyndtSrensen
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Watertightness
Underground structures are nor-
mally exposed to an external water
pressure, and permanent structures
and joints must therefore be
watertight.
Watertightness of the structure
may be ensured by designing a
watertight concrete, the use of
watertight joints and possibly use of
waterproofing membranes, depend-
ing on the actual requirements.
COWI provides up-to-date
watertight design solutions.
Durability
Underground structures often need
to be designed to resist attacks from
e.g. chlorides and sulfates etc.,
present in the soils and groundwa-
ter, and to fulfill a lifetime require-
ment in the excess of 100 years.
COWI is among the most experi-
enced experts in the world when it
comes to durability and has chaireda number of internationally recog-
nised research projects in this field.
COWI provides a probabilistic
based durability design of struc-
tures, which determines the required
concrete cover of reinforcement on
the basis of the chosen receipt for
concrete and the concrete proper-
ties, the chosen type of reinforce-
Watertightness and durability
ment, the actual environment and
the lifetime requirement given by
the owner. On the basis of the
durability design and the actually
detected (tested) construction
quality, the new concrete structures
are provided with a birth certificate
when constructed which documents
the quality of the structure at
handing-over.
COWI also provides solutions to
maintenance or rehabilitation of
concrete structures which suffer
from damages, inadequate concretequality or environmentally deter-
mined deterioration.
In addition, COWI is experienced
in alternative designs for particular
aggressive environmental conditions
and for high service life demands,
such as designs of concrete struc-
tures using stainless steel alone or in
combination with black steel in the
parts of the structures where higher
protection is needed. One otheralternative design solution which
COWI is experienced in is the use of
steel fibre reinforcement.
Apart from this modern rational
service life design COWI offers
professional consultancy in connec-
tion with concrete investigations,
e.g. our in-house specialists carry
out petrographic analyses.
Plan section analysis.
Leaking tunnel with iceformation.
Heavily corroded concrete pilar.
Transport processes of undergroundstructures (principle).
Importance of concrete cover andworkmanship.
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To create a winning project the right
concept for design and construction
method must be chosen. COWI has
many years of experience in the
business and is able to, in close
contact with the owner or the
contractor, to detect and determine
the winning concepts - which fulfil
the owners requirements.
COWI optimises design of
structures and related works to
ensure an optimal constructability
and to keep material quantities at a
minimum. This is achieved by using
experienced project managers and
designers on the projects and bydesigning the works using up-to-
Design optimisation - the winning project
date design tools. Integration of
temporary and permanent works
where possible and integration of
design and construction methods
are key-points in providing value
engineering.
Reinforcement, cut & cover tunnel, Malm Citytunnel.
Contract signing Busan-Geoje ImmersedTunnel, Korea.
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Spreebogen Tunnels, Berlin,Germany
Description: 530 m long and 90 m widetunneled traffic corridor below the riverSpree in Berlin. The cut & cover tunnelscomprised dual lane road, railway andmetro tunnels, placed in 20 m deepexcavations below groundwater and jet-grouted or anchored bottoms.
Completed: 2001
Client: Spie - Batignolles SA
Services by COWI: Detailed design.
Qatar National Library
Description: High-rise building (117 m) with acentral core of 3 columns (120 m tall and 9 mhigh) based on about 2000 reinforced concretepiles and other foundation elements (pile caps/raft/ground beams).
Completed: 2005
Client: Qatar Petroleum
Services by COWI: Consultancy services onconcrete technology and durability of theas-built substructures (piles and foundation),service life assessment, assessment of structuralcapacity, structural and durability testing andpossible repair solutions.
Malm Citytunnel, cut & Covertunnel, Sweden
Description: Connection from boredtunnels to surface by 360 m cut & covertunnel and 390 m permanently drainedopen ramp at the southern part of thetunnel project for a regional railwayconnecting to the resund Link railway.
Completed: 2011
Client: Banverket (Swedish National RailAdministration)
Services by COWI: Conceptual studies,clients tender design, design follow-up
during construction.
Copenhagen district heatingtunnel shafts
Description: 3 large shafts, 35 m deep,app. 20-25 m diameter circular oroval for construction of 4 km, 5 m ext.diameter TBM bored tunnel. The projectis carried out using a partnering modelcovering the client, the consultant andthe concractor.
Completed: 2008
Client: Copenhagen Energy (KE)
Contractor: KFT-JV(MT Hjgaard and Hochtief)
Services by COWI: Feasibility study,conceptual and preliminary design,tender documents and contractnegotiation, detailed design andsupervision.
Selected references
Copenhagen Metro stations
Description: 7 deep and 3 shallowunderground stations on CopenhagenMetro lines M1 and M2.
Completed: 2002.
Client: restadsselskabet I/S
Services by COWI: Outline designand tender documents. Review ofthe contractors detailed design.Construction management andsupervision.
Dubai Metro, United Arabes Emirates
Description: Tender design for Dubai Metrounderground stations and cut & covertunnels. The project comprised tender designof 10 underground stations and 4 cut &
cover tunnels. The stations and cut & covertunnels were designed with diaphragm wallsas part of the permanent structures and aninner wall to ensure 100 years design life insaline conditions. Construction would usetop down methods and was developed inclose cooperation with the contractor.
Completed: 2004 - 2005
Client: Besix nv Belgium and OrascomConstruction Industries, Egypt. Dubai.
Services by COWI: Tender design comprisingestablishment of design basis, providedrawings and calucaltions, description ofconstruction methods and quantities as basisfor contractors bid.
Photo:HenrikPyndtSrensen
Photo:restadsselskabet/SrenHytting
Photo:ChristofferKolbjrnsen
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Copenhagen Airport railway stationand resund Link Tunnels
Description: 600 m long cut & coverdouble-tracked railway station on theresund Link railway. The 10 m deepconstruction pit was retained by largesheet pile walls and secant pile walls. Inaddition, app. 4 km cut & cover tunnelsbetween Copenhagen Central Station andthe Copenhagen Airport.
Completed: 2001
Client: resund A/S
Services by COWI: For various parts of theworks: Tender documents, detailed design,design check, construction management,technical support and site supervision.
Selected references
Terminal tunnel at Seeb InternationalAirport, Oman
Description: App. 500 m long 45 m widetunnel between two terminal buildings belowtwo aircraft taxiways.
Completed: 2011
Client: Ministry of Transport &Communication, Sultanate of Oman.
Services by COWI: Conceptual design,
preliminary design and detailed design.
Pumping station for wastewater,Copenhagen
Description: Pumping station located atreclaimed land within the harbour area
Completed: 1998
Client: Municipality of Copenhagen
Services by COWI: Geotechnical andenvironmental investigations, detaileddesign, tender preparation and negotiation,supervision
Skansenlpet Tunnel, Trondheim,Norway
Description: 700 m cut & cover, two-lane
road tunnel incl. 100 m immersed tunnel.Completed: 2008
Client: Reinertsen-Pihl JV
Services by COWI: Contractors tenderdesign of permanent concrete structures.
Bosphorus Crossing, Turkey
Description: 13.3 km underground railwayline crossing the Bosphorus strait including 4stations and 1.8 km cut & cover tunnel.
Completed: 2010
Client: HPYG JV: Hazama (J), Penta-Ocean(J), Yksel (TR) and Gris (TR).
Services by COWI: Tender design
programme management.
Great Belt Tunnel, Denmark
Description: App. 1 km cut & cover tunnelsand ramps at either end of the Great Beltfixed link railway between Funen andZealand.
Completed: 1998
Client: A/S Storebltsforbindelsen (Great
Belt A/S)Services by COWI: Tender design, tenderevaluation, detailed design of structures andmechanical installations, design follow-upduring construction and site supervision.
Photo:JensFrederiksen
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